Activity Patterns 89, 142, 181, 224, 233, 272, 305, 314, 320, 349

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activity patterns 89, 142, 181, AWCSG 3–4, 9, 234, 448–449, B. j. javanicus 216–217, calves 93, 148, 184, 268, 377 224, 233, 272, 305, 314, 320, see also Asian Wild Cattle see also Java banteng; B. j. adoption by other females 349 Specialist Group lowi 216–217 see also Bornean 274; colour 341; leopard Africa 7, 14 banteng; B. p. mauretanicus predation on 278; as prey to African buffalo 1, 3–4, 7, 9, 21, bachelor groups 92, 152–153, 240; B. mutus 194, see also leopards, wild dog and tigers 25, 40, 79, 84, 181, 248, 205, 226, 348, 356, 358, 360 wild yak; B. p. namadicus, 35, 188; suckling bouts of 354, 272–273, 326–328, 337, 340, Bangladesh 175, 189, 217, 257, 240; B. primigenius 13, 15, see also suckling; survival rate 344, 347, 349, 352, 360–361, 264, 393 240, see also aurochs; for 97; wolf predation 93 410–411, 413, 416, 418–422, banteng 4, 7, 11, 22–23, 35, 216, B. p. indicus 9, 35 B. indicus calving 91, 93, 146–147; intervals 424, 431–432, 438–440, 449, 232, 446, see also Bos 21, 197, see also zebu; 184, 307; peak 147, 354; 452–453; cape buffalo, javanicus; Bornean banteng B. sauveli 1, 11, 30, 231–232, periods 183; season 147, 314, 326–328, 330, 341, see also S. 216–217, 226, see also B. j. 266, 446, see also kouprey; 355 c. caffer; central African lowi; Java banteng 11, 216, B. p. taurus 9, 31; B. taurus Cambodia 7, 22, 175, 189, 217, savanna buffalo 326–327, 329, 218, 225, 227, see also B. j. 21, 84, 197, 241 232, 235, 257, 265 339, see also S. c. javanicus; mainland banteng boss 341, 344, size of Cameroon 339 aequinoctialis; forest buffalo 216–217, 222, 227, 229 see also horns Central African Republic 339 326–327, 329, 339, 341, 345, see also B. j. birmanicus Botswana 338 Chad 339 348, 351, 354–355, 359, behaviour 5, 93, 151, 153, 184, bovids 15, 64, 67, 72, 88; climatic changes 410 361–362, 446, see also S. c. 225, 235, 248, 275, 307, 314, browsing 70; large-bodied 78; conservation: action 374; nanus; west African savanna 321, 356; agonistic behaviour open-country 40 activities 3; anoa 308; buffalo 326–327, 329, 338, 94, 154, 274, 277, 307, 357, Bovini 1, 7, 9, 14, 39–40; B. arnee 289; biodiversity 373; see also S. c. brachyceros 360, see also sparring and tribe 40; challenge 22; ex situ 449; aggregation 93, 134, 139, 153, lateral display; antipredator mtDNA sequences 198 free-ranging bison 97; 359–360 behaviour 188, 307, see also bTB (bovine tuberculosis) 433, genetics 410; herds 99; in situ alert posture 277, tossing and alert posture; 439 161; in situ and ex situ 227; see also antipredator sexual behaviour 5, 153, 183, Bubalus 9, 13–15, 40, 45–46, 255; saola 323; securing of long- behaviour 188, 206, 248, 277 B. arnee 15, 59, 255–256, 289, term populations 447; status American bison 1, 4, 7, 9, 21–23, see also flehmen 403, see also wild water 1; tamaraw 316; tragedy 22; 25, 83–85, 88, 90, 98–99, 103, Benin 329, 338 buffalo; B. a. bubalis, see river units 374; wild bison 103 105, 116, 120–121, 450, Bhutan 175, 258, 263 buffalo; B. a. carabanesis 9, Convention on International see also Bison bison; plains birth 92, 127, 148, 183–184, 235, 36, 289, see also swamp Trade in Endangered Species bison 83, 85, 98–99, 373, 247, 274, 354, 360; rates buffalo; B. depressicornis 9, of Wild Fauna and Flora see also B. b. bison; wood 355 15, 45, 69, 302–303, (CITES) 98 bison 59, 85, 93, 98–99, 105, Bison, 4, 11; B. bison 83, see also see also lowland anoa; see also B. b. athabascae American bison; B. bonasus B. mindorensis 13, 15, 310, Democratic Republic of Congo Angola 329, 338 115, see also European bison; see also tamaraw; B. quarlesi 336 anoa 1, 9, 59, 303, 452; lowland B. b. athabascae 83, see also 9, 15, 45, 302, disease 1, 5, 35, 96, 431–432, anoa 7, 9, 14, 23, 302, 307, 449, wood bison; B. b. bison 83, see also mountain anoa 436–437, 439–440; Southeast 453, see B. depressicornis; see also plains bison bull 154, 225, 268; Asian wild cattle species 454 mountain anoa 302, 451 body condition 314, 356, 361 aggressiveness 93; aurochs DNA 9, 11, 30–31, 84–85, 120; see also B. quarlesi Borneo 217–218, 223 241; bachelor 273, mtDNA 11, 14, 30, 34–36, Asia 1, 7, 14 Bos 9, 11, 15; B. gaurus 174, see also bachelor groups; 198–199, 232, 403, 411, 416, 420 Asian Wild Cattle Specialist see also gaur; B. g. frontalis covered by a 155; dominant domestication 1, 4, 30, 36, 39, 51, Group 3, 448, 35, see also mithun; B. m. 226; groups 94, 151; killed 198, 247, 257, 289–290, 375, see also AWCSG grunniens 9, 36; B. grunniens by 278; solitary 136; 403, 440 aurochs 1, 4, 240, 242, 194–195; B. javanicus wounded by lions 357 driving off 360 244–245, 247, 250, 451, 216–217, see also banteng; Burkina Faso 339 dry season 23, 181, 223, 351–352; see also B. primigenius B. j. birmanicus 216–217, Buton Island 303, 307–308, hottest period 235; Australia 8, 23, 36, 105, 227, 257 see also mainland banteng; see also Sulawesi summer months 223

