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An Annotated Catalog and Summary of Bionornics of Blister of the Genus Psalydolytta (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Richard B. Selander University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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Selander, Richard B., "An Annotated Catalog and Summary of Bionornics of Blister Beetles of the Genus Psalydolytta (Coleoptera: Meloidae)" (1988). Insecta Mundi. 494. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/494

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Vol. 2, no. 1, March 1988 INSECTA MUNDI 1

An Annotated Catalog and Summary of Bionornics of Blister Beetles of the Genus Psalydolytta (Coleoptera: Meloidae)

Richard B. Selander School of Life Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A.

Abstract of the genus, however, is so widely scattered as to be largely inaccessible to field station workers. Further, ci- Information on the taxonomy, anatomy, and bi- tations of localities in the literature are often so cryptic onomics of the species of Psalydolytta Peringuey is pre- that specialized gazetteers and a great deal of patience sented and summarized. Psalydolytta testaceoapicalis Pic, are required simply to determine the recorded range of described from Guinea, is placed in the synonymy of P. a species. cineracea (Maklin) (new synonymy).The genus has a dis- In his revision of Psalydolytta, Kaszab (1954) cata- junct Ethiopian-Indian distribution (42 species in Africa, loged the species known at the time but cited few refer- 10 in India). Adults appear toward the end of the rainy ences other than original taxonomic descriptions. In any season, are generally nocturnal, and feed largely on event, the catalog is now quite outdated. In the catalog flowers and developing grains of wild and cultivated section of the present paper I cite for each species the grasses. Adults attracted to lights are sometimes a original description and, insofar as possible, all sub- nuisance because of their ability to produce blisters on sequent references containing new information, Con- human skin. The larva of the Indian P. rouxi (Castelnau) tent is indicated for most references, with particular has been recorded as a predator of the eggs of the pyr- attention to bionomics. A few references are included gomorphid grasshopper Colenzania sphenarioides Bolivar simply because they involve new nomenclatural com- and that of the African P. fusca (Olivier) as a predator of binations. The editorial conventions adopted are much the eggs of the acridid grasshopper Cataloipus fusco- the same as those specified in a parallel paper on Cyane- coerlrleipes (Sjostedt). olytta Pkringuey (Selander 1986). The species groups and Introduction the order in which they appear are due to Kaszab (1954); species within groups and junior synonyms within spe- Adult blister beetles of the genus Psalydolytta have cies are arranged alphabetically. Nominal species pro- proved to be persistent and often serious pests of mil- posed since Kaszab's (1954) revision are accepted as lets and other grain crops in both Africa and India. valid except for P. testaceoapicalis Pic, which is treated as Several agricultural research projects currently in pro- a junior synonym of P. cineracea (Maklin). Pic distin- gress in West Africa involve the genus, and it is likely guished his species from P. cineracea solely on the basis that others will be undertaken in this and other areas in of the color of the elytral pubescence, despite the fact the future. Fortunately, Kaszab's (1954) revision of the that Kaszab (1954) had shown this character to be vari- genus and Saha's (1979) review of the Indian species able within P. cineracea. provide for relatively easy and reliable identification of Psalydolytta has been universally allied with Epi- adult material. Published information on the bionomics cauta Dejean in the subtribe Epicautina (or tribe Epicau-

