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9 Psychoactive

Lesson PLanning CaLendar

Use this Lesson Planning Calendar to determine how much time to allot for each topic. Schedule Day One Day Two Day Three Traditional Period (50 minutes) What are Psychoactive Drugs? Prevention : A Depressant Marijuana Block schedule (90 minutes) What are Psychoactive Drugs? Marijuana Alcohol: A Depressant Prevention Stimulants Hallucinogens

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 1 3/19/12 11:19 AM 9 MODULE 9 aCTiviTy PLanner From The TeaCher’s resourCe maTeriaLs Psychoactive Drugs

Use this Activity Planner to bring active learning to your daily lessons. Topic Activities What are Psychoactive drugs? Getting Started: Critical Thinking Activity: Fact or Falsehood? (10 min.) What Are Psychoactive Drugs? Analysis Activity: Signs of Abuse (15 min.) Alcohol: A Depressant Analysis Activity: The Internet Test (15 min.) Stimulants ● Building Vocabulary: Crossword Puzzle (15 min.) ● Enrichment Lesson: Factors in Drug Use (15 min.) ● ● alcohol: a depressant Digital Connection: (2nd ed.), Module 22: “Depressants and Their Addictive Effects on the Brain” The Mind ● Ecstasy (10 min.) Hallucinogens Digital Connection: The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 29: “Alcohol Addiction: Hereditary Factors” (10 min.) ● LSD Marijuana Enrichment Lesson: Alcohol Consumption Among College Students (15 min.) Prevention Enrichment Lesson: Rohypnol—A (15 min.) Cooperative Learning Activity: Alcohol Concentrations (30 min.) Many people drink in the morning to “get going.” The chemical in coffee that stimulants Enrichment Lesson: Caffeine—Is It Harmful? (15 min.) achieves this effect is actually a . Surprised? Let’s take a close hallucinogens Enrichment Lesson: The LSD Experience (20 min.) look at psychoactive drugs and how they affect us. marijuana Enrichment Lesson: Is Marijuana Good Medicine? (30 min.) Prevention Digital Connection: The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 30: “Treating Drug Addiction: A Behavioral Approach” (10 min.) What Are Psychoactive Drugs?

Application Activity: Eyescube Drug Addiction Simulation (40 min.) WHAT’S THE POINT? Portfolio Project: Public Awareness Campaigns 9-1 What are psychoactive drugs, and what is dependence?

psychoactive drug Most adults and young adults in this country regularly take psychoactive Chemical substance that drugs, chemical substances that alter mood, behavior, or perceptions. Sur- alters perceptions, mood, or behavior. prised? If so, perhaps you don’t associate the phrase “psychoactive drug” dependence State of with the three most commonly used psychoactive substances: caffeine, alco- physiological or psycho- hol, and nicotine. These everyday chemical substances are drugs; as such, logical need (or combined they can induce an altered state of consciousness. They also can lead to need) to take more of a drug after continued use. dependence— a state of physiological or psychological need (or combined

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Psychoactive Drugs Getting Started TRM Have students list drugs that they think are used by people in their age group. Then have them brainstorm What Are Psychoactive about reasons why people choose to Drugs? use drugs in the first place and what Alcohol: A Depressant factors in life lead them to become drug addicts. Stimulants You also may wish to use Critical ● Caffeine Thinking Activity: Fact or False- ● Nicotine ● Cocaine hood? as a prereading strategy to ● Amphetamines find out what students already know ● Ecstasy about drugs. The activity, along with Hallucinogens its results, will prime students to note terms and concepts in the text that ● LSD confirm or dispel their preconceptions Marijuana about this topic. Prevention Building Vocabulary TRM Building Vocabulary: Crossword Many people drink coffee in the morning to “get going.” The chemical in coffee that Puzzle is designed to engage students achieves this effect is actually a psychoactive drug. Surprised? Let’s take a close as they learn the definitions and terms look at psychoactive drugs and how they affect us. for the major concepts in this module.

TeaChingTea TiP Drug use can be a difficult topic to What Are Psychoactive Drugs? discuss because the social stigma of drug use is so profound. If students are WHAT’S THE POINT? using drugs, they or their parents may 9-1 What are psychoactive drugs, and what is deny that there is a problem. Parents dependence? may also be unaware of their child’s problem. In discussions, be sensi-sensi psychoactive drug Most adults and young adults in this country regularly take psychoactive Chemical substance that tive about accusing anyone of being drugs, chemical substances that alter mood, behavior, or perceptions. Sur- alters perceptions, mood, a drug user but be open to discussing or behavior. prised? If so, perhaps you don’t associate the phrase “psychoactive drug” privately students’ personal concerns dependence State of with the three most commonly used psychoactive substances: caffeine, alco- physiological or psycho- about their own problems or those of hol, and nicotine. These everyday chemical substances are drugs; as such, logical need (or combined family and friends. they can induce an altered state of consciousness. They also can lead to need) to take more of a drug after continued use. dependence— a state of physiological or psychological need (or combined

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resourcer mmanager Activities TE Web/Multimedia TE Film/Video TE Analysis 158 Digital Connection 160, 165, 166 The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 29 158 Application 158, 170 The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 22 160 Cooperative Learning 160 The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 30 170 Critical Thinking 157, 171 Enrichment 158, 160, 163, 167, 168 Portfolio Project 171 Vocabulary 157

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 157 3/19/12 11:19 AM 9 158 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 159 need) to take more of a drug after continued use. Notice that we say depen- withdrawal Discomfort and Take Me Out to distress that follow when a dence, not addiction. While the World Health Organization reports that the Ball Game TeaCh person who is dependent on a over 90 million people suffer from drug and alcohol dependence (2008b), drug discontinues the use of that drug. the concept of addiction has lost much of its meaning. Addicted to love? You wouldn’t know it by Beyond the Classroom TRM Addicted to television? Addicted to popcorn? Addicted to Twitter? True watching these fans, but tolerance Reduced respon- alcohol is a central nervous Analyze Caffeine, alcohol, and nico- siveness to a drug, prompting seriously disrupt a person’s ability to function in everyday life. the user to take larger doses to Gambling and Internet use (online games and social networking) can fit system depressant. Another tine are all legal psychoactive drugs. effect? Lowered inhibitions. achieve the same pleasurable this description, but few other behaviors do (Hoeft et al., 2008). For the Yet other psychoactive drugs discussed effects previously obtained by in this chapter are not legal. Have stu-- smaller doses. purposes of this module, we use the term dependence instead of addiction to discuss psychoactive drugs. dents explore why these drugs are legal When users are deprived of a drug they are dependent on, they have symp- while some are not. Ask: toms of withdrawal (usually discomfort and distress). You may experience ● What U.S. laws have banned the use withdrawal if you normally drink a few cans of caffeinated cola daily and of certain psychoactive drugs? What then go on a weekend camping trip where no soda is available. If you experi- were the reasons those laws were ence grogginess, develop a headache, and “miss” your cola, you are demon- strating caffeine dependence. rAuch AP Photo/LAurA enacted? Withdrawal symptoms often resemble the opposite of a psychoactive ● Why have laws that ban alcohol drug’s intended effect. For a user, this means that the brief, drug- been unsuccessful? induced episodes of , relaxation, and slowed breathing will give We will study four kinds of psychoactive drugs: depressants, stimulants, ● Given the current public criticism of way to prolonged , restlessness, and abnormally rapid breath- hallucinogens, and marijuana. Most discussions of drugs and their effects the industry, is it possible ing after the drug wears off (Feldman et al., 1997). Withdrawal is even use these four categories, but the drug- taker’s expectations and mood can that tobacco could be outlawed in worse in those with a long history of drug use. Regular drug use usually cause some drugs to jump outside the boundaries of any one classification. the next century? Why or why not? leads to tolerance, a reduced response to the drug, which prompts the user to take larger doses to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously For example, alcohol is a depressant, but it can have a wildly stimulating effect on a drinker who expects to feel stimulated, such as an excited fan cel- Explore this point further with obtained by smaller doses (see Figure 9.1). So, for example, a new drinker Enrichment Lesson: Factors in Drug may get a “buzz” from one , but after drinking regularly over several ebrating a World Series championship. Use and Analysis Activity: Signs of weeks, the person will develop a tolerance for alcohol and may require two Pause Now or Move oN Drug Abuse. or three to achieve that same feeling. With this increased intake, the person’s body must struggle to clean out the increased toxins and cope Turn to page 171 to review and apply what you’ve learned. TeaChing TiP with the rising blood alcohol level. You’ll read more about the effects of If students approach you about alcohol next. problems they have or someone they care about has with drugs, help them Alcohol: A Depressant understand your obligations as a Figure 9.1 Drug Big teacher. While you can ensure a certain Tolerance effect effect WHAT’S THE POINT? level of confidentiality, you may be The initial effect of a psycho- Response to first exposure 9-2 What are the physiological and psychological obligated to report behaviors that you active drug is not the same feel may cause them personal harm to as the effect that occurs with effects of drinking alcohol? a guidance counselor, school psycholo-psycholo- repeated use. As the user’s body develops tolerance to gist, and/or parent. Tell students up After repeated Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body func- the drug, increasing amounts exposure, more tions. Alcohol, one of many depressants, is the second most used psy- front that you will do what you can are usually needed to achieve drug is needed to produce same choactive drug in the world. (Caffeine is the first.) Like any depressant, to help them, but for their safety, that the same effect. effect help may involve other people more alcohol slows thinking and impairs physical activity. Alcohol is unique Little among depressants in that its use is largely recreational: People drink to qualified than you are. effect depressants Drugs (such Small Large “unwind,” for the taste, or to increase sociability at a party. (Those desires as alcohol and ) that reduce neural activity and slow Drug dose can quickly lead to dependence; see Psychology in the Real World: The TRM body functions. Beyond the Classroom Question of .) Guest Speaker Contact a local psy- chologist who specializes in to get his or her thoughts on common addictions in the United States. Ask: ● Do addictions to the Internet, shopping, or sex have the same Beyond the Classroom TRM basis as substance dependence? Bellringers Use the following prompts as discussion starters: Why or why not? ● Should psychoactive drugs be legalized? Why or why not? ● Do you treat all addictions to sub- ● Is there a history of substance dependence in your family? Do you have an “addictive per- stances the same? Why or why not? sonality”? Are your personal choices similar to or different from those of your family mem- At this point, you may want to use bers? Why or why not? Application Activity: Eyescube Drug ● Do you think addictions to the Internet, shopping, or video games are the same as substance Addiction Simulation. addiction? More insight into addiction can be found in Analysis Activity: The Internet Addiction Test and The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 29: “Alcohol Addiction: Hereditary Factors.”

