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Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) of the Continental Shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight

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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1980 Pelagic amphipods (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) of the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight Russell Allen Short College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Short, Russell Allen, "Pelagic amphipods (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) of the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight" (1980). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617513. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-d9qa-m626 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PELAGIC AMPHIPODS (AMPHIPODA: HYPERIIDEA) OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science of The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Russell Allen Short 1980 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Russell Allen ort Approved, October 1980 Ge orge C ^Gra nt, P h .D. Morris H.Roberts, Jr., Ph.D. Marvin L. Wass, Ph.D. Christopher S. WelgJskf Ph.D Thomas E. Bowman, Ph.D. Smithsonian Institution TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... ............ v LIST OF T A BLE S ........................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................. viii ABSTRACT .......... ix INTRODUCTION .......................................... 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS .................................. 7 SAMPLING DESIGN .................................. 7 NEUSTON SAMPLING ........................... 7 BONGO SAMPLING .......... 10 LABORATORY PROCESSING ........................... 11 IDENTIFICATION OF HYPERIIDEANS ................... 12 RESULTS .............................................. 16 HYDROGRAPHIC CONDITIONS ......................... 16 GENERAL HYPERIIDEAN CONTRIBUTION ............... 17 GENERAL SPECIES COMPOSITION ..................... 25 INDIVIDUAL SPECIES OCCURRENCE ................. 37 DISCUSSION ............................................ 6l SUBSURFACE ASSEMBLAGE ........................... 62 SURFACE ASSEMBLAGE ............................... 66 SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTIONAL COMPARISON . 66 . P. GAUDICHAUDI AND L. BENGALENSIS RELATIONSHIPS 70 COMPARISON WITH OTHER ATLANTIC OCEAN STUDIES . 75 iii Table of Contents (continued) Page SUMMARY OF F I N D I N G S ........................... LITERATURE CITED .......... ?8 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people deserve recognition for their valuable assistance and suggestions during the production of this thesis. Dr. George C. Grant, my committee chairman, deserves a special vote of thanks for the guidance he provided in the developmental and organizational stages of this thesis. Dr. Morris H. Roberts, Jr. was most helpful with format suggestions and in reviewing the text. Dr. Christopher S. Welch and Dr. Marvin L. Wass supplied helpful criticisms in the preparation of the thesis. Dr. Thomas E. Bowman provided valuable assistance with several specimens that proved difficult to identify. He also supplied comments on the manuscript content. The author wishes to express his appreciation to the staff of Planktology, namely: John E. Olney, Stephen P. Berkowitz, Peter 0. Smyth, Cathy J. Womack, Michael Vecchione, Patricia A. Crewe, and Jo Ellen Sanderson, who were all part of the sampling and sorting contingent. Finally, although by no means last, thanks go to my wife, Cheryl. She provided continual encouragement and sup­ port throughout my graduate studies. Most importantly, she typed all of the untold drafts and the final copy of this thesis. v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Records of past occurrences of hyperiideans on the Continental Shelf between Cape Cod and the Chesapeake B a y ..................... 5 2. Station locations, depth, and distance offshore • • 9 3* Average sea surface temperature (°C) and average sea surface salinity (ppt) at 24-hour stations................................... 18 4. Surface abundance (8 standard 20 minute neuston tows) and percent contribution of hyperiideans to total zooplankton, by station, for cruises 01W--04W 19 5* Percent hyperiideans in total zooplankton (based on numbers/m3) in subsurface samples from each station during cruises 01W--04W . 21 6 . Number of individuals per m^ in subsurface samples from each station during cruises 01W--05W ................................... 23 7. Surface frequency of occurrence of hyperiideans (fo) and number of samples containing hyperiideans at each station for cruises 01W to 0 5 W ................................>24 8. Checklist of families and species .... i .... 26 9 • Number of hyperiidean species taken at each station in the surface layer (Sur) and subsurface waters (Sub) ................. 29 10 . Species occurrence in the subsurface fauna (cruises 01W--04W) . ................... * 3 1 11. Species occurrence in the surface waters (cruises 0 1 W - - 0 4 W ) ................................. 34 12 . Species occurrence in subsurface waters of cruise 05W by station.............................36 vi List of Tables (continued) Table Page 13* Replicate bongo tows, number of species in each sample, total number of species for each gear at the s t a t i o n ................ 38 14. Species occurrence in surface waters of cruise 05W by s t a t i o n ...........................39 15* Surface frequency of occurrence for Lestrigonus bengalensis as mean number per tow f o r 0 standard neuston tows, as number per volume filtered for bongo samples, and as percent of hyperiideans at station for cruise 0 4 W .................. 42 16. Frequency of occurrence, percent contribution, and mean numbers/tow of P. gaudichaudi in the surface waters by station for cruises 01W--04W ....................... 46 17* Mean number of P. gaudichaudi per volume fil­ tered and percent contribution in subsurface waters by station for cruises 01W--04W ................... 4 8 18. Mean number per tow and per volume filtered, percent contribution and frequency of occurrence for P. gaudichaudi by station during cruise 05W 49 19• Subsurface species distributional abundance p a t t e r n s ................................. 63 20. Surface species distributional abundance pat­ terns . ............................... 67 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of stations sampled for amphipods and other zooplankton, Middle Atlantic Bight, 1975-1976 .... .8 2. Diagrammatic key to family for hyperiidean a m p h i p o d s ......................... 1 4 3 . Key characteristics of hyperiidean families referred to in Fig. 2 ............ * 1 5 4. Diel migratory pattern of L. bengalensis for 04W based on eight consecutive neuston samples at each station • • - 4 3 5 . Diel migratory pattern of P. gaudichaudi for 01W based on eight consecutive neuston samples at each station • • *50 6 . Diel migratory pattern of P. gaudichaudi for 02W based on eight consecutive neuston samples at each station • • *51 7 . Diel migratory pattern of P. gaudichaudi for 03W based on eight consecutive neuston samples at each station . *52 8. Diel migratory pattern of P. gaudichaudi for 04W based on eight consecutive neuston samples at each station . 53 9. Average sea surface salinity, average sea surface temperature, relative total abundance for P. gaudichaudi and L. bengalensis, cruises 01W--04w, letter designates station and number desig­ nates cruise .............................72 10. Total surface individuals (x) for P. gaudichaudi and L. bengalensis on Cl-Jl transect cruise 04W • ....... 73 11. Diel migratory pattern of P. gaudichaudi and L. bengalensis at station L2, cruise 05W 74 viii ABSTRACT The hyperiidean amphipods were analyzed from samples collected in the Middle Atlantic Bight during five quarterly cruises beginning in October 1975 and ending in November 1976. A total of 23,222 specimens were identified which belong to 63 species in 12 different families. Two species, Parathemisto gaudichaudi and Les- trigonus bengalensis, clearly dominated both surface and subsurface assemblages, contributing over 99^ of the abundance of both assemblages. Parathemisto gaudichaudi was dominant in four of the five cruises with cruise 04W being dominated by Lestrigonus benga­ lensis . These two species occupied virtually the same locale with minor variations in the optimal seasonal conditions. P. gaudichaudi followed the classic dawn/ dusk double peak vertical migrational pattern except during the May 1976 cruise when a single predominant peak occurred. The organisms were categorized based upon abundance patterns and occurrence patterns for both the surface and subsurface assemblages. From these groupings, the species were considered as rare, frequent, or abundant and inshore, offshore, or transshelf. 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  • Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects

    Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects

    FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©2003 Springer‐Verlag. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available at http://www.springerlink.com and may be cited as: Marshall, N. J., Cronin, T. W., & Frank, T. M. (2003). Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects. In S. P. Collin & N. J. Marshall (Eds.), Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. (pp. 343‐372). Berlin: Springer‐Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978‐0‐387‐22628‐6_18 18 Visual Adaptations in Crustaceans: Chromatic, Developmental, and Temporal Aspects N. Justin Marshall, Thomas W. Cronin, and Tamara M. Frank Abstract Crustaceans possess a huge variety of body plans and inhabit most regions of Earth, specializing in the aquatic realm. Their diversity of form and living space has resulted in equally diverse eye designs. This chapter reviews the latest state of knowledge in crustacean vision concentrating on three areas: spectral sensitivities, ontogenetic development of spectral sen­ sitivity, and the temporal properties of photoreceptors from different environments. Visual ecology is a binding element of the chapter and within this framework the astonishing variety of stomatopod (mantis shrimp) spectral sensitivities and the environmental pressures molding them are examined in some detail. The quantity and spectral content of light changes dra­ matically with depth and water type and, as might be expected, many adaptations in crustacean photoreceptor design are related to this governing environmental factor. Spectral and temporal tuning may be more influenced by bioluminescence in the deep ocean, and the spectral quality of light at dawn and dusk is probably a critical feature in the visual worlds of many shallow-water crustaceans.