Richard B. Selander: Psalydolytta Pages 1-15 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 2, no. 1, March 1988 tini) on the basis of adult anatomy. This assignment is naar, [Central Region])). Pic 1914b:103 (Epicauta) supported by the association of the larvae of Psalydolytta {Diagnosis, sexual dimorphism; Sudan (Famak- rouxi and P. fusca with egg masses of Acridoidea (Flet- ah, Northern Region (Blue Nile))). Kaszab 1954: cher 1914; Selander and Laurense 1987) and by anatomi- 72,83,100 {Adds Cameroon; Egypt; Nigeria (roe- cal characteristics of the triungulin larva of P. fusca tween] Uba and Bama, Borno, Oct.; Niger-Benue (Selander and Laurense 1987). steamship trip; S Lake Chad, Oct.); Sudan (Tonga, Upper Nile); Uganda (Kitwanga, 3500 ft, Catalog Bunyoro District, May)). Lewis 1958:39 {Adults Family: Meloidae appear to cause little or no blistering in humans Subfamily: in Sudan). Ajayi 1980:6 {Adults occasionally feed in large numbers on pollen of Pennisetum glaucum Tribe: Lyttini [as typhoides] in Nigeria). Bologna 1978:142 Subtribe: Epicautina {Ethiopia (Gambela, 526 m, Ilubabor, Nov.)). Genus: Psalydolytta Pkringuey abnormalis Kaszab 1954:72,83,100 {Ab. of aegyptiaca). Lacordaire 1859676, footnote {Taxon recognized as un- Medler 1980237 {Nigeria; as aegyptiaca abnor- named genus for jtscicornis Klug and several malis). undescribed species of the West Coast of Africa). albomarginata Pic 1951:219 {Var. of monardi; Cameroon Pkringuey 1909254 {New genus for Lytta lorigera (Rei-Bouba, Sep.)). Kaszab 195472, 100 {Ab. of Gerstaecker, Cantharis flavicornis Maklin, Cantharis aegyp tiaca). [lelprieuri Maklin, and Cantharis pilipes Maklin). monardi Pic, 1951:219 {Cameroon (Rei-Bouba, Sep.)). Borchmann 1917: 102 {Catalog). Kaszab 1952b:BO Kaszab 1954:72,100 {Ab. of aegyptiaca). {In key to genera of Epicautina); 1954:69 {Revision, basilewskyi Kaszab 1954:73,84,100 {Zaire (Ishwa, Lake species groups, key to species, catalog). Anand Albert, [Haut-Zaire], Sep. [holotype]; Mahagi- 1977:36 {Key to Indian species). Saha 197933 {Re- Port, Haut- Zaire, Nov.)). view of Indian species, with key). castaneipennis Maklin 1875611(Cantharis) {West Africa Type-species: Lytta lorigera Gerstaecker. Fixed by sub- [as Guinea]). Bkguin 1874:20 (Cantharis) {Chloro- sequent designation (Anand 1977:36). form extract of adults produced blister in human in 6 hours; as Castaneipenni (Lac. Deyr.), a manu- Aegyptiaca Group (Figure 1) script name). Borchmann 1917:102. Kaszab 1954: aegyptiaca Maklin 1875612 (Cantlzaris) {[Sudan] (Sen- 73, 100 {Senegal); 1961:28 {Zaire (Localities in Garamba National Park, Haut-Zaire, savanna, at light and at base of clumps of grass, Sep., Oct. (2), Nov.)); 1981b:118 {Gambia (Kabafita Forest Park, at light, Nov.; Sankuli-Kunda, 3.5 km S George- town, at light, Nov.); Senegal (Mpak, at light, Nov.)). hirtipes Kaszab 1954:73,83,100 {Ethiopia (Eli i Marocko [? = Marroco (Mareko Bota), Shoal, Ju1.-Sep.)). Fusca Group (Figure 2) fusca Olivier 1795, no. 46, p. 8 (Cantharis) {Senegal); 1808, no. 46, pl. 2, fig. 10 (Cantharis) {Figures adult). Borchmann 1917:102. Kaszab 1954:74,101 {Adds Gabon); 1981b:118 {Gambia (Abuko, at light, Nov.); Senegal (Mpak, at light, Nov.; 2.2 km ESE Ziguinchor, at light, Nov.)). Giglioli 1965: 659, fig. lc {Adults attracted to light cause der- matitis in Gambia, Oct., Nov.; photograph of adult). Pardo Alcaide 1969238 {Senegal (Badi Camp, Parc National du Niokolo Koba, at light, Nov.)). Gahukar 1984a:32 {Minor pest of Sor- Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). ghum bicolor in Senegal); 1984133144 {Adults feed