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 158 3/19/12 11:20 AM 158 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 159 9 need) to take more of a drug after continued use. Notice that we say depen- withdrawal Discomfort and Take Me Out to distress that follow when a dence, not addiction. While the World Health Organization reports that the Ball Game person who is dependent on a over 90 million people suffer from drug and alcohol dependence (2008b), Active LeArning drug discontinues the use of that drug. the concept of addiction has lost much of its meaning. Addicted to love? You wouldn’t know it by Addicted to television? Addicted to popcorn? Addicted to Twitter? True watching these fans, but tolerance Reduced respon- Research alcohol is a central nervous siveness to a drug, prompting addictions seriously disrupt a person’s ability to function in everyday life. Have students research what the user to take larger doses to Gambling and Internet use (online games and social networking) can fit system depressant. Another effect? Lowered inhibitions. addiction support groups are avail- achieve the same pleasurable this description, but few other behaviors do (Hoeft et al., 2008). For the effects previously obtained by able in your area. Students should smaller doses. purposes of this module, we use the term dependence instead of addiction to discuss psychoactive drugs. contact these groups to ask what When users are deprived of a drug they are dependent on, they have symp- they believe constitutes addiction toms of withdrawal (usually discomfort and distress). You may experience and how to treat it effectively. withdrawal if you normally drink a few cans of caffeinated cola daily and then go on a weekend camping trip where no soda is available. If you experi- ence grogginess, develop a headache, and “miss” your cola, you are demon- FYi strating caffeine dependence. rAuch AP Photo/LAurA Withdrawal symptoms often resemble the opposite of a psychoactive Psychotropic drugs affect the drug’s intended effect. For a heroin user, this means that the brief, drug- body as they do because they are induced episodes of euphoria, relaxation, and slowed breathing will give We will study four kinds of psychoactive drugs: depressants, stimulants, chemically similar to the brain’s way to prolonged depression, restlessness, and abnormally rapid breath- hallucinogens, and marijuana. Most discussions of drugs and their effects ing after the drug wears off (Feldman et al., 1997). Withdrawal is even natural . For use these four categories, but the drug- taker’s expectations and mood can worse in those with a long history of drug use. Regular drug use usually example, cause some drugs to jump outside the boundaries of any one classification. leads to tolerance, a reduced response to the drug, which prompts the ● For example, alcohol is a depressant, but it can have a wildly stimulating cocaine is similar to dopamine. user to take larger doses to achieve the same pleasurable effects previously ● effect on a drinker who expects to feel stimulated, such as an excited fan cel- LSD is similar to serotonin. obtained by smaller doses (see Figure 9.1). So, for example, a new drinker ● are similar to may get a “buzz” from one beer, but after drinking regularly over several ebrating a World Series championship. weeks, the person will develop a tolerance for alcohol and may require two endorphins. Pause Now or Move oN or three beers to achieve that same feeling. With this increased intake, the person’s body must struggle to clean out the increased toxins and cope Turn to page 171 to review and apply what you’ve learned. with the rising blood alcohol level. You’ll read more about the effects of alcohol next. Alcohol: A Depressant Figure 9.1 Drug Big Tolerance effect effect WHAT’S THE POINT? The initial effect of a psycho- Response to first exposure 9-2 What are the physiological and psychological active drug is not the same as the effect that occurs with effects of drinking alcohol? repeated use. As the user’s body develops tolerance to After repeated Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body func- the drug, increasing amounts exposure, more tions. Alcohol, one of many depressants, is the second most used psy- are usually needed to achieve drug is needed to produce same choactive drug in the world. (Caffeine is the first.) Like any depressant, the same effect. effect alcohol slows thinking and impairs physical activity. Alcohol is unique Little among depressants in that its use is largely recreational: People drink to effect depressants Drugs (such Small Large “unwind,” for the taste, or to increase sociability at a party. (Those desires as alcohol and sedatives) that reduce neural activity and slow Drug dose can quickly lead to dependence; see Psychology in the Real World: The body functions. Question of Alcoholism.)

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 159 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 160 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 161 Alcohol also affects women and men differently. Females are more likely Psychology in THE REAL WORLD to experience liver and brain damage after drinking less extreme amounts TeaChing TiP than their male counterparts (National Center on Addiction and Substance Students can take the test in Table 9.1 Abuse, 2003). A man and a woman who both weigh the same and drink the on their own to see if they may have a The Question of Alcoholism same amount of alcohol will have different amounts of alcohol in their blood- problem with alcohol abuse. Be sensi- streams an hour later for at least three reasons (Julien, 2007): tive to students’ questions about either Half of all beer, , and consumed in this coun- read the questions distributed by the National Insti- ● Men typically have 50 percent more of an enzyme responsible for their own alcohol use or that of friends try is swallowed by only 10 percent of the population. tute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (see Table 9.1). breaking down (metabolizing) alcohol. This means that men rid them- or loved ones. Avoid being judgmen- Many of those included in that 10 percent are alcohol Answering Yes to any of the questions indicates an selves of alcohol faster. tal but emphasize that alcohol abuse dependent. If you suspect that a family member or friend alcohol problem of some sort. Answering Yes to several ● Pound for pound, men have more blood in their vascular systems, so leads to problems in many areas of is dependent on alcohol, you might ask that person to of the questions may indicate alcoholism. alcohol is diluted more in men. life. It can be especially harmful if ● A higher percentage of body fat in women tends to concentrate more a person drinks heavily during key Table 9.1 alcohol in blood plasma than in men, which raises BAC in women. developmental phases of life, such as Do You Have an Alcohol Problem? In most states, a BAC of 0.08 percent is legal intoxication. However, the the teen years. selection of 0.08 as the cutoff is arbitrary, which means that a person may If you can answer Yes to even one of these questions, consider seeking advice about your use of alcohol. not necessarily be able to drive safely with a lower BAC. According to the TeaChing TiP TRM 1. Has someone close to you sometimes expressed concern about your drinking? U.S. Department of Transportation, truck drivers are not allowed to drive at ● To extend your discussion on 2. When faced with a problem, do you often turn to alcohol for relief? 0.04, and pilots should test no higher than 0.02 after going 24 hours without a drink. Behavioral impairment can begin at 0.01. Even at this low BAC level, depressants, have students view 3. Are you sometimes unable to meet home or work responsibilities because of drinking? the time it takes to react increases, as does the likelihood of accidents. The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 22: 4. Have you ever required medical attention as a result of drinking? But if alcohol depresses the , why do so many people report “Depressants and Their Addictive 5. Have you ever experienced a blackout— a total loss of memory while still awake— when drinking? Effects on the Brain.” feeling “enlivened” or stimulated after drinking small amounts? Indeed, how 6. Have you ever come into conflict with the law in connection with your drinking? do we explain the following? ● You may wish to discuss trends and 7. Have you often failed to keep the promises you have made to yourself about controlling or cutting out your ● René is normally quiet but talks a mile a minute after drinking a bottle problems with drinking in U.S. col- drinking? leges by using Enrichment Lesson: of hard lemonade. Alcohol Consumption Among Col- Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ● Nick is usually mild mannered but becomes aggressive after downing a lege Students. couple of beers. ● Extend the text’s discussion of ● Juanita is a penny pincher but leaves the server a huge tip after an eve- depressants by using Enrichment ning of gin and tonics at a . Lesson: Rohypnol—A Date Rape Alcoholic beverages vary widely in the amount of alcohol they contain. Beer is usually between 3.5 and 5 percent alcohol, wine is between 9 and Drug. 12 percent, and the hard stuff like whiskey is a whopping 40 percent. One 12- Preventing Problems ounce can of beer would have about the same effect as a 4- ounce glass of TRM Students, faculty, and chap- Beyond the Classroom wine or a 1-ounce shot of hard liquor (see Figure 9.2). The average 150- Guest Speaker Invite your school’s erones at this Nebraska high pound man takes about an hour to metabolize the alcohol from one beer. school must take a Breatha- resource officer or a member of the If he drinks more than one beer per hour, his (BAC) lyzer test to gain entry to local police department to show your quickly increases. the prom. class the procedures used to investi- gate possible . Ask: Figure 9.2 ● What legal procedures must you fol- What Do We Mean low if you suspect intoxication? by “One Drink”? ● What tests do you use to determine One 12- ounce can of beer if someone is intoxicated? has about the same amount of alcohol as a 4- ounce ● What punishments exist for people glass of wine or a 1- ounce who are found to be intoxicated? shot of whiskey. hiPPLe/AP/Wide WorLd Photos GeorGe At this point, you may want to use Cooperative Learning Activity: Blood Alcohol Concentrations.

DigitAL connection

Encourage students to surf the website www.madd.org, which houses information from Mothers Against Drunk Driving. The web- site provides useful information about alcohol consumption laws for each state, as well as resources for educators and youth about the effects of drunk driving.

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 160 3/19/12 11:20 AM 160 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 161 9 Alcohol also affects women and men differently. Females are more likely Psychology in THE REAL WORLD to experience liver and brain damage after drinking less extreme amounts than their male counterparts (National Center on Addiction and Substance FYi Abuse, 2003). A man and a woman who both weigh the same and drink the The Question of Alcoholism same amount of alcohol will have different amounts of alcohol in their blood- Alcohol has been shown to affect streams an hour later for at least three reasons (Julien, 2007): the hippocampus, the area of the Half of all beer, wine, and liquor consumed in this coun- read the questions distributed by the National Insti- ● Men typically have 50 percent more of an enzyme responsible for brain that is responsible for form- try is swallowed by only 10 percent of the population. tute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (see Table 9.1). breaking down (metabolizing) alcohol. This means that men rid them- ing new memories. This effect Many of those included in that 10 percent are alcohol Answering Yes to any of the questions indicates an selves of alcohol faster. helps explain why people who dependent. If you suspect that a family member or friend alcohol problem of some sort. Answering Yes to several ● Pound for pound, men have more blood in their vascular systems, so drink heavily lose their memories is dependent on alcohol, you might ask that person to of the questions may indicate alcoholism. alcohol is diluted more in men. of the time during which they ● A higher percentage of body fat in women tends to concentrate more were intoxicated. Table 9.1 alcohol in blood plasma than in men, which raises BAC in women. Do You Have an Alcohol Problem? In most states, a BAC of 0.08 percent is legal intoxication. However, the selection of 0.08 as the cutoff is arbitrary, which means that a person may Active LeArning If you can answer Yes to even one of these questions, consider seeking advice about your use of alcohol. not necessarily be able to drive safely with a lower BAC. According to the 1. Has someone close to you sometimes expressed concern about your drinking? U.S. Department of Transportation, truck drivers are not allowed to drive at Research 2. When faced with a problem, do you often turn to alcohol for relief? 0.04, and pilots should test no higher than 0.02 after going 24 hours without Have students explore the rate of a drink. Behavioral impairment can begin at 0.01. Even at this low BAC level, 3. Are you sometimes unable to meet home or work responsibilities because of drinking? violent crimes that occur while the time it takes to react increases, as does the likelihood of accidents. 4. Have you ever required medical attention as a result of drinking? under the influence of alcohol. Ask: But if alcohol depresses the nervous system, why do so many people report 5. Have you ever experienced a blackout— a total loss of memory while still awake— when drinking? feeling “enlivened” or stimulated after drinking small amounts? Indeed, how ● What percentage of murders 6. Have you ever come into conflict with the law in connection with your drinking? do we explain the following? occurs while either the vic- 7. Have you often failed to keep the promises you have made to yourself about controlling or cutting out your ● René is normally quiet but talks a mile a minute after drinking a bottle tim or assailant is under the drinking? of hard lemonade. influence? Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism ● Nick is usually mild mannered but becomes aggressive after downing a ● What percentage of sexual couple of beers. assaults occurs while either the ● Juanita is a penny pincher but leaves the server a huge tip after an eve- victim or assailant is under the ning of gin and tonics at a bar. influence? Does this percentage Alcoholic beverages vary widely in the amount of alcohol they contain. change depending on the age of Beer is usually between 3.5 and 5 percent alcohol, wine is between 9 and either individual? 12 percent, and the hard stuff like whiskey is a whopping 40 percent. One 12- Preventing Problems ● What about other violent ounce can of beer would have about the same effect as a 4- ounce glass of Students, faculty, and chap- crimes such as theft, battery, wine or a 1-ounce shot of hard liquor (see Figure 9.2). The average 150- erones at this Nebraska high or domestic abuse? pound man takes about an hour to metabolize the alcohol from one beer. school must take a Breatha- If he drinks more than one beer per hour, his blood alcohol content (BAC) lyzer test to gain entry to quickly increases. the prom.