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Index

East Coast Fever (ECF) 434 Dzanga-Ndoki N.P. 360; Namibia 338 Sulawesi 1, 7, 289, 303, 307–308, Ethiopia 330 EINP 379; free-ranging 124; Nigeria 339 see also Buton Island Europe 7 leaving the 188, 356 North America 7, 17, 84 Swiss Brown 34 European Association of Zoos livestock 441; maternal 356; Syncerus 13–15, 39–40, 45–46, and Aquaria (EAZA) 447, 449 member of a 277; Mexico 99; parasites and diseases 96, 156, 59, 326; S. c. aequinoctialis European bison 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, movement 226; protection of 189, 226, 235, 249, 278, 314, 326–327, 329, see also central 23, 25, 59, 84, 105, 115–118, 357; as a social unit 356; 321, 360 African savanna buffalo; 120–121, 123–124, 126–127, splitting of the 357; pasture 160, 208 S. c. brachyceros 326–327, 130, 132–134, 136, 139, switching 356, 419; Pelorovis 15 329, see also west African 142–143, 146–147, 150–151, Yellowstone 93 Philippines 289, 311 savanna buffalo; S. c. caffer 156, 160–162, see also Bison herd size 162, 186, 226, 275, 356, philogeography 410 326, 328, 410, 413, 416, 440, bonasus 359, see also herd Pleistocene 11, 14–16, 36, 39–40, 449, see also Cape buffalo; European Bison Pedigree Book Holstein Friesian 34 84, 116; dated fossils 416; S. c. nanus 326–327, 329, (EBPB) 117, 120, 447 horns 8, 72–73, 76, 243, 261, 341; Europe 15; Indian see also forest buffalo evolution: Bovidae 39; Bovini 7; anatomy of the 72; in both subcontinent 14; mass Bubalina-Bovina 14; cape sex 72; length 34; shape 149; extinction 418; refugia 416 tamaraw 7, 15, 310, 450, buffalo 418; development of short 34; swept-back 413; Poëphagus 195 see also B. mindorensis bovids horns 72; grasslands see also boss Pseudoryx nghetinhensis 70, 318 Tanzania 337 60; infection 437; hunting 1, 98, 121, 228, 232, taxonomy 4, 84, 116, 175, 195, morphological characters 14; 280, 319, 373; blocks 339; rainy season, see wet season 217, 232, 241, 256, 303, 311, postcranial skeleton 40; business 364; dogs 320; reproduction and growth 92, 319, 327 sauropsids 51; specialised industry 439; illegal 313; with 146, 183, 225, 235, 247, 274, teeth 8, 63, 67, 116, 150, 341 dentition 70; species 375; spears 322; tourism 440; 307, 314, 321, 354 cementum annuli in the the cattle digestive 60 trophy 22; zones 327 Republic of Congo 339 root of 88 extinction 1, 4, 98, 121, 249, 373; resting 89, 95, 142, 233, 273, 351 Thailand 14, 175, 190, 217, 222, across its range 279; bison 121 inbreeding depression 410 areas 360; bout 357; in 232, 256, 264, 450 brink of 337; driven to 324; India 175, 190, 256, 393 clearings 360; sites 360 tossing 188; heads 187; see also giant long-horned buffalo IUCN/Species Survival rinderpest 278, 328, 361, 432 antipredator behaviour, 418; Holocene 418; last Commission (SSC) 3 epidemic 362 agonistic behaviour; population in Poland in 1919, IUCN Red List of Threatened ruminating 143, 233, 273, 349 tsetse 435 447; species 217 Species,4 activities 351 Ivory Coast 338 Rwanda 336 Uganda 336 feeding ecology 91, 143, 181, 224, 233, 246, 273, 305, 314, Java 217, 223, 227, 257 