Richard B. Selander: Psalydolytta Pages 1-15 Vol. 2, no. 1, March 1988 INSECTAMUNDI 3

on pollen of Pennisetunl glaucun~[as aniericanum] in West Africa, reducing grain filling). Selander and Laurense 1987:490 et seg, figs. 1-3, 4b. {Pest of Perlnisetltnl glaucunl (as americanum) in Senegal, Gambia, and Guine-Bissao; adults attracted to light at night; deposition and incubation of eggs in captivity; description of triungulin larva; tri- ungulin larvae (and first grub larvae considered as probably representing P. fusca) found in egg pods of acridoid Cataloipus fuscocoer~~leipes(Sjo- stedt) in Gambia; larvae reared in laboratory from triungulin phase to coarcate phase on eggs of this grasshopper). flnvicornis Maklin 1875:614 (Cantharis). {Senegal). Haag-Rutenberg 1880:19, footnote (Lytta) {Fe- male antenna glabrous}. Fairmaire 1891: cclxxx (Epicauta) {West Africa; as flavicornis Lac., in error}. Pic 1914a:63 (Epicauta) {Uganda (Bululo and Bussu, Busoga)). Roubaud 1915:591 (Can- tharis (Epicauta)) {Adults known to blister human skin in Senegal}. Borchmann 1917:102. Risbec Figure 2. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). 1950:92 {Adults devour immature grains of Pen- ~lisetitn~in Senegal}. Appert 195289 {Adults eat stamens of millets in Mali [as Soudan] and Sene- inguey 1909:254 {Description; Mozambique gal, aborting seeds}. (Beira, Sofala; Manica Province); Zimbabwe (Mu- fuscicornis Klug 1835:42 (Lytta) {Africa}.Haag-Ruten- tare [as Umtali])}. Pic 1932b:9 {Mozambique berg 1880:18, footnote {Synonymous with flavi- (Nova Chupanga, Sofala, Feb., Apr.; Tambara, comis; intimates that thin antennae of the "Type," Manica, Apr.)). Kaszab 1954:74, 86, 101 {Bots- which are glued on, do not belong with the speci- wana (Ngamiland), Nov.-Jan.; Mozambique men}. Borchmann 1917:102. Kaszab 195475, 89, (Pemba, Delgado); Namibia; Tanzania (Lindi, Lindi, Feb.-Apr.; Pueji [not found]); Zaire (Lu- 101 {Cameroon; Ethiopia (Eritrea); Ghana or bumbashi, Shaba, at light, Nov.-Jun.); Zimbabwe Togo [as Togoland]; Senegal; Sudan; senior syn. of inlirzeata and lineata); 1981a:167 {Ghana (Nak- (Bindura, Jan.; Bulawayo, Dec.; Matetsi, Jan.)}; panduri, Northern Region, Aug.)); 1981b:118 1960b:271 {Tanzania (Handeni, 350 m, Tanga, Apr.; Morogoro, 550 m, Morogoro, May)); 1975: {Gambia (Sankuli-Kunda, 3.5 km S Georgetown, at light, Nov.)}. Gahukar 1978:188 {Occasional 732 {Tanzania (Campus Fac. Agric., 600 m, Morogoro, Morogoro, at light, May- Jun.)). Fer- pest of earheads of Sorghum bicolor and millets in reira 1963:350. Bologna 1978:143 {Zimbabwe (Ka- West Africa}. doma [as Gatooma] and vicinity)). De Moor inlineata Pic 1947:l {Var. of flavicorrzis; Mali [as 1978:92 {Diagnosis; Botswana (Chobe National Soudan]}. Park (Savuti Channel), Mar., Kasane [as Kasana], lineata Pic 1951:219 {Var. of flavicornis; Cameroon and Parakarungu, S Chobe River, Apr., all in (Rei-Bouba, Sep.)). Chobe; Tsau, Dobe River, Feb., 13 km N Maun, gridelli Kaszab 1954:74, 88, 100 {Ethiopia (Tessenei, and Sepopa, W Okavango River, Mar., all in Eritrea) [holotype]; Sudan (Wad Medani, Central Ngamiland)}. Province; Nuba Mountains, Aug.-Sep., and Tal- ameliana Kaszab 1954:73,86,101 {Ab. of lorigera}. Fer- oldi, Nuba Mountains, Tun.-Aug., both in Kordo- reira 1963:351. fan; Nubian Desert); mentions Senegal on p. 101, montana Kaszab 1954:74,87,101 {Ssp. of lorigera; Zaire apparently in error}. (Lusinga [holotype] and other localities in lorigera Gerstaecker 1854:695 (Lytta) {Mozambique); Upemba National Park, 1140-1810 m, Shaba, Jan.- 1862:295, pl. 17, fig. 10 (Lytta) {Mozambique (Tete, Feb. (2), Mar. (8), Apr. (2))); 19529 {Repeats de- Tete); technically an absolute junior homonymic scription). synonym of Lytta lorigera Gerstaecker 1854). Per-