Figure 9.2 What Do We Mean by “One Drink”?

One 12- ounce can of beer has about the same amount of alcohol as a 4- ounce glass of wine or a 1- ounce shot of whiskey. hiPPLe/AP/Wide WorLd Photos GeorGe

MuLticuLturAL connections

Alcohol in Other Cultures Many cultures forbid alcohol use on religious grounds. In some cultures, drinking certain alcoholic beverages is part of everyday life. Have students explore how different cultures view the use of alcoholic beverages. Students should focus their research on the following points: ● Which cultures view alcohol consumption in a negative light? Is alcohol abuse as preva- lent in these cultures as it is in the United States? Why or why not? ● In what cultures is alcohol use viewed positively or as a part of everyday life? Is alcohol abuse common in these cultures? Why or why not?

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Driving Disasters Thinking A bout P OSITIVE P SYCHOLOGY Beyond the Classroom Too often, driving after drink- Analyze Alcohol is a controversial ing alcohol results in serious drug. Although its misuse has led and even fatal car accidents. Positive Emotions and Alcoholics Anonymous to countless tragedies, moderate use may be linked to certain health Alcoholism kills over 100,000 U.S. citizens every year. substitutes, not simply prohibition. AA meetings focus benefits. Have students explore the Professional medicine can detoxify and delay relapse, but only on enjoyable, positive emotions. “Loving sugges- following questions related to alcohol most people dependent on alcohol treated only by mod- tions” replace criticism. consumption: ern medical science eventually relapse (Vaillant, 2008). New love relationships. People dealing with alco- It is difficult to calculate the success rate of inter- holism need to bond with people they have not hurt. ● Why have efforts to prohibit the sale ventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), but a Giving and receiving compassion and love aids recov- and consumption of alcohol failed in 50- year project by George Vaillant provides evidence ery and decreases relapse. AA “home groups” become the past? that AA works where medical science fails. According deeply trusted, nonjudgmental family units. ● Are current laws that regulate the to Vaillant, AA contrasts with modern medical science Spirituality. AA is not about religion at all. But spiri- sale and consumption of alcohol in that its attempted “cure” is relapse prevention. AA tuality (one of the 24 character strengths identified by © Victor Biro/demotix/demotix/corBis © Victor uses four factors to prevent relapse: effective? Why or why not? What Peterson and Seligman [2004]) is a common feature in recovery from drug dependency. Vaillant writes, “Inspira- laws or enforcement techniques 1. External supervision 2. Ritualized dependency on a competing behavior tional, altruistic group membership and a faith in a power might be effective? The answer lies in the brain area most affected by alcohol. Alcohol tends to greater than ‘me’ is important to recovery from addiction.” 3. New love relationships ● What are some health benefits of shut down the parts of your brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and Other studies (Humphreys & Moos, 1996) have alcohol consumption? What rec- making judgments. So, poor decisions and unrestrained behaviors are typical 4. Deepened spirituality shown that those recovering from alcoholism who ommendations do doctors give for in those under the influence of alcohol. This helps explain another example Vaillant points out that except for external supervi- attend AA regularly are much more likely to avoid healthful alcohol consumption? of alcohol-induced bad judgment: Most drinkers, even after scoring at or sion, these factors depend on positive emotions. Let’s relapse than those who only receive professional treat- above 0.08 on a Breathalyzer test, judge themselves capable of driving home take a closer look at the last three. ment. Vaillant believes this is because AA depends on ● Should blood- alcohol limits for from the bar (Denton & Krebs, 1990; MacDonald et al., 1995). It also may Ritualized dependency on a competing behavior. positive emotions and being around other people and men and women differ under the help explain the fights, unwanted sexual advances, and risky sexual behavior You can’t easily give up a habit without having some- not simply compliance with treatment. To quote Vail- law, considering that the drug that often go hand in hand with drinking (Cooper, 2006). Alcohol intoxication thing you enjoy to replace it. Bad habits give way to lant, “Other people matter.” affects each gender differently? dramatically increases the probability that we will act out the inappropriate Why or why not? or dangerous urges we keep in check while sober. Alcohol also impairs memory. I remember a former college classmate Pause Now or Move oN Active LeArning who, when questioned on Saturday morning after a night of drinking, couldn’t remember what he’d done, where he’d been, and whom he’d been Turn to page 172 to review and apply what you’ve learned. Alcohol and Advertising with the night before. He vigorously denied statements I had heard him Have students explore the adver- make just 12 hours earlier. My classmate lost these Friday night memories partly because alcohol suppresses the processing of recent events into long- tising techniques alcohol distribu- term memory. Alcohol also plays another peculiar trick with our memory: tors use. Experiences from the intoxicated state may not transfer to the sober state Stimulants ● Is there a common theme to the (Eich, 1980). Finally, alcohol suppresses dream sleep, which further dis- types of scenes depicted in the rupts memory storage. WHAT’S THE POINT? ads? If so, describe it. The recreational use of alcohol often gets out of hand, leading to depen- dence, health problems, accidental injuries, or death. No other drug has 9-3 What are the physiological and psychological ● Who is the ad’s target audi- generated more problems, concern, or controversy than alcohol has in this effects of stimulants? ence (women, college students, country. For evidence, look no further than our Constitution, where 2 of the young men, yuppies, and so 27 amendments deal solely and directly with alcohol. The combined yearly We have noted that alcohol is a depressant, since it reduces neural activ- forth)? stimulants Drugs (such as deaths from all illegal drugs are still fewer than the number of alcohol- related ity and slows body functions. Next, we review stimulants, drugs that excite caffeine, nicotine, and the more ● Are there laws that limit what deaths each year (Siegel, 1990), and alcohol accounts for far too many. (See neural activity and speed up body functions. This category includes caffeine, powerful amphetamines and alcohol advertising can depict? Thinking About Positive Psychology: Positive Emotions and Alcoholics Anon- nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. And one of those— caffeine—is the cocaine) that excite neural activ- ity and speed up body functions. Are alcohol advertisements pro- ymous for a refuge that works for many suffering from alcoholism). most used psychoactive drug in the world. hibited in certain places?

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Driving Disasters Thinking A bout P OSITIVE P SYCHOLOGY Differentiation Too often, driving after drink- ing alcohol results in serious Point out the Thinking About Posi-Posi and even fatal car accidents. Positive Emotions and Alcoholics Anonymous tive Psychology box to help students understand the power of the situation Alcoholism kills over 100,000 U.S. citizens every year. substitutes, not simply prohibition. AA meetings focus on behavior. Often, people who abuse Professional medicine can detoxify and delay relapse, but only on enjoyable, positive emotions. “Loving sugges- alcohol or other psychoactive drugs most people dependent on alcohol treated only by mod- tions” replace criticism. experience relapses. These relapses ern medical science eventually relapse (Vaillant, 2008). New love relationships. People dealing with alco- are frequently due to the influence It is difficult to calculate the success rate of inter- holism need to bond with people they have not hurt. of social factors such as conformity ventions such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), but a Giving and receiving compassion and love aids recov- or social norms that people find 50- year project by George Vaillant provides evidence ery and decreases relapse. AA “home groups” become that AA works where medical science fails. According deeply trusted, nonjudgmental family units. difficult to resist. Alcoholics Anony-Anony to Vaillant, AA contrasts with modern medical science Spirituality. AA is not about religion at all. But spiri- mous encourages people to surround in that its attempted “cure” is relapse prevention. AA tuality (one of the 24 character strengths identified by themselves by people not engaging in

© Victor Biro/demotix/demotix/corBis © Victor uses four factors to prevent relapse: Peterson and Seligman [2004]) is a common feature in abusive behavior, forming new love 1. External supervision recovery from drug dependency. Vaillant writes, “Inspira- relationships that break the social 2. Ritualized dependency on a competing behavior tional, altruistic group membership and a faith in a power context of drug use. The answer lies in the brain area most affected by alcohol. Alcohol tends to greater than ‘me’ is important to recovery from addiction.” shut down the parts of your brain responsible for controlling inhibitions and 3. New love relationships Other studies (Humphreys & Moos, 1996) have Beyond the Classroom making judgments. So, poor decisions and unrestrained behaviors are typical 4. Deepened spirituality shown that those recovering from alcoholism who in those under the influence of alcohol. This helps explain another example Vaillant points out that except for external supervi- attend AA regularly are much more likely to avoid Bellringers Use the following prompts of alcohol-induced bad judgment: Most drinkers, even after scoring at or sion, these factors depend on positive emotions. Let’s relapse than those who only receive professional treat- as discussion starters: above 0.08 on a Breathalyzer test, judge themselves capable of driving home take a closer look at the last three. ment. Vaillant believes this is because AA depends on ● Are you addicted to caffeine? from the bar (Denton & Krebs, 1990; MacDonald et al., 1995). It also may Ritualized dependency on a competing behavior. positive emotions and being around other people and Describe the reasons why or why not. help explain the fights, unwanted sexual advances, and risky sexual behavior You can’t easily give up a habit without having some- not simply compliance with treatment. To quote Vail- ● Why do students take stimulants? that often go hand in hand with drinking (Cooper, 2006). Alcohol intoxication thing you enjoy to replace it. Bad habits give way to lant, “Other people matter.” dramatically increases the probability that we will act out the inappropriate Do they really help people remain or dangerous urges we keep in check while sober. alert? Alcohol also impairs memory. I remember a former college classmate ● Have you experienced caffeine with- Pause Now or Move oN who, when questioned on Saturday morning after a night of drinking, drawal? What was your experience? couldn’t remember what he’d done, where he’d been, and whom he’d been Turn to page 172 to review and apply what you’ve learned. with the night before. He vigorously denied statements I had heard him Active LeArning TRM make just 12 hours earlier. My classmate lost these Friday night memories partly because alcohol suppresses the processing of recent events into long- Research term memory. Alcohol also plays another peculiar trick with our memory: Have students research the health Experiences from the intoxicated state may not transfer to the sober state Stimulants (Eich, 1980). Finally, alcohol suppresses dream sleep, which further dis- effects of caffeine— both the rupts memory storage. WHAT’S THE POINT? negative effects and the claims of The recreational use of alcohol often gets out of hand, leading to depen- health benefits from caffeinated dence, health problems, accidental injuries, or death. No other drug has 9-3 What are the physiological and psychological products. Point out that while generated more problems, concern, or controversy than alcohol has in this effects of stimulants? caffeine may not be dangerous country. For evidence, look no further than our Constitution, where 2 of the in and of itself, the products that 27 amendments deal solely and directly with alcohol. The combined yearly We have noted that alcohol is a depressant, since it reduces neural activ- stimulants Drugs (such as contain caffeine (coffee, sodas, deaths from all illegal drugs are still fewer than the number of alcohol- related ity and slows body functions. Next, we review stimulants, drugs that excite caffeine, nicotine, and the more and so on), are generally not con- deaths each year (Siegel, 1990), and alcohol accounts for far too many. (See neural activity and speed up body functions. This category includes caffeine, powerful amphetamines and sidered healthful products. Thinking About Positive Psychology: Positive Emotions and Alcoholics Anon- nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. And one of those— caffeine—is the cocaine) that excite neural activ- ity and speed up body functions. At this point, you may want to ymous for a refuge that works for many suffering from alcoholism). most used psychoactive drug in the world. use Enrichment Lesson: Caf- feine— Is It Harmful?