saola,1–2, 9, 318, see also Vietnam 1, 190, 217, 232, 236, 321, 351 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis 257, 319, see also fight 154; Kenya 337 savanna, buffalo 330, 341 Lao PDR during the mating season 277; kouprey, 1, 231, 450, see also Bos burned 346; equatorial 339; to the death 188; site of 155 sauveli, grassland 258; ecosystem 329, wallowing 1, 24, 179, 248, flehmen 154, 189; see also sexual Kruger National Park 329, 424, 344; mosaic 346; Sahel- 314, see also agonistic behaviour; posture 155; 433, see also South Africa Soudan 341 behaviour; behaviour 25; when testing urine 357 Senegal 338 among bulls 143; mud 350; FMD (foot and mouth disease) Lao PDR 1, 177, 266, 319, social behaviour 225, 360 in pools 25 207, 278, 360–361, 431, 433, see also Vietnam social organization 185 water 177, 344, 438; availability 436–437 lateral display 186, sounds 155; calling 189; 90, 304; demanding 25; fusion–fission 356, 361 see also agonistic behaviour growling 188; whistling 189 dependent 418; flowing 25; Leptobos 15 South Africa 338, holes 224; losses 58; points Gabon 339 lion 249; predation 359; African see also Kruger National Park 348; retention 274; saline gaur 9, 174, 393, 453, 416; kills by 433 South Sudan 339 source 14, 91, 271; via see also Bos, gaurus sparring 92, 186, 341, osmosis 51; wallowing in gayal 35 Mali 338 see also agonistic behaviour; 351 Ghana 339 mating 95, 146, 183, 206, 225, behaviour 357; between bulls weaning 94–95, 355–356; age of grazing 1, 40, 63, 90, 205, 224, 355, 357; habits 314; 226; with horns 321 354 272, 351, 378; areas 347; bouts opportunities 376; season 92, status in captivity 105, 162, 190, wet season 183, 223, 351, 355, 272; niche 70; habit 70; lawns 247, 314; system 76, 274 228, 238, 292, 308, 316, 323, 359; home ranges 352; 352 microsatellites 411 364 monsoon 223 Guinea 338 Miocene 11, 14, 40, 84; fossils of status in the wild 98, 157, 189, wild cattle 1, 4, 7, 40, 59, 76, 105, 15, 226, 235, 249, 279, 307, 315, 238, 241, 303, 373–374, habitat 88, 130, 177, 222, 233, mithun 35, see also Bos, gaurus 321, 361 446–447, 449, 454 245, 268, 303, 312, frontalis subspecies and distribution wild water buffalo, 4, 13, 23, 36, 320, 344 movements and home 85, 120, 175, 200, 217, 255, 289, see also Bubalus herd 93, 138, 225, 248, 275, 347, range 88, 136, 180, 223, 232, 241, 257, 303, 311, arnee; Asian wild water 355, 359, 387, see also herd 233, 246, 271, 313, 320, 319, 327 buffalo 403; feral water size; Białowieza 160; bison 347 suckling 51, 93, 148, 153, 189, buffalo 1; swamp buffalo 9, 379; bTB 433; density 226; Mozambique 337 see also calves 13, 15, 30, 36, see also,

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B. a. carabanesis; Wildlife Conservation Society European Association of Zoos zebu 35, see also Bos river buffalo 9, 30, 36, 289, (WCS) 448 and Aquaria (EAZA) primigenius indicus 403, see also B. a. bubalis World Zoo and Aquarium WWF 266, 324, 385 Zimbabwe 337 wild yak 1, 36, 194, 196, 198–199, Conservation Strategy 450, see also Bos mutus (WZACS) 446, see also Zambia 337

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