Richard 8. Selander: Psalydolytta Pages 1-15 4 INSECTA MUNDI Vol. 2, no. 1, March 1988

nzozambica Kaszab 1954:73, 86, 101 {Ab. of lorigera). trict, Haryana, Sep. [holotype]; Tamil Nadu; Al- Ferreira 1963:351. lahabad and Varanasi, both in Uttar Pradesh, Jul., unicoloripe~znisKaszab 1954:73,87,101 {Ab. of lorigera Aug.); figures antennae, male genitalia; not montana); 195210 {Repeats description). placed in species group but said to be near atri- pilipes Maklin 1875:613 (Cantharis) {Senegal). Gredler collis and meridionalis) . 1872519 (Cantharis (Epicauta)) {Sudan (Gondo- atricollis Pic 1920:18 (Epicauta) {India [as Indes]). koro, Southern Region)). Haag-Rutenberg Kaszab 1952a:574; 1954:77,89, 101 {India (Simla, 1880:19, footnote (Lytta) {Female legs glabrous). Himachal Pradesh; Kanara [former district], Kar- Borchmann 1917:103. Risbec 1950:93 {Adults nataka; Bombay [city or former state], Maharash- swarmed on earheads of Pennisetunz at various tra; Darjeeling, West Bengal; Pachmeira [not localities in Senegal in 1945, destroying stamens found])); 1959, fig. 16 {Hindwing). Anand 1977: in great quantity). Kaszab 195474, 101 {Adds 36,28 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key; India (adds Bihar; Gabon}; 1963:335 {Senior syn. of remaudierei). Gujarat; Himalaya [region]; Madhya Pradesh; Appert 195289 {Adults eat stamens of millets in Uttar Pradesh)); 1980:18, figs. 9, 36, 69, 94 (Psal- Mali [as Soudan] and Senegal, aborting seeds). dolytta [sic]) {Male abdominal sternum VIII [as Gahukar 1978:188 {Occasional pest of earheads tergum 1x1, genitalia). Saha 1979:36 {India of Sorghtrm bicolor and millets in West Africa}. (Kithar, Bihar, Sep.; Surendranagar and Visa- ?hirtijera Castelnau 1840:274 (Lytta hirtifer [sic]) {Sene- vadar, both in Gujarat, Sep. (2); near Bhupdal gal). Borchmann 1912102 {Emendation). Kas- [not found], at light, and Gokak, at light, both in zab 1954:lOl {Possiblysynonymous with pilipes). Karnataka, Nov. (2); Jabalpur, 456 m, Madhya Pradesh, Sep.; Dhond, at light, and Panchgani, remaudierei Pic 1953:1533 {Mali [as Soudan fr.] (Dogo 1200 m, both in Maharashtra, Oct.; Shahzadpur, (Macina [depression]), at light, Oct.)). Kaszab Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, Jul.)). 1954:103. senegalensis Kaszab 1954:74, 86, 100 {Var. of pilipes; diversipes Pic 1920:18 (Epicauta) {[India] (Assam)). Kaszab 1952x574; 1954:77,101. Anand 1977:36,39 Senegal (Dagana)). (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key). Saha 1979:42. Vestita Group (Figs. 3,4) laticornis Kaszab 1954:77,90,101 {Senegal). antennata Saha 1979:34, figs. 39-42. {India (Anand, meridionalis Kaszab 1960a:154 {India (Coirnbatore, Kuliyana [not found], and Visavadar, all in Gu- Tamil Nadu, Oct. [holotype]; Chipurupalle, Vi- jarat, Sep., Oct.; Kaithal Road, Baros, Karnal Dis- shakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh)).