Active LeArning TRM

Peer Survey Have students survey their peers about caffeine consumption. Students should analyze the results and present their findings to the class. Ask: ● How many students at our school consider themselves addicted to caffeine? ● How do students generally get their caffeine “fix”? Does the school provide this drug to students? ● Is there a stigma associated with caffeine consumption? Why or why not? ● Why do students consume caffeine? Are they concerned about their caffeine consump- tion? Explain. Have students review Enrichment Lesson: Caffeine— Is It Harmful?

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caffeine found in Caffeine Smoker’s Lung coffee, , , and some soft drinks. FYi Caffeine is the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cocoa, and cola. As many as 80 The lung on the left was a nicotine Stimulant found in percent of the adults in this country consume some form of it daily (Julien, healthy, normal lung. The lung tobacco. Studies have shown that preg- 2007). Many choose coffee as their caffeine delivery system. Coffee causes bad on the right belonged to a breath, stains your teeth, looks like motor oil, keeps you from sleeping, and smoker. We can’t always see nant women can consume the the damage causes. tastes awful the first several times you drink it. Even after becoming hooked,

equivalent of up to one cup of Archers, inc. coffee per day without affecting many coffee drinkers require cream and sugar to force it down. So, why do their growing fetus. However, Excess Espresso millions reach for a cup to start their morning? Probably because an 8- ounce cup of brewed coffee can contain 175 milligrams of caffeine, while lattes and some studies have linked caffeine Many adults have a caffeine cappuccinos usually contain about half of that—still a hearty jolt (Starbucks, A. GLAuBermAn/science r ese source/Photo consumption during pregnancy dependency. 2010). Caffeine rewards the user with a of increased energy, mental to miscarriage and low birth , and forced wakefulness, which prompts continued use regardless weight. Some women elect to of taste. With sluggishness sent packing, a caffeine dependency settles in. and does not stay long in the body. For a nicotine-dependent smoker, this eliminate caffeine entirely from Unfortunately, as with so many psychoactive drugs, regular caffeine means lighting up frequently to sustain the effect. The statistics on smoking their diets just to be safe. use produces tolerance as well as dependence. One cup no longer pro- are - chilling (Julien, 2007): vides the artificial lift, so the caffeine drinker pours another cup (or ● In the United States, 6000 teenagers will light up for the first time buys another caffeinated soda). And then another. If you take in 200 today. Beyond the Classroom or more milligrams of caffeine per day, you will probably experience Evaluate Brainstorm with students withdrawal symptoms on a day you go without. Caffeine withdrawal ● Of these, 3000 will develop a smoking habit and 1000 will die from about caffeinated products available in includes headache, agitation, and tiredness, and the intensity of the smoking- related diseases. your school. Ask: withdrawal is tied directly to the normal daily amount of caffeine ● A full 37,000 nonsmokers will die this year from heart disease con- ingested. When the coffee pot runs dry, even mild-mannered tem- tracted by inhaling secondhand smoke. ● Are caffeinated products dispensed WWW.cArtoonstock.com pers end on a short fuse. ● Another 4000 nonsmokers will contract lung disease from secondhand by vending machines? “No, I don’t take any drugs, I greatly underestimated the power of caffeine dependence early in but I do have a $50 a smoke this year. ● my teaching career. It was my turn to start the 100- cup coffeemaker in the Is coffee available to students and day latte habit.” ● Worldwide, the World Health Organization reports that close to 1 bil- teachers? If so, how? teachers’ lounge by 7:00 a.m., and I simply forgot to do it. You’ve never seen so lion will likely die of tobacco use this century (2008b). ● Are students allowed to carry caffein- many adults become cranky so quickly, as withdrawal set in with no caffeine fix in sight. At lunch that day, a caffeine- deprived teacher jokingly suggested ated drinks to class? Why or why not? Nearly 450,000 smokers will die in the United States this year alone because I be arrested for failure to percolate. of their tobacco use. The good news about smoking, if that’s possible, is that ● Does the lunchroom serve caffein- Although researchers have not found long- we’ve seen a 90 percent decline in the number of adults who smoke or chew ated products? term damaging effects from small daily doses tobacco (also a deadly habit) over the past 35 years (Rose et al., 1999), and 81 Drug Dependence? of caffeine (the equivalent of two small cups of percent of smokers want to quit (Jones, 2007). Nicotine replacement thera- coffee), you would be wise to avoid becom- pies, where nicotine comes into the body through chewing gum, nasal sprays, FYi Caffeine dependence may occur with as little ing dependent upon caffeine. Getting the or patches worn on the skin, have helped thousands kick the tobacco habit. Some of the carcinogenic chemi- as two small cups of sleep you need is infinitely better for your cals inhaled by tobacco smokers coffee (200 milligrams) body (and attitude) than artificially stimulat- per day. A single ing a sleep- deprived brain. Cocaine include formaldehyde, ammonia, 8- ounce cup of coffee and tar, all of which are poten- from Starbucks can For centuries, some South American people have chewed the leaves of the contain 175 milligrams tially lethal if ingested into the plant for medicinal and religious purposes, as well as to increase endur- of caffeine. Nicotine body separately. Over time, the ance. It wasn’t until the 1850s that scientists identified, purified, and named buildup of these chemicals in the Nicotine, the stimulant found in tobacco, the active ingredient—cocaine, a stimulant derived from the leaves of the lungs is what leads to lung cancer. ranks up there with alcohol and caffeine in coca plant (Julien, 2007). In the 1880s, Americans used cocaine as a surgical the most used drug category. The stimulat- , among other medical uses. ing effects of nicotine are similar to those Austrian physician Sigmund Freud prescribed cocaine in the early 1900s of caffeine, but nicotine usually enters the as a treatment for depression and chronic . He quickly reversed his cocaine Stimulant derived from

BeneLux/zefA/corBis body in a cloud of thick, deadly smoke from stance after discovering cocaine’s horrible side effects, which include depen- the leaves of the coca plant. a cigarette. Nicotine is extremely addictive dence, tolerance, and depression after you quit taking it.

MuLticuLturAL connections

Have students research whether caffeine is as widely consumed abroad as it is in the United States. Ask: ● How do people in other countries get their caffeine “fix”? ● Is there a relationship between caffeine consumption and income level? Are developing countries less likely than developed countries to have high rates of caffeine addiction?

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 164 3/19/12 11:20 AM 164 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 165 9 caffeine Stimulant found in Caffeine Smoker’s Lung coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks. Caffeine is the stimulant found in coffee, tea, cocoa, and cola. As many as 80 The lung on the left was a DigitAL connection nicotine Stimulant found in percent of the adults in this country consume some form of it daily (Julien, healthy, normal lung. The lung tobacco. 2007). Many choose coffee as their caffeine delivery system. Coffee causes bad on the right belonged to a Several groups have instituted breath, stains your teeth, looks like motor oil, keeps you from sleeping, and smoker. We can’t always see the damage smoking causes. public awareness campaigns tastes awful the first several times you drink it. Even after becoming hooked,

Archers, inc. against smoking, with many many coffee drinkers require cream and sugar to force it down. So, why do campaigns targeting teens espe- Excess Espresso millions reach for a cup to start their morning? Probably because an 8- ounce cially. Have students research the cup of brewed coffee can contain 175 milligrams of caffeine, while lattes and type of campaigns that are being Many adults have a caffeine cappuccinos usually contain about half of that—still a hearty jolt (Starbucks, A. GLAuBermAn/science r ese source/Photo dependency. 2010). Caffeine rewards the user with a sense of increased energy, mental waged, analyzing how effective alertness, and forced wakefulness, which prompts continued use regardless they, as teens, believe each cam- paign to be. of taste. With sluggishness sent packing, a caffeine dependency settles in. and does not stay long in the body. For a nicotine-dependent smoker, this Unfortunately, as with so many psychoactive drugs, regular caffeine means lighting up frequently to sustain the effect. The statistics on smoking ● The American Lung Associa- use produces tolerance as well as dependence. One cup no longer pro- are bone- chilling (Julien, 2007): tion’s Stop Smoking website— vides the artificial lift, so the caffeine drinker pours another cup (or ● In the United States, 6000 teenagers will light up for the first time buys another caffeinated soda). And then another. If you take in 200 www.lungusa.org/stop-smoking/ today. ● or more milligrams of caffeine per day, you will probably experience Philip Morris USA (a tobacco withdrawal symptoms on a day you go without. Caffeine withdrawal ● Of these, 3000 will develop a smoking habit and 1000 will die from company)— www.philipmorris includes headache, agitation, and tiredness, and the intensity of the smoking- related diseases. usa.com/en/health_issues/ withdrawal is tied directly to the normal daily amount of caffeine ● A full 37,000 nonsmokers will die this year from heart disease con- default.asp ingested. When the coffee pot runs dry, even mild-mannered tem- tracted by inhaling secondhand smoke. WWW.cArtoonstock.com pers end on a short fuse. ● Another 4000 nonsmokers will contract lung disease from secondhand “No, I don’t take any drugs, I greatly underestimated the power of caffeine dependence early in but I do have a $50 a smoke this year. my teaching career. It was my turn to start the 100- cup coffeemaker in the day latte habit.” ● teachers’ lounge by 7:00 a.m., and I simply forgot to do it. You’ve never seen so Worldwide, the World Health Organization reports that close to 1 bil- many adults become cranky so quickly, as withdrawal set in with no caffeine lion will likely die of tobacco use this century (2008b). fix in sight. At lunch that day, a caffeine- deprived teacher jokingly suggested Nearly 450,000 smokers will die in the United States this year alone because I be arrested for failure to percolate. of their tobacco use. The good news about smoking, if that’s possible, is that Although researchers have not found long- we’ve seen a 90 percent decline in the number of adults who smoke or chew term damaging effects from small daily doses tobacco (also a deadly habit) over the past 35 years (Rose et al., 1999), and 81 Drug Dependence? of caffeine (the equivalent of two small cups of percent of smokers want to quit (Jones, 2007). Nicotine replacement thera- coffee), you would be wise to avoid becom- pies, where nicotine comes into the body through chewing gum, nasal sprays, Caffeine dependence may occur with as little ing dependent upon caffeine. Getting the or patches worn on the skin, have helped thousands kick the tobacco habit. as two small cups of sleep you need is infinitely better for your coffee (200 milligrams) body (and attitude) than artificially stimulat- FYi per day. A single ing a sleep- deprived brain. Cocaine 8- ounce cup of coffee Sigmund Freud was indeed a from Starbucks can For centuries, some South American people have chewed the leaves of the contain 175 milligrams strong advocate of the use of coca plant for medicinal and religious purposes, as well as to increase endur- of caffeine. Nicotine cocaine in his early years. He ance. It wasn’t until the 1850s that scientists identified, purified, and named took the drug himself on a daily Nicotine, the stimulant found in tobacco, the active ingredient—cocaine, a stimulant derived from the leaves of the basis and advised its use as a ranks up there with alcohol and caffeine in coca plant (Julien, 2007). In the 1880s, Americans used cocaine as a surgical the most used drug category. The stimulat- anesthetic, among other medical uses. treatment for mental and physical ing effects of nicotine are similar to those Austrian physician Sigmund Freud prescribed cocaine in the early 1900s disorders (such as asthma), as an of caffeine, but nicotine usually enters the as a treatment for depression and chronic fatigue. He quickly reversed his , and as a local anes- cocaine Stimulant derived from

