Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian

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Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes vorgelegt von TANIA AVGUSTINOVA Saarbrücken, im April 1997 Der Dekan: Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Ohlig Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Roland Marti Prof. Dr. Hans Uszkoreit Tag der letzten Prüfungsleistung: 16. Juli 1997 Kurzfassung (Summary in German) In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird der Zusammenhang von Klitika und Wortstellung im Bulgarischen untersucht. Die Dissertation entstand aus dem Interesse an einer Sprache, die trotz ihres vereinfachten Deklinationssystems, aber aufgrund eines gut entwickelten Mechanismus für klitische Replizierung, über beträchtliche Wortstellungsvarianz verfügt. Sprachübergreifend variiert das Verhalten der Klitika von Abhängigkeit morphologischer Affixe bis hin zu Autonomie selbständiger syntaktischer Formen. In dieser Hinsicht sind die bulgarischen Klitika wegen ihrer Zwischenstellung linguistisch besonders interessant. Die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführte linguistische Forschung ist durch den Bedarf an einer expliziten formalen Beschreibung der bulgarischen Konstituentenstruktur und Wortstellung motiviert. Die formalen Fragen wurden aber in der vorliegenden Dissertation mit Absicht zurückgestellt, um die Analyse für einen möglichst breiten Leserkreis mit slawistischem Hintergrund nachvollziehbar zu machen. Dennoch impliziert dieser Mangel von Akzenten auf Formalisierung nicht, daß die dargestellte Theorie nicht formalisierbar ist. Die Tatsache, daß sie in der Form eines Parsers erfolgreich implementiert wurde, weist eindeutig darauf hin, daß strenge Formalisierung in der Tat möglich ist. Der erwähnte Parser liegt einem experimentellen Grammar-Checker für das Bulgarische zugrunde. Als theoretischer Rahmen für diese Dissertation wurde die Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) gewählt, da diese eine multidimensionale, aber trotzdem einheitliche Darstellung linguistischer Objekte ermöglicht. Die Vielschichtigkeit der strukturellen Relationen im bulgarischen Verbkomplex stellt die Angemessenheit und Allgemeingültigkeit eines lexikalistischen Ansatzes zur Behandlung von Klitika in Frage. In dieser Arbeit wird die Ansicht vertreten, daß die Klitisierung im Bulgarischen eine morphosyntaktische Dimension aufweist, wobei verbale Klitika zur Verbkomplexkonstituente gehören. In bezug auf das lexikalische Verb und den von diesem Verb regierten Satz ist die Verbkomplexkonstituente als eine Zwischenkonstruktion zu betrachten. Dementsprechend basiert die durchgeführte Analyse auf einer Variante von HPSG, die eine zusätzliche Dimension für die Modellierung der analytischen Verbmorphologie und der Klitisierung vorsieht. Es werden drei Typen von Objekten unterschieden: lexikalische, morphosyntaktische und syntaktische. Der in dieser Arbeit eingeführte Begriff der morphosyntaktischen Markierung spielt eine zentrale Rolle in der Behandlung der analytischen Verbformen im Bulgarischen. Aufgrund der Konstituentenstruktur und des syntaktischen Verhaltens wird zwischen zwei Verbkomplextypen unterschieden: einerseits kompakte Verbkomplexe, die durch strenge Nachbarschaft ihrer Komponenten charakterisiert sind, andererseits zusammengesetzte Verbkomplexe, die aus zwei locker zusammenhängenden, aber nicht unbedingt adjazent stehenden Teilen bestehen. Formal wird die Klitisierung als morphosyntaktisches Phänomen und nicht als Teil des Lexikons aufgefaßt. Demgemäß wird die Stellung einzelner verbaler Klitika sowie deren Sequenzen auf der Ebene der verbalen Morphosyntax interpretiert, wo auch prosodische Restriktionen mitwirken. Infolgedessen sind Pronominalklitika keine Konstituenten auf der Satzebene. Die entworfene Theorie der Konstituentenstruktur des Bulgarischen ermöglicht eine adäquate Darstellung der "zweiseitigen" Erscheinung von Objektklitika, die sich weder als echte Morpheme noch als vollständige syntaktische Konstituenten zufriedenstellend behandeln lassen. Die Intuition hinter der hier vorgeschlagenen Alternative besagt, daß ein gewisser Parallelismus in der Beziehung der Verbflexion zur Subjekt-NP und des Pronominalklitikums zur ensprechenden Objekt-NP besteht. Die Person-, Numerus- und Genusinformation über die Subjekt-NP ist in der Verbmorphologie vorhanden. Dieselbe Indexinformation, sowie Information über den syntaktischen Kasus der jeweiligen vollen NP-Ergänzung, wird von Pronominalklitika innerhalb des morphosyntaktischen Verbkomplexes geliefert. So stellen die beide Mechanismen— der morphologische der Verbflexion und der morphosyntaktische der Objektklitisierung—gleichartige Ergebnisse auf der Syntaxebene zur Verfügung, die die syntaktische Optionalität der entsprechenden