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Diploma Thesis MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES Department of Political Science Modernization of Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic: Coming from Cold War era to the 21st Century Diploma thesis Supervisor: prof. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. Author: Bc. Samuel Kolesár ID: 397645 Specialization: Security and Strategic Studies Imatriculation Year: 2016 I hereby solemnly declare that the thesis Modernization of Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic: Coming from Cold War era to the 21st Century is a result of my own independent scholarly work under the guidance of prof. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. To the best of my knowledge, all references contained herein have been correctly cited, and the original authors acknowledged. No materials or ideas other than those listed have been used, except my own. In Brno, 30. May 2018 Bc. Samuel Kolesár ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first and foremost thank to the supervisor of this thesis, prof. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. for his guidance while writing this thesis and through my whole studies. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mgr. Lukáš Dyčka, Ph.D., whose dissertation thesis and consultation helped significantly. And last but not least, I would like to give big thanks to my temporary colleagues and mentors at the Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic, and all the people at the Ministry who were willing to talk to me. Without them, this thesis could not be done. I had the opportunity to see how hard you work, please, keep it up! I also need to thank to my mom, who was always there to share the joy of my achievements and lift me up after my failures. This thesis would also not be possible without my dear Betty, who went through the whole ordeal with me. If we survived this together, nuclear sunset will be the easy part. Huge thanks go to all my friends and colleagues who make my life better, or sometimes worse, it depends. You know who you are! But most importantly, it was team Špona. It is always easier, more secure and more strategic to go crazy together. I believe thanks to that we survived. See you on the other side! ABSTRACT Slovak military went through a significant change in the organization since the creation of the independent Slovak Republic in 1993. These changes finished in the year 2004 with joining the NATO and 2005 with the abolition of conscription and introduction of an all professional army. But, the other part of changes is still in process – getting rid of the old Soviet-era equipment and becoming fully compatible with NATO standards. The presented thesis is dealing with the issues of modernization of Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic in recent years and in the near future. Based on official documents of The Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and Ministry of Defense of Slovakia, this thesis will analyze modernization plans of the Armed Forces based on the Long-term development plan accepted in 2017, compare the plans with reality, and present a possible course of action for the near future. KEYWORDS Military, military policy, arms policy, modernization, Slovakia, NATO, armed forces, Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, ground force, air force ABSTRAKT Slovenské ozbrojené sily prešli od vzniku nezávislej Slovenskej republiky v roku 1993 veľkými zmenami. Tieto zmeny boli dokončené v rokoch 2004 vstupom do NATO a 2005 zrušením povinnej vojenskej služby a zavedením plne profesionálnej armády. Avšak niektoré zmeny ešte stále prebiehajú – najmä zbavovanie sa starého hardvéru z obdobia Varšavskej zmluvy a postupné dosahovanie plnej kompatibility so štandardami NATO. Predkladaná diplomová práca rozoberá okolnosti modernizácie Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky v ostatných niekoľko rokoch a v blízkej budúcnosti. Stavajúc na oficiálnych dokumentoch Ozbrojených síl a ministerstva obrany, táto práca analyzuje modernizačné plány Ozbrojených síl, najmä s využitím Dlhodobého plánu rozvoja prijatého v roku 2017, porovnáva tieto plány s realitou, a navrhuje možnosti ďalšieho postupu v nasledujúcich rokoch. KĽÚČOVÉ SLOVÁ Vojsko, vojenská politika, zbrojná politika, modernizácia, Slovensko, NATO, ozbrojené sily, Ozbrojené sily Slovenskej republiky, pozemné sily, letectvo INDEX 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. - 6 - 2. Theoretical Background and Methodology ............................................................. - 10 - 2.1. Goals of the thesis ................................................................................................ - 10 - 2.2. Research questions, concepts, and operationalization ......................................... - 10 - 2.3. Methodology summary ........................................................................................ - 23 - 2.4. Literature review .................................................................................................. - 25 - 3. Historical Context ...................................................................................................... - 30 - 4. Current Situation: Key Modernization Projects .................................................... - 33 - 4.1. Core capabilities and what is needed to fulfil them ............................................. - 33 - 4.2. Wheeled combat 8x8 armored vehicles ............................................................... - 38 - 4.3. Multipurpose 4x4 tactical vehicles ...................................................................... - 44 - 4.4. Tracked infantry fighting vehicles ....................................................................... - 47 - 4.5. Anti-tank rocket weapon systems ........................................................................ - 51 - 4.6. Self-propelled 155mm howitzers ......................................................................... - 53 - 4.7. DELOSYS – Integrated artillery command, control, and reconnaissance systems- 55 - 4.8. Unmanned aerial vehicles for conventional forces .............................................. - 56 - 4.9. Communications and cyber systems .................................................................... - 57 - 4.10. Radars .............................................................................................................. - 61 - 4.11. Electronic reconnaissance systems .................................................................. - 63 - 4.12. Air Force communication system VCS 3020 .................................................. - 63 - 4.13. Multipurpose tactical planes ............................................................................ - 64 - 4.14. Transport planes ............................................................................................... - 69 - 4.15. Training planes ................................................................................................. - 71 - 4.16. Multipurpose helicopters ................................................................................. - 73 - 4.17. Air Defense modernization .............................................................................. - 76 - 5. Evaluation: Main shortcomings ............................................................................... - 78 - 6. Into the Future: What issues needs to be fixed ....................................................... - 82 - 7. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. - 86 - 8. Literature and Sources .............................................................................................. - 89 - TOTAL LENGTH: 208,816 CHARACTERS - 5 - It is proverbial that generals always prepare for the last war. James A. Field Jr. 1. Introduction Since the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic on the 1st January 1993, the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (AF SR) has come a long way. In the course of the last 25 years, we can define three key moments that had an impact on the current outlook of the Armed Forces. First one was the creation of the Armed Forces in their current form, dated 1st July 2002. Next big step was becoming a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in March 2004, and abolition of conscription in 2005. Since then, our Armed Forces are an all-professional force. However, these are only one side of the coin. The other side is how the Armed Forces work and with what do they work. This „other side of the coin” itself has two parts. On one hand, we have the law, the general strategy, tactics, and various doctrines that govern the use of the armed forces. These might deal with various issues – from the general outlook of the force, the basics of its workings, or, as is the case of the so-called „white books,” the summary of the long-term development strategies. These doctrines are a matter of development and change – the world the armed force functions in is changing, and so the force has to change too. This is one part of what we might view as a modernization process – adapting to the change around you and acting according to it. To keep the pace with the ever-changing and „modernizing” world, you need to do so too. But also, the question is, what will you according to these doctrines use in the situations you might find yourself in. Besides keeping your pace organizationally, you also need to be up to speed „technologically.” Using Cold war era equipment in the 21st century, when both the standards of the technologies used nowadays and when the organization and the missions that the
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