BeneLux/zefA/corBis body in a cloud of thick, deadly smoke from stance after discovering cocaine’s horrible side effects, which include depen- thetic. Freud was even hired by the leaves of the coca plant. a cigarette. Nicotine is extremely addictive dence, tolerance, and depression after you quit taking it. two pharmaceutical firms, Merck and Parke- Davis, to promote the use of their cocaine- based products.

Active LeArning

Tobacco Advertising Tobacco companies were banned from TV advertising in the 1960s. Today tobacco adver- tising centers on print media and event sponsorship. A recent ruling limited such advertis- ing because it can be seen by teens. Organize students into groups to study current tobacco advertising trends. Have one group study magazines. Ask: Which magazines regularly carry tobacco ads? What is their target demographic? Are antismoking ads in the same magazines? The second group should look at tobacco-sponsored sports and entertainment events. Ask: What events do tobacco products directly sponsor? What is their target demographic? What events are sponsored by tobacco company subsidiaries? Is the connection to the par- ent (tobacco) company mentioned in these events?

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 165 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 166 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 167 Like Freud, Coca- Cola initially endorsed cocaine. Dur- than 80 years ago, but this ing the late 1800s, the company started adding about 60 derivative experienced a rebirth of sorts in Differentiation milligrams of the active ingredient from the coca plant to the late 1990s. It is closely associated with Link information about amphet- every serving. A long- running Coke advertising campaign - type dances, where hundreds of party- amines to neuroscience. Recent used to identify the sweet soda as “the real thing.” Well, goers pack in shoulder to shoulder and dance research has shown that methamphet-- from 1896 to 1904, Coke was indeed the real thing. The to techno music for most of the night. The amine users who underwent detoxi- company later changed the formula, replacing cocaine stimulating effects of the drug enable danc- fication had lost some key dopamine with caffeine. ers to maintain the frenzied pace longer than transporters, which are crucial to In 1910, President William Howard Taft labeled cocaine they normally could. “public enemy number one”; soon after, the drug was The drug is seductive because it is relatively movement, verbal performance, and rks banned. The advent of less expensive, but still illegal, inexpensive, but its physiological and mental e sPA memory. Patients with Parkinson’s dis-- © Peter ArnoLd, inc./ALAmy amphetamines in the 1930s replaced recreational cocaine costs can be extremely high. Even moderate ease experience a similar loss of these use for many Americans. Cocaine made a regrettable users may experience permanent brain dam-

dopamine transporters. Coca Leaves comeback in the late 1970s, with the introduction of inexpensive cocaine age, losing memory, concentration, and ver- dAL AP Photo/ crystals called crack. bal reasoning skills (Laws & Kokkalis, 2007; Beyond the Classroom Cocaine is extracted from Cocaine and produce a strong euphoric effect but an even leaves like these. McCann, 1999; Morgan, 1999). Guest Speaker Contact a local nar- stronger crash. The user is instantly dependent, craving more cocaine to Dance ’Til You Drop? cotics detective about the prevalence temporarily overcome the crash. All this places considerable strain on the Pause Now or Move oN The long- term conse- of use in your cardiovascular system, which in some cases leads to instant death. Crack Turn to page 172 to review and apply what you’ve learned. quences of taking ecstasy area. Ask: and cocaine users also can experience frightening feelings of paranoia and include permanent brain suspicion. damage and memory loss. ● Is meth use a problem in our area? ● What are some signs of meth abuse? What are clues to signal that a house Amphetamines Hallucinogens is being used as a meth lab? ● I grew up hearing about amphetamines called speed or uppers, words that What laws exist that prohibit the cre- WHAT’S THE POINT? ation, distribution, and use of meth? still characterize amphetamines’ stimulating effects. What I didn’t grow up hearing about was the cheaper and more dangerous amphetamine derivative, 9-4 What are the physiological and psychological methamphetamine (also called meth, crystal meth, and crank). Amphetamines’ effects include restlessness, high , insom- effects of hallucinogens? nia, agitation, loss of appetite, and a state of hyperalertness. As with most stimulants, tolerance builds quickly, and to get high, longtime amphetamine Hallucinogens— sometimes called psychedelics—are drugs that distort per- abusers have been known to take doses 10 times the amount that would be ceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of corresponding sensory lethal for a first- time user (Julien, 2007). input. The most commonly used hallucinogens were first made in a labora- Methamphetamine is more potent than regular amphetamines. And “ice” tory. Most labs producing these drugs today are illegal. Let’s take a closer look DigitAL connection is to methamphetamine as “crack” is to cocaine. A major difference is that at one , LSD. ice stays in your system much longer than crack cocaine. Drug researcher Ecstasy has been shown to cause Robert Julien (2007) warns of methamphetamine’s dangers by using the fol- permanent brain damage in even lowing analogy: When referring to fast runners who help improve a team’s LSD first-time users. It seems to deplete chances of victory, football, soccer, and track coaches often use the color- the serotonin ful figure of speech “speed kills.” But for high doses of methamphetamine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that is sometimes called acid. The first LSD experience by a human was in the brain. PET scans compar- “speed kills” is not merely a figure of speech. amphetamines Drugs that an accident. Albert Hoffman, a Swiss chemist who first synthesized LSD hallucinogens Psychedelic ing normal brains to the brains of stimulate neural activity, speed- in 1938, accidentally ingested the drug in April 1943 and found himself (mind- manifesting) drugs, such those who use ecstasy show a sig- ing up body functions. as LSD, that distort perceptions “seized by a peculiar sensation of vertigo and restlessness. Objects, as and evoke sensory images in the ecstasy Also called MDMA, Ecstasy nificant difference in the amount well as the shape of my associates in the laboratory, appeared to undergo absence of sensory input. this hallucinogenic stimulant of serotonin in the brain. For more produces lowered inhibitions, The hallucinogenic stimulant ecstasy (the street name for MDMA, or meth- optical changes” (Hoffman, 1994). Hoffman’s experience is similar to that LSD (lysergic acid diethyl- information and an image of a pleasant feelings, and greater ylenedioxymethamphetamine) produces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feel- of those who have taken an “acid trip,” where visual distortions, detach- amide) Powerful hallucinogenic acceptance of others. drug; also known as acid. PET scan comparing two brains, ings, and greater acceptance of others. Ecstasy was first manufactured more ment from reality, and are common. Acid trips vary from person see the Scientific American article online at www.scientificamerican .com/article.cfm?id=ecstasys-legacy.

MuLticuLturAL connections

Cocaine Trafficking The United States takes issue with some countries due to cocaine trafficking. In Peru, for example, cultivation of the coca bush is legal, as long as farmers sell their crop to the state. But studies show that farmers can make much more money selling to illegal markets, mak- ing cocaine a problem in the developing world. Some foreign leaders and U.S. antidrug groups have criticized the U.S. government for not cracking down on drug trafficking. Have students report on this issue and present their findings to the class. Ask: ● What should the U.S. government do to curb the drug trade? Have efforts been success- ful in the past? ● Should the U.S. government cut off diplomatic and economic ties with drug- trafficking countries? Why or why not?

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 166 3/19/12 11:20 AM 166 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 167 9 Like Freud, Coca- Cola initially endorsed cocaine. Dur- than 80 years ago, but this amphetamine ing the late 1800s, the company started adding about 60 derivative experienced a rebirth of sorts in milligrams of the active ingredient from the coca plant to the late 1990s. It is closely associated with FYi TRM every serving. A long- running Coke advertising campaign rave- type dances, where hundreds of party- used to identify the sweet soda as “the real thing.” Well, goers pack in shoulder to shoulder and dance Flashbacks are associated with from 1896 to 1904, Coke was indeed the real thing. The to techno music for most of the night. The LSD use. These experiences can company later changed the formula, replacing cocaine stimulating effects of the drug enable danc- occur days, months, or years after with caffeine. ers to maintain the frenzied pace longer than an initial trip. Flashbacks can be In 1910, President William Howard Taft labeled cocaine they normally could. as intense as the original trip, but “public enemy number one”; soon after, the drug was The drug is seductive because it is relatively rks because of their unpredictable banned. The advent of less expensive, but still illegal, inexpensive, but its physiological and mental e sPA © Peter ArnoLd, inc./ALAmy nature, they are often terrifying amphetamines in the 1930s replaced recreational cocaine costs can be extremely high. Even moderate use for many Americans. Cocaine made a regrettable users may experience permanent brain dam- for the user.