NP-Konstituenten befördern. Mit der Zulassung der morphosyntaktischen Konstituenz gewinnt die Sprachbeschreibung deutlich an Erklärungsmächtigkeit und Transparenz hinsichtlich einer Reihe von Phänomenen, die zum vagen Schnittstellenbereich zwischen Lexikon und eigentlicher Syntax gehören. Durch das in der Grammatik definierte morphosyntaktische Modul unterscheidet sich das Bulgarische von den anderen slawischen Sprachen. Das veranschaulicht augenfällig, daß in HPSG die Parametrisierung der sprachlichen und sprachübergreifenden Varianz in der Grammatik stattfinden kann. In diesem Sinne wäre es angemessen zu erforschen, ob sich ein morphosyntaktisches Grammatikmodul auch in der Beschreibung anderer Sprachen rechtfertigen läßt, die für den lexikalistischen HPSG-Ansatz problematische Phänomene enthalten. Als Voraussetzung für die Diskussion über die Rolle der Replizierung durch Klitika auf Satzebene wurde eine Typologie bulgarischer Nomialphrasen entworfen, die allgemeine Kriterien für die Bestimmung des Replizierungspotentials des Nominalmaterials in dieser Sprache zurechtlegt. So kann die folgende Grundannahme formuliert werden: replizierbar durch ein Pronominalklitikum (unter den ensprechenden verblexem-spezifischen oder kommunikativen Bedingungen) ist nur das Nominalmaterial, das als identifizierende spezifische Beschreibung eines Objekts benutzt wird. Dagegen weisen die artikellosen Nomialphrasen, die kategorisierende oder nicht-spezifische Beschreibungen sind, sowie die Nomialphrasen mit einem Artikel, die aber als generische oder auch als nicht-spezifische Beschreibungen benutzt werden, kein Replizierungspotential auf. Ein besonderer Beitrag dieser Dissertation ist die ins Detail gehende Begründung dafür, daß das Phänomen der klitischen Replizierung einen kommunikationsgesteuerten syntaktischen Aspekt aufweist, der als Faktor der Wortstellungsvarianz im bulgarischen Satz anzusehen ist. Ferner wird argumentiert, daß die Replizierung von vollständigen NP-Konstituenten durch Klitika zwei unterschiedliche Funktionen hat: nämlich, Identifikation des direkten Objekts durch Akkusativklitika und Thematisierung des durch Akkusativ- und Dativklitika replizierten Nominalmaterials. Es wird im einzelnen dargestellt, wie sich die lexem- spezifische Obliqueness-Anordnung grammatischer Relationen, die recht flexible oberflächliche Wortfolge und die unter Umständen vorhandene klitische Replizierung bei der Informationsstrukturierung des Satzes gegenseitig beeinflussen. Dabei wird besonders auf die Position des emphatischen Akzents geachtet. Im entworfenen Modell kann vorhergesagt werden, wann Replizierung durch Klitika ausgeschlossen, obligatorisch oder optional ist. Eine wichtige Grundeigenschaft des hier dargestellten linguistischen Ansatzes ist seine Implementierbarkeit - vgl. die im Anhang beigefügte Information zu einer HPSG-basierten Computergrammatik für das Bulgarische. Das bereits implementierte Fragment deckt die Morphosyntax von Verben vollständig ab, sowie einen beträchtlichen Umfang der Replizierungsphänomene auf Satzebene. Curriculum Vitae Tania Avgustinova studied Slavistics at the Faculty of Slavic Studies at St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, and received her M.A. with a specialisation in computational linguistics in 1987. Immediately after university she joined the Linguistic Modelling Laboratory of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. From 1987 to 1989 she was involved in a large project on Bulgarian and Russian computational morphology as well as in computer- oriented lexicographic work on Bulgarian and Russian. From 1989 to 1991 she was mainly concerned with grammar writing and implementation for a syntactic parser of Bulgarian. In 1991-1992 she co-operated in a Bulgarian-German word order project sponsored by the German science foundation (DFG). During her time at the Linguistic Modelling Laboratory, she also taught courses at the University of Sofia. In 1993 Tania Avgustinova started work as a researcher at the Department of Computational Linguistics and Phonetics at the University of Saarland in Saarbrücken, being involved both in research projects and teaching. She worked on special issues of computational grammars of Bulgarian and Czech in the framework of an EU-funded project on language processing technologies for Slavic languages (LATESLAV). Her research was also concerned with the applicability of the Head- driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) to Slavic languages. In 1997 she completed her Ph.D. in Slavic and computational linguistics at the University of Saarland. The outcome of her doctoral research is described in this book. Posvåwaetså moej mame Contents Preface.......................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................2
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