University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Derivational Trapping And The Morphosyntax Of Inflectionlessness Luke James Adamson University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Adamson, Luke James, "Derivational Trapping And The Morphosyntax Of Inflectionlessness" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3587. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3587 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3587 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Derivational Trapping And The Morphosyntax Of Inflectionlessness Abstract The broad objective of this dissertation is to advance our understanding of how grammatical operations are formulated in the postsyntactic module of the grammar. To that end, the dissertation examines the distribution of agreement morphemes, and especially the distribution of exceptionally inflectionless elements, whose lack of agreement morphology can affect other operations such as postsyntactic movement, in some cases interfering with these operations, yielding ungrammaticality. The dissertation pursues a serial rule-based approach within the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework (Halle and Marantz 1993; Embick and Noyer 2001, 2007; Arregi and Nevins 2012; Harley 2014; a.o.), focusing chiefly on postsyntactic operations that produce and refer to agreement morphology (‘node- sprouting’) and postsyntactic operations that displace heads onto neighboring elements. The key innovation of the current model is that postsyntactic operations distinguish between their triggering environments and the actual execution of a change. A theoretical consequence of making this distinction is that a derivation can crash when the conditions for application of an operation are satisfied but the change itself cannot be executed, yielding ungrammaticality. This state of affairs is referred to as derivational trapping. The evidence that bears on the theory of how postsyntactic rules are formulated comes from exceptionally inflectionless (EI) elements in ariousv languages, including Bulgarian, Bosnian/Croatian/ Serbian (BCS), German, Greek, Latin, Icelandic, Italian, and Russian. These EI elements belong to some syntactic category – such as adjective – whose members are specified ot bear agreement morphology, while EI elements lack this morphology. The distributional properties of these elements is important for our understanding not only of the representation of inflectionlessness, but also of postsyntactic movement, the separation between the narrow syntax and the postsyntactic module, and the ways in which crashes in the postsyntactic module arise. Beyond the evidence from inflectionlessness for derivational trapping, the dissertation also examines other phenomena that motivate this approach, including lexical gaps, coordination, and other forms of postsyntactic movement. Chapter 1 defines derivational trapping and articulates a model of the postsyntax, with special attention paid to two types of postsyntactic operations: i) node-sprouting, the operation which produces dissociated morphology such as agreement morphemes, and ii) postsyntactic movement. This chapter motivates an account of node-sprouting in which the operation may target a terminal node, a morphological word (MWd) (in the sense of Embick and Noyer 2001), or a phrase, and argues that node- sprouting at the MWd occurs prior to linearly defined movement operations. It also synthesizes various case studies from the literature to motivate an account of postsyntactic movement, whose locality is argued to be restricted by adjacency, in a way defined by the stage of linearization at which the operation is specified. In Chapter 2, I claim that exceptional inflectionlessness is (often) a morphological fact that is encoded postsyntactically. Consequently, given the modularity of narrow syntax and the postsyntactic module, it is predicted that inflectionlessness can affect postsyntactic processes but not the narrow syntax. I evaluate this hypothesis by examining how the absence of agreement morphology affects postsyntactic movement and other operations in Latin, Icelandic, Bulgarian, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), Italian, and Russian. For Bulgarian and BCS, I offer a derivational trapping account to capture patterns of ungrammaticality. Chapter 3 investigates German adjectival inflection, and demonstrates that its distribution is best stated in linear terms, thereby supporting its postsyntactic status, and it also demonstrates that the distribution of inflection supports the hypothesis that node-sprouting can happen at the phrasal level. I also demonstrate how exceptional inflectionlessness among adjectives is sensitive to linear order, and offer a derivational trapping account of the inability for such adjectives to be stranded by noun phrase ellipsis. Chapter 4, extends the account of derivational trapping to three other phenomena beyond agreement morphology: lexical gaps, postsyntactic movement into coordinate structures, and the (postsyntactic) formation of English possessive pronouns. I connect the stride gap (Yang 2016) to the feature structure and morphophonology of participles and preterites, showing how lexical gaps can give rise to derivational trapping due to the structure of morphophonological rules. I also argue on the basis of coordination data from various Romance languages for a derivational trapping account of postsyntactic ATB violations, with a refinement of the TBA constraint that permits certain types of attested putative violations. Lastly, I argue that derivational trapping can occur in the production of English possessive pronouns; the account captures surprising patterns of ungrammaticality that arise when an internally complex possessor contains a pronoun. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the dissertation, pointing to limitations of the current study as well as to directions for future work. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Linguistics First Advisor Rolf . Noyer Keywords Agreement, Derivation, Inflection, Morphology, Postsyntax, Syntax Subject Categories Linguistics This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3587 DERIVATIONAL TRAPPING AND THE MORPHOSYNTAX OF INFLECTIONLESSNESS Luke James Adamson A DISSERTATION in Linguistics Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Supervisor of Dissertation Rolf Noyer, Associate Professor of Linguistics Graduate Group Chairperson Eugene Buckley, Associate Professor of Linguistics Dissertation Committee: David Embick, Professor of Linguistics Ruth Kramer, Associate Professor of Linguistics, Georgetown University DERIVATIONAL TRAPPING AND THE MORPHOSYNTAX OF INFLECTIONLESSNESS COPYRIGHT 2019 Luke James Adamson For my parents, Rosemary and Jim Adamson. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT As one might expect, this dissertation has my name on it (and I alone should be blamed for its faults), but many people contributed in some form to its creation. I would first like to thank my advisor, Rolf Noyer, for all of the encouragement and insight he has offered me over the past few years. It has been a genuine privilege to be able to discuss and debate a wide range of topics with Rolf, from text-setting in art song to the issues that made their way into this document. Rolf’s commitment to and insistence on getting me to tackle these questions as deeply as possible was evident not only from our meetings, but also from epic, treatise-length emails. His preternatural talent for scrutinizing low-level mechanics and his ability to link mechanics with broader theoretical questions have always been a source of inspiration, and the questions he posed in meetings were always the important theoretical ones that I had neglected to address. Rolf also helped me get through various academic struggles, and always remained unwavering in his support. Dave Embick also deserves a special mention and a special thanks. I learned a great deal from Dave: how to recognize puzzles and orthodoxies; how to assess what the striking meta-theoretic differences are; and above all, I learned how seemingly disparate topics can turn out to be connected in theoretically crucial ways. It never took Dave long to identify a multitude of drawbacks and problematic assumptions for a potential solution that appeared to be reasonable, which was simultaneously irritating and motivating. It seems fair to say that my discussions with Dave made me a better critical thinker, and that, along with Rolf, Dave taught me what type of linguist I aspire to be. The third member of my committee, Ruth Kramer, also deserves an effusive message of gratitude. I read Ruth’s brilliant monograph from cover to cover a few years ago, which got me invested in questions about the nominal domain, and I had the fortune of getting her valuable input and her support during the most paralyzing stages of dissertation writing. If it were not for Ruth, this document would have probably turned out substantially worse and may not have been finished on time. One of the main reasons I wanted to study at Penn was because of the graduate student iv community, to whom I am very grateful for all of the fun and intellectually stimulating conversations over the years. I’d especially like to thank