Coca Leaves comeback in the late 1970s, with the introduction of inexpensive cocaine age, losing memory, concentration, and ver- dAL AP Photo/ At this point, you may want crystals called crack. bal reasoning skills (Laws & Kokkalis, 2007; to use Enrichment Lesson: The Cocaine is extracted from Cocaine and crack cocaine produce a strong euphoric effect but an even LSD Experience. leaves like these. McCann, 1999; Morgan, 1999). stronger crash. The user is instantly dependent, craving more cocaine to Dance ’Til You Drop? temporarily overcome the crash. All this places considerable strain on the Pause Now or Move oN The long- term conse- cardiovascular system, which in some cases leads to instant death. Crack Turn to page 172 to review and apply what you’ve learned. quences of taking ecstasy MuLticuLturAL connections and cocaine users also can experience frightening feelings of paranoia and include permanent brain suspicion. damage and memory loss. Members of the Native American Church enjoy First Amendment Amphetamines Hallucinogens protection to use in their religious worship practices. The I grew up hearing about amphetamines called speed or uppers, words that WHAT’S THE POINT? church insists that the use of still characterize amphetamines’ stimulating effects. What I didn’t grow up peyote in its services is akin to the hearing about was the cheaper and more dangerous amphetamine derivative, 9-4 What are the physiological and psychological use of wine in Catholic Church methamphetamine (also called meth, crystal meth, and crank). services. Have students research Amphetamines’ effects include restlessness, high blood pressure, insom- effects of hallucinogens? nia, agitation, loss of appetite, and a state of hyperalertness. As with most the background on this issue. Ask: stimulants, tolerance builds quickly, and to get high, longtime amphetamine Hallucinogens— sometimes called psychedelics—are drugs that distort per- ● How has the Supreme Court abusers have been known to take doses 10 times the amount that would be ceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of corresponding sensory viewed the use of peyote in lethal for a first- time user (Julien, 2007). input. The most commonly used hallucinogens were first made in a labora- religious worship? (The Court tory. Most labs producing these drugs today are illegal. Let’s take a closer look Methamphetamine is more potent than regular amphetamines. And “ice” voted 6– 3 in 1990 to strike down is to methamphetamine as “crack” is to cocaine. A major difference is that at one hallucinogen, LSD. an Oregon law that banned the ice stays in your system much longer than crack cocaine. Drug researcher Robert Julien (2007) warns of methamphetamine’s dangers by using the fol- use of peyote, thereby supporting lowing analogy: When referring to fast runners who help improve a team’s LSD its religious use by the Native chances of victory, football, soccer, and track coaches often use the color- American Church.) ful figure of speech “speed kills.” But for high doses of methamphetamine, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a powerful hallucinogenic drug ● Have other religious groups tried “speed kills” is not merely a figure of speech. that is sometimes called acid. The first LSD experience by a human was to use this precedent to sup- amphetamines Drugs that an accident. Albert Hoffman, a Swiss chemist who first synthesized LSD hallucinogens Psychedelic port their use of hallucinogenic stimulate neural activity, speed- in 1938, accidentally ingested the drug in April 1943 and found himself (mind- manifesting) drugs, such ing up body functions. as LSD, that distort perceptions substances? Have they been “seized by a peculiar sensation of vertigo and restlessness. Objects, as and evoke sensory images in the ecstasy Also called MDMA, Ecstasy successful? (A Hispanic church well as the shape of my associates in the laboratory, appeared to undergo absence of sensory input. this hallucinogenic stimulant in New Mexico has fought to use produces lowered inhibitions, The hallucinogenic stimulant ecstasy (the street name for MDMA, or meth- optical changes” (Hoffman, 1994). Hoffman’s experience is similar to that LSD (lysergic acid diethyl- pleasant feelings, and greater ylenedioxymethamphetamine) produces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feel- of those who have taken an “acid trip,” where visual distortions, detach- amide) Powerful hallucinogenic hallucinogenic tea in its worship acceptance of others. drug; also known as acid. ings, and greater acceptance of others. Ecstasy was first manufactured more ment from reality, and panic are common. Acid trips vary from person services but has been unsuccess- ful in fighting the ban.)

cross- curricuLAr connection TRM

Government Have students participate in either an informal or a formal debate about the legalization of illegal drugs. ● What laws currently exist regarding illegal drugs? ● What possible societal and psychological effects would result if currently illegal drugs were legalized? ● What can the government do now to encourage more people not to use drugs? At this point, you may want to use Enrichment Lesson: Is Marijuana Good Medicine?

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 167 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 168 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 169 to person. Some people experience a mildly pleasant already stored in the body. Withdrawal is unpleasant and occurs within 48 or unpleasant reaction; others have nightmarish or hours of nonuse. Symptoms include depression, , nausea, cramp- FYi deadly experiences. Panic-stricken LSD users, unable ing, and irritability. to detect the difference between reality and fabrica- As with most psychoactive drugs, marijuana’s temporary pleasures come Marijuana is considered a “gate- tion, can be dangerous not only to themselves but at a long- term cost: way” drug, which means that it also to others. ● Frequent marijuana users are at higher risk to experience depression Consciousness- altering LSD is made in the labora- leads users to desire harder drugs and possibly schizophrenia (Hall, 2006; Murray et al., 2007). tory, but other hallucinogens are found in nature. Mes- ● like heroin. A study of 311 sets of caline (from the peyote cactus) and (from Pot smoke is far harder on your lungs than cigarette smoke (Wu et al., identical and fraternal twins in certain ) both produce perceptual disrup- 1988). Australia found that teens who tion of time and space. Some states allow the use of ● Brain cell loss accelerates with large doses (Landfield et al., 1988). tim PArish/VerB studios tim PArish/VerB used marijuana before age 17 these drugs for centuries- old religious ceremonies, but ● Memory is still impaired long after marijuana’s effect has worn off were two to five times more likely all states outlaw them for recreational use. (Messinis et al., 2006). to use harder drugs later in life. Weird Science ● Pause Now or Move oN Marijuana seems to suppress the , making it harder for In each set of twins, one twin was your body to fight off disease and (Childers & Breivogel, 1998). a user while the other was not, Albert Hoffman, a chemist, Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. discovered and was the first Several states have passed laws allowing marijuana to be administered helping control for factors like to ingest LSD. under a physician’s supervision for certain medical conditions. There is some genetics and environment. evidence suggesting THC counteracts both nausea accompanying cancer’s treatments and several terrible side effects of AIDS (Benson Marijuana & Watson, 1999). FYi WHAT’S THE POINT? Pause Now or Move oN ● Marijuana smokers typically Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. take longer drags on marijuana 9-5 What are the physiological and psychological cigarettes than on traditional effects of marijuana? cigarettes. ● Unlike tobacco cigarettes, mari- It was used to make rope as far back as 8000 b.c. It was used for medical juana cigarettes are not usually purposes in China in 5000 b.c. and for religious purposes in India in 2000 b.c. Prevention filtered. It comes from the sativa, or hemp, plant and is called ganja, sinse- milla, pot, hash, Mary Jane, dope, weed, bhang, and many more names. Most WHAT’S THE POINT? often, it’s called marijuana—the leaves, stems, and flowers from the hemp 9-6 What factors help prevent the use of dangerous FYi plant. When smoked, marijuana lowers inhibitions and produces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria. psychoactive drugs? A study released by the Substance Marijuana doesn’t fit neatly into any of the categories we’ve discussed thus far for several reasons: Consider these questions: Abuse and Mental Health Ser- vices Administration (SAMHSA) ● Its behavioral effects are similar to those of low doses of alcohol, 1. Is education related to psychoactive drug use? showed that teen marijuana use but different in that high doses do not suppress breathing and are 2. Is hopelessness related to dependence? not lethal. increased by about 40 percent 3. Is genetics a factor in the development of dependence? ● Compared with LSD, it produces only mild hallucinogenic experiences. during the last half of the 1990s. 4. Are your peers’ attitudes toward drugs important? ● Its chemical structure does not resemble that of hallucinogens. ● In 1994, 43 percent of teens The answer to all of these questions is Yes. treated for For these reasons, we’ve given marijuana its own category in this module. Marijuana’s active ingredient, delta- 9- (THC), was 1. Education is related to drug use. Roughly 15 percent of U.S. college used marijuana. marijuana Leaves, stems, isolated in 1964. When smoked, THC heightens sensitivity to tastes, smells, dropouts smoke, as do a whopping 42 percent of high school dropouts ● By 1999, the number of teens resin, and flowers from the hemp (Ladd, 1998). plant that, when smoked, lower and sounds. THC can stay in a regular user’s body for months, producing a treated for marijuana abuse inhibitions and produce feelings kind of reverse- tolerance effect. That is, the user can take smaller subsequent 2. Hope matters. Those who believe their lives are meaningless are more of relaxation and mild euphoria. was 60 percent. doses to induce the “high” feeling once again because of the amounts of THC likely to take drugs (Newcomb & Harlow, 1986).

cross- curricuLAr connection TRM

Government Cancer and AIDS groups advocate legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. Marijuana has been shown to help curb the nausea caused by chemotherapy, helping patients keep up their strength as they endure unpleasant treatments. Explore laws that address the medi- cal use of marijuana. Ask: ● Which states authorize the medical use of marijuana? ● How does the federal government handle cases of people authorized to use marijuana medicinally? ● Does the federal government supply the drug to people authorized to use it medically? Why or why not? Have students read Enrichment Lesson: Is Marijuana Good Medicine?

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 168 3/19/12 11:20 AM 168 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs STI Module 9 STI 169 9 to person. Some people experience a mildly pleasant already stored in the body. Withdrawal is unpleasant and occurs within 48 or unpleasant reaction; others have nightmarish or hours of nonuse. Symptoms include depression, insomnia, nausea, cramp- deadly experiences. Panic-stricken LSD users, unable ing, and irritability. Active LeArning to detect the difference between reality and fabrica- As with most psychoactive drugs, marijuana’s temporary pleasures come tion, can be dangerous not only to themselves but at a long- term cost: Research also to others. ● Frequent marijuana users are at higher risk to experience depression Schools must deal with drug use Consciousness- altering LSD is made in the labora- and possibly schizophrenia (Hall, 2006; Murray et al., 2007). on a daily basis as teens experi- tory, but other hallucinogens are found in nature. Mes- ● ment and use drugs recreation- caline (from the peyote cactus) and psilocybin (from Pot smoke is far harder on your lungs than cigarette smoke (Wu et al., certain mushrooms) both produce perceptual disrup- 1988). ally. Studies have shown that tion of time and space. Some states allow the use of ● Brain cell loss accelerates with large doses (Landfield et al., 1988). students subject to random drug tim PArish/VerB studios tim PArish/VerB testing are almost four times these drugs for centuries- old religious ceremonies, but ● Memory is still impaired long after marijuana’s effect has worn off all states outlaw them for recreational use. (Messinis et al., 2006). less likely to use drugs as their untested counterparts. Have stu- Weird Science ● Pause Now or Move oN Marijuana seems to suppress the immune system, making it harder for dents explore how schools across your body to fight off disease and infection (Childers & Breivogel, 1998). Albert Hoffman, a chemist, Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. the country have been handling discovered and was the first Several states have passed laws allowing marijuana to be administered drug testing. Ask: to ingest LSD. under a physician’s supervision for certain medical conditions. There is some evidence suggesting THC counteracts both nausea accompanying cancer’s ● What has the Supreme Court chemotherapy treatments and several terrible side effects of AIDS (Benson ruled concerning random drug Marijuana & Watson, 1999). tests in schools? ● Who is subject to random drug WHAT’S THE POINT? Pause Now or Move oN testing at your school? How Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. does the school conduct these 9-5 What are the physiological and psychological tests? effects of marijuana? ● Should students who partici- pate in extracurricular activities It was used to make rope as far back as 8000 b.c. It was used for medical Prevention be required to submit to drug purposes in China in 5000 b.c. and for religious purposes in India in 2000 b.c. testing? Why or why not? It comes from the cannabis sativa, or hemp, plant and is called ganja, sinse- ● Should all students be sub- milla, pot, hash, Mary Jane, dope, weed, bhang, and many more names. Most WHAT’S THE POINT? often, it’s called marijuana—the leaves, stems, and flowers from the hemp jected to random drug testing? plant. When smoked, marijuana lowers inhibitions and produces feelings of 9-6 What factors help prevent the use of dangerous Why or why not? relaxation and mild euphoria. psychoactive drugs? Marijuana doesn’t fit neatly into any of the categories we’ve discussed thus far for several reasons: Consider these questions: Beyond the Classroom Guest Speaker Contact your local ● Its behavioral effects are similar to those of low doses of alcohol, 1. Is education related to psychoactive drug use? police station to see if they offer any but different in that high doses do not suppress breathing and are 2. Is hopelessness related to dependence? not lethal. drug education programs. Some 3. Is genetics a factor in the development of dependence? questions you may wish to ask include ● Compared with LSD, it produces only mild hallucinogenic experiences. 4. Are your peers’ attitudes toward drugs important? these: ● Its chemical structure does not resemble that of hallucinogens. The answer to all of these questions is Yes. ● What are the components of your For these reasons, we’ve given marijuana its own category in this module. program? Marijuana’s active ingredient, delta- 9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was 1. Education is related to drug use. Roughly 15 percent of U.S. college marijuana Leaves, stems, ● isolated in 1964. When smoked, THC heightens sensitivity to tastes, smells, dropouts smoke, as do a whopping 42 percent of high school dropouts How successful has this program resin, and flowers from the hemp (Ladd, 1998). plant that, when smoked, lower and sounds. THC can stay in a regular user’s body for months, producing a been in your experience? inhibitions and produce feelings kind of reverse- tolerance effect. That is, the user can take smaller subsequent 2. Hope matters. Those who believe their lives are meaningless are more of relaxation and mild euphoria. doses to induce the “high” feeling once again because of the amounts of THC likely to take drugs (Newcomb & Harlow, 1986). Beyond the Classroom Analysis An increasing number of teens are being treated for substance abuse. A study published by SAM-SAM HSA showed that the number of teens admitted to substance abuse treat- ment programs increased by 40 per- cent in the late 1990s. Have students analyze the following: ● Half the teens in treatment were there through a court order. What does this say about law enforcement efforts regarding teen drug use? ● How does our school handle stu- dents who are under the influence? Students who are in possession of drugs? Students who deal drugs at school? ● Does our school offer or recommend any treatment programs? Why or why not?

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An Ounce of Prevention Figure 9.3 High school Active LeArning TRM One of the best ways to avoid 80% Self- reports of Drug seniors use Among High drinking and smoking is to reporting 70 Interview hang out with friends who drug use School Seniors don’t smoke or drink. 60 Contact directors of local home- Alcohol Reported use of less shelters to interview them 50 alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine declined among about how they deal with clients 40 Marijuana/ high school seniors who have a history of drug addic- from 1979 to 1992. 30 tion. Ask: Marijuana use partially 20 rebounded after 1992, ● How do you handle people who © corBis fLirt/ALAmy Cocaine with drug parapherna- are under the influence? 10 lia becoming easier to purchase in local stores. ● 0 Do you offer treatment pro- Since then, however, it 3. Genetics plays a role. Geneticists have, for example, found a gene 1975 ’79’77’81 ’83 ’87’85 ’89 ’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’992001 ’03 ’05 ’07 grams for people seeking help has joined alcohol and occurring more often among alcohol- dependent people than among Year for substance abuse? What pro- cocaine use in declining others (Noble, 1993). grams do you offer? or holding steady. (From 4. Peers count. If the friends you hang out with never light up or drink Johnston et al., 2009.) ● What types of drugs do you see 2. Positive environments that increase self- esteem and foster determina- alcohol, there is a good chance you won’t either. abused most often by home- tion in teens less people? Do there seem to If a person is already dependent on some psychoactive substance, effective 3. Associating with peers who are adept at saying No or willing to learn be more drug addicts who are treatment is essential. However, prevention, or inoculation against ever start- how to refuse ing on drugs, is even more important. There are three vital sides to preven- Drug use among high school seniors dropped steadily from 1979 to 1992 but, homeless than not? Why or tion’s triangle: why not? as Figure 9.3 indicates, marijuana use unfortunately rose for several years after 1. A clear understanding of the painful, long- term costs of psychoactive ● What is the biggest obstacle to that (Johnston et al., 2009). However, peer groups who disapprove, an under- drug use, despite pleasurable, short- term rewards (see Table 9.2) a homeless person successfully standing of the physiological and psychological costs of drug use, and positive self- beating a drug addiction? Table 9.2 regard could help renew a downward trend. Will you be a part of the solution? At this point, you may want A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs Pause Now or Move oN to use Application Activity: Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. Eyescube Drug Addiction Drug TypePleasurable Effects Adverse Effects Simulation. Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by relaxation and Depression, memory loss, organ disinhibition damage, and impaired reactions Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria and relief from Depressed physiology and agonizing withdrawal Active LeArning TRM Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and wakefulness , restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal Preventing Drug Abuse Methamphetamine Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, and energy Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, and SuMMArY AnD FOr MATivE ASSESSMEnT Divide students into three groups to explore your community’s Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, and Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, MODULE 9 resources dedicated to preventing energy and depressive crash Thinking About Psychoactive Drugs drug abuse. Nicotine Stimulant and relaxation; sense of Heart disease and cancer well- being ● ● Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that Assign one group to outline Ecstasy (MDMA) Stimulant Euphoria and disinhibition Brain damage, depression, and fatigue What Are Psychoactive Drugs? alter mood, behavior, or perceptions. the long- term costs of the use and mild of psychoactive drugs, adding hallucinogen WHAT’S THE POINT? ● Drug dependence is a state of physiological or to the information available in Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, Disrupted memory and lung damage 9-1 What are psychoactive drugs, and what is psychological need to take more of a drug after hallucinogen distortion of time, and relaxation from smoke Table 9.2. dependence? continued use. ● Another group should create a chart outlining the positive environments your school and community offer to children and teens. Some examples might include Boys and Girls Clubs, extracurricular activities at school, and scouting. ● The third group should devise several techniques students can successfully employ to refuse offers to use drugs. At this point, you may want to use The Mind (2nd ed.), Module 30: “Treating Drug Addiction: A Behavioral Approach.”

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An Ounce of Prevention Figure 9.3 High school One of the best ways to avoid 80% Self- reports of Drug assess seniors use Among High drinking and smoking is to reporting 70 hang out with friends who drug use School Seniors Check for Understanding TRM don’t smoke or drink. 60 Alcohol Reported use of At this point, you may wish to use 50 alcohol, marijuana, and Critical Thinking Activity: Fact or cocaine declined among Falsehood? to review concepts about 40 Marijuana/ high school seniors hashish from 1979 to 1992. drugs with the entire class. Have a vol-vol 30 Marijuana use partially unteer read the first item and provide 20 rebounded after 1992, a response. Ask students who agree © corBis fLirt/ALAmy Cocaine with drug parapherna- 10 lia becoming easier to with the response to find and read a purchase in local stores. passage in the text that supports it. If 0 Since then, however, it 3. Genetics plays a role. Geneticists have, for example, found a gene 1975 ’79’77’81 ’83 ’87’85 ’89 ’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’992001 ’03 ’05 ’07 students contest the response, have Year has joined alcohol and occurring more often among alcohol- dependent people than among cocaine use in declining them use the text to find a passage others (Noble, 1993). or holding steady. (From that supports their answer and read Johnston et al., 2009.) it aloud. Once consensus is reached, 4. Peers count. If the friends you hang out with never light up or drink 2. Positive environments that increase self- esteem and foster determina- alcohol, there is a good chance you won’t either. tion in teens repeat the process with the next item on the handout. If a person is already dependent on some psychoactive substance, effective 3. Associating with peers who are adept at saying No or willing to learn treatment is essential. However, prevention, or inoculation against ever start- how to refuse ing on drugs, is even more important. There are three vital sides to preven- Drug use among high school seniors dropped steadily from 1979 to 1992 but, tion’s triangle: CLose as Figure 9.3 indicates, marijuana use unfortunately rose for several years after 1. A clear understanding of the painful, long- term costs of psychoactive that (Johnston et al., 2009). However, peer groups who disapprove, an under- TeaChingTea TiP drug use, despite pleasurable, short- term rewards (see Table 9.2) standing of the physiological and psychological costs of drug use, and positive self- Randy asks whether students will be Table 9.2 regard could help renew a downward trend. Will you be a part of the solution? part of the solution. Pose this question seriously to your students. Because A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs Pause Now or Move oN some students may be uncomfortable Turn to page 173 to review and apply what you’ve learned. addressing these questions, you can Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects ask the question rhetorically. Alterna-Alterna Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by relaxation and Depression, memory loss, organ disinhibition damage, and impaired reactions tively, have students brainstorm how they can help curb drug use among Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria and relief from pain Depressed physiology and agonizing withdrawal their peers. Ask: Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and wakefulness Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in ● What behaviors do you need to high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal change or adapt to avoid abusing Methamphetamine Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, and energy Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, and SuMMArY AnD FOr MATivE ASSESSMEnT seizures drugs? ● Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, and Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, MODULE 9 How can you be a positive influence energy and depressive crash Thinking About Psychoactive Drugs on your peers regarding drug use? Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation; sense of Heart disease and cancer ● How can you be a positive influ- well- being ● Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that ence on younger children regard- Ecstasy (MDMA) Stimulant Euphoria and disinhibition Brain damage, depression, and fatigue What Are Psychoactive Drugs? alter mood, behavior, or perceptions. ing drug use? and mild hallucinogen WHAT’S THE POINT? ● Drug dependence is a state of physiological or Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, Disrupted memory and lung damage 9-1 What are psychoactive drugs, and what is psychological need to take more of a drug after hallucinogen distortion of time, and relaxation from smoke dependence? continued use.

PortFoLio Project TRM Public Awareness Campaigns Invite a consultant from a drug prevention group to discuss components of a good public awareness campaign. Divide students into groups and assign each a different drug to target in an antiuse campaign aimed at students. Groups should note the cost of using the drug, environments to avoid, and ways students can refuse the drug when offered. Have students create ads for a variety of media, including pamphlets, posters, infomercials or short commercials, and documentaries. Use the general rubric provided by Handout 9– 8 in the Teacher’s Resource Materials to evaluate the portfolios. Adapt the rubric to suit your needs.

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 171 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 Apply What You Know 4. Although alcohol is a ______, some people 6. A person who usually buys one coffee drink on Marijuana report feeling stimulated after drinking because the way to work in the morning but then starts Using the Test Bank 1. Anyone who experiences cravings for a drug and withdrawal symptoms without the drug alcohol ______. feeling tired and sluggish unless she drinks WHAT’S THE POINT? The Test Bank that accompanies this can be said to be ______that drug. a. depressant; lowers inhibitions another one after lunch is experiencing textbook offers a wide variety of ques- 9-5 What are the physiological and a. resistant to b. hallucinogen; raises blood pressure a. tolerance to caffeine. psychological effects of marijuana? tions in different formats and levels b. dependent on c. amphetamine; excites neural activity b. depression from lack of stimulant. of complexity. Use the software to c. tolerant of d. psychoactive drug; acts as a stimulant on the c. cravings for amphetamines. ● Marijuana lowers inhibitions and produces feel- construct whole tests or to integrate d. psychoactive of nervous system d. lowered inhibitions. ings of relaxation and mild euphoria. standardized questions into teacher- 2. What is the relationship between tolerance and ● Marijuana doesn’t fit well into the other catego- made tests. withdrawal? Stimulants Hallucinogens ries of psychoactive drugs. answers What Are Psychoactive a. Withdrawal refers to negative effects of drug ● Marijuana’s active ingredient, delta- 9- WHAT’S THE POINT? WHAT’S THE POINT? Drugs?: Apply What You Know use, and tolerance refers to positive effects. tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), heightens sensitiv- b. Drug users may need to take increasing dos- 9-3 What are the physiological and 9-4 What are the physiological and ity to tastes, smells, and sounds. Repeated use 1. (b) ages of a drug (tolerance) to avoid negative psychological effects of stimulants? psychological effects of hallucinogens? can result in a reverse- tolerance effect because side effects of stopping drug use (withdrawal). THC remains in the body for months. Regular 2. (b) ● c. Repeated use of a drug will always produce Stimulants excite neural activity and speed up ● Hallucinogens cause changes in how we perceive use can damage the lungs, accelerate brain cell withdrawal effects and can lead to tolerance. body functions. the world. Different hallucinogens produce dif- loss, impair memory, and suppress the immune d. Physical side effects of repeated drug use ● Caffeine is used by more than 80 percent of ferent kinds of distortions of reality. Some people system. (tolerance) can be avoided if users go adults, and regular use produces both tolerance may experience mild or moderate hallucinations ● Withdrawal symptoms can include depression, through long periods without using the drug and dependence. that they report as pleasant, but some hallucina- insomnia, nausea, cramping, and irritability. (withdrawal). ● Nicotine produces effects similar to those of caf- tions can be disturbing and even harmful. feine but is more addictive. ● Repeated use of any hallucinogen can affect cog- Apply What You Know nitive abilities, including memory, concentration, Alcohol: A Depressant ● Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from 9. Which of the following most accurately and communication skills. the leaves of the coca plant. Dependency occurs describes some long- term effects of mari- WHAT’S THE POINT? instantly after the first use, and its users crave juana use? Apply What You Know more cocaine to temporarily overcome with- 9-2 What are the physiological and a. lung damage, brain cell loss, and memory drawal symptoms. 7. The main difference between hallucinogens and psychological effects of drinking alcohol? impairment ● the other drug categories is Amphetamines cause restlessness, high blood b. increased tolerance to the drug because the ● Alcohol is a depressant, so its main effects are to a. withdrawal effects are not produced by long- pressure, insomnia, agitation, loss of appetite, active ingredient does not stay in the body reduce neural activity and slow body functions. term use of hallucinogens, but they are as- and a state of hyperalertness. Tolerance builds long Alcohol slows the parts of the brain responsible quickly, and longtime amphetamine abusers may sociated with stimulant and depressant use. c. heart damage and repeated perceptual for controlling inhibitions and making judgments. take doses 10 times the amount that would be b. stimulants and depressants do not produce distortions lethal for a first- time user. tolerance, but hallucinogens do. ● Alcohol is the most commonly used depressant d. restlessness, high blood pressure, loss of ap- c. hallucinogen users experience withdrawal and is the second most used psychoactive drug. ● Ecstasy is a hallucinogenic stimulant that pro- petite, and hyperalertness Most people use alcohol responsibly, but recre- duces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and effects immediately after using the drug for 10. True or False: THC, found only in the flowers ational use of alcohol can get out of hand, lead- greater acceptance of others. Repeated use may the first time. of the hemp plant, lowers inhibitions and pro- ing to dependence, health problems, accidental result in brain damage, possibly affecting mem- d. hallucinogens interfere with perceptions of duces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria injuries, or death. ory, concentration, and reasoning skills. sensations instead of speeding up or slowing down the nervous system. when smoked. answers Alcohol: A Depressant: Apply Apply What You Know Apply What You Know 8. The primary hallucinogen discussed in the text What You Know 3. Which cognitive activity is most dramatically 5. Two of the most commonly used stimulants in was developed Prevention affected by alcohol use? 3. (c) cultures around the world are a. to help treat stimulant addictions. a. nonverbal communication a. beer and wine. b. in a chemistry laboratory. WHAT’S THE POINT? 4. (a) b. visual perception b. marijuana and hashish. c. to protect stimulant users from withdrawal 9-6 What factors help prevent the use of c. problem solving c. cocaine and tobacco. effects. dangerous psychoactive drugs? d. encoding memories d. nicotine and caffeine. d. for deliberate use.

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 172 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 Apply What You Know 4. Although alcohol is a ______, some people 6. A person who usually buys one coffee drink on Marijuana report feeling stimulated after drinking because the way to work in the morning but then starts 1. Anyone who experiences cravings for a drug answersa Stimulants: Apply What You and withdrawal symptoms without the drug alcohol ______. feeling tired and sluggish unless she drinks WHAT’S THE POINT? another one after lunch is experiencing Know can be said to be ______that drug. a. depressant; lowers inhibitions 9-5 What are the physiological and a. resistant to b. hallucinogen; raises blood pressure a. tolerance to caffeine. psychological effects of marijuana? 5. (d) c. amphetamine; excites neural activity b. dependent on b. depression from lack of stimulant. 6. (a) c. tolerant of d. psychoactive drug; acts as a stimulant on the c. cravings for amphetamines. ● Marijuana lowers inhibitions and produces feel- d. psychoactive of nervous system d. lowered inhibitions. ings of relaxation and mild euphoria. 2. What is the relationship between tolerance and ● Marijuana doesn’t fit well into the other catego- withdrawal? Stimulants Hallucinogens ries of psychoactive drugs. a. Withdrawal refers to negative effects of drug ● Marijuana’s active ingredient, delta- 9- use, and tolerance refers to positive effects. WHAT’S THE POINT? WHAT’S THE POINT? tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), heightens sensitiv- b. Drug users may need to take increasing dos- 9-3 What are the physiological and 9-4 What are the physiological and ity to tastes, smells, and sounds. Repeated use ages of a drug (tolerance) to avoid negative psychological effects of stimulants? psychological effects of hallucinogens? can result in a reverse- tolerance effect because side effects of stopping drug use (withdrawal). THC remains in the body for months. Regular ● c. Repeated use of a drug will always produce Stimulants excite neural activity and speed up ● Hallucinogens cause changes in how we perceive use can damage the lungs, accelerate brain cell withdrawal effects and can lead to tolerance. body functions. the world. Different hallucinogens produce dif- loss, impair memory, and suppress the immune d. Physical side effects of repeated drug use ● Caffeine is used by more than 80 percent of ferent kinds of distortions of reality. Some people system. (tolerance) can be avoided if users go adults, and regular use produces both tolerance may experience mild or moderate hallucinations ● Withdrawal symptoms can include depression, through long periods without using the drug and dependence. that they report as pleasant, but some hallucina- insomnia, nausea, cramping, and irritability. (withdrawal). ● Nicotine produces effects similar to those of caf- tions can be disturbing and even harmful. feine but is more addictive. ● Repeated use of any hallucinogen can affect cog- Apply What You Know nitive abilities, including memory, concentration, Alcohol: A Depressant ● Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from 9. Which of the following most accurately and communication skills. the leaves of the coca plant. Dependency occurs describes some long- term effects of mari- WHAT’S THE POINT? instantly after the first use, and its users crave juana use? Apply What You Know more cocaine to temporarily overcome with- answers Hallucinogens: Apply What 9-2 What are the physiological and a. lung damage, brain cell loss, and memory drawal symptoms. 7. The main difference between hallucinogens and You Know psychological effects of drinking alcohol? impairment ● the other drug categories is Amphetamines cause restlessness, high blood b. increased tolerance to the drug because the 7. (d) ● Alcohol is a depressant, so its main effects are to a. withdrawal effects are not produced by long- pressure, insomnia, agitation, loss of appetite, active ingredient does not stay in the body reduce neural activity and slow body functions. term use of hallucinogens, but they are as- 8. (b) and a state of hyperalertness. Tolerance builds long Alcohol slows the parts of the brain responsible quickly, and longtime amphetamine abusers may sociated with stimulant and depressant use. c. heart damage and repeated perceptual for controlling inhibitions and making judgments. take doses 10 times the amount that would be b. stimulants and depressants do not produce answers Marijuana: Apply What You distortions lethal for a first- time user. tolerance, but hallucinogens do. Know ● Alcohol is the most commonly used depressant d. restlessness, high blood pressure, loss of ap- c. hallucinogen users experience withdrawal and is the second most used psychoactive drug. ● Ecstasy is a hallucinogenic stimulant that pro- petite, and hyperalertness 9. (a) Most people use alcohol responsibly, but recre- duces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and effects immediately after using the drug for 10. True or False: THC, found only in the flowers ational use of alcohol can get out of hand, lead- greater acceptance of others. Repeated use may the first time. 10. False of the hemp plant, lowers inhibitions and pro- ing to dependence, health problems, accidental result in brain damage, possibly affecting mem- d. hallucinogens interfere with perceptions of duces feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria injuries, or death. ory, concentration, and reasoning skills. sensations instead of speeding up or slowing down the nervous system. when smoked. Apply What You Know Apply What You Know 8. The primary hallucinogen discussed in the text 3. Which cognitive activity is most dramatically 5. Two of the most commonly used stimulants in was developed Prevention affected by alcohol use? cultures around the world are a. to help treat stimulant addictions. a. nonverbal communication a. beer and wine. b. in a chemistry laboratory. WHAT’S THE POINT? b. visual perception b. marijuana and hashish. c. to protect stimulant users from withdrawal 9-6 What factors help prevent the use of c. problem solving c. cocaine and tobacco. effects. dangerous psychoactive drugs? d. encoding memories d. nicotine and caffeine. d. for deliberate use.

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 173 3/19/12 11:20 AM 9 ● Risk factors for damaging drug use include drop- Apply What You Know ping out of school, feelings of hopelessness, genetic answers Prevention: Apply What You 11. True or False: Research indicates that feelings history of drug use, and peers who use drugs. Know of hopelessness are unrelated to predicting if a ● An understanding of the harmful, long- term person will become a drug user. 11. False effects of drugs, a positive environment, and non- 12. True or False: If the friends you hang out with 12. True drug- using peers help prevent young people from never smoke cigarettes, the chances you’ll starting drug use. smoke are very slim.

Key Terms

psychoactive drug, p. 157 stimulants, p. 163 ecstasy, p. 166 dependence, p. 157 caffeine, p. 164 hallucinogens, p. 167 withdrawal, p. 158 nicotine, p. 164 lysergic acid diethylamide tolerance, p. 158 cocaine, p. 165 (LSD), p. 167 depressants, p. 159 amphetamines, p. 166 marijuana, p. 168

174 ITS Biopsychology ITS Consciousness

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B2E3e_book_ATE.indb 174 3/19/12 11:20 AM