Vest~taCroup (part)

Vestita Group (part) Flavtlabris Group anrennata

Figure 3. Geographic distribution of Psulydolytta (part). Figure 4. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part).

Richard B. Selander: Psalydolytta Pages 1-15 Vol. 2, no. 1, March 1988 INSECTA MUNDI 5

Anand 1977:36,39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key}. Saha 1979:43. notaticeps Pic 19472 {Senegal}. Kaszab 1954:76, 101 {Near vestita but perhaps identical to remedellii kamerunensis). remedellii Borchmann 1942690 {Ethiopia (Tessenei, Eritrea, Sep.)). Kaszab 1954:76,101 {Adds Came- roon; Sudan}. kameruriensis Kaszab 1954:76,91,101 {Ssp. of remedel- lii; Nigeria (Dure, [Borno], Aug. [formerly in Cameroon])). vestita Dufour 1821:359, pl. 130, fig. 3 (Cantharis) {Sene- gal [Hab. in Senegalliae floribus]; figures adult; as vestila in text, vestita in plate legend). Klug 1835:42 (Lytta). Roubaud 1915591 (Cantharis) {Adults known to blister human skin in Sene- gal}. Borchmann 1917:103. Pic 193491 (Mauri- tania (Nema)}.Risbec 1950:92 (Cantharis) {Adults devour immature grains of Penniseturn in Sene- gal). Kaszab 1954:77,101 {Senior syn. of basipen- nis); 1981b:119 {Gambia (Tendeba Camp, near Figure 5. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). Gambia River, at light, Nov.; Sankuli-Kunda, 3.5 krn S Georgetown, at light, Nov.)}. Gahukar found], Nyanza, Mar.-Apr.; Mirua Valley, 4500 ft, 1984b:144 {Adults feed on pollen of Pennisetum Nyanza (Southern Kavirondo), May); Tanzania glauclr nt [as americanum] in West Africa, reducing (Shirati, [Mara], May [holotype])). grain filling}. Selander and Laurense 1987480 sudanica Kaszab 1954:76, 91, 101 {Egypt or Egyptian {Pest of Pertriisetum glaucunl (as americanum) in Sudan [holotype]; Sudan (Omdurman, Khar- Mauritania and Mali). toum); Zaire (Ishwa, [near] Lake Albert, and basiperlrlis Pic 19472 {Var. of vestita; Senegal); Pic Doruma, Uele River, both in Haut- Zaire, Sep.); 1953:1534 {Var. of vestita; adults assembling and mentions Uganda on pp. 76 and 100, apparently mating on inflorescences of the grass Cynibopogon in error). giganteunz near Dogo, Macina [depression], Mali, flavithorax Kaszab 1954:76,92,101 {Ab. of sudanica). Sep.). obscurithorax Kaszab 1954:76,92,101 {Ab. of sudanica). Jaloffa Group (Figure 5) rufa Kaszab 1954:76,92,101 {Ab. of sudanica}. jaloffa Castelnau 1840:275 (Lytta) {Senegal}. Pic 1914a: unicoloricollis Kaszab 1954:76,92,101 {Ab. of sudanica). 63 (Epicauta) {Uganda (Bululo, Busoga; Kakindu theresae Pic 1947:l {Central African Republic (Kaga [as Kakindo], Buganda)). Borchmann 1917:102. Bandoro) [as Fort-Crampel]); 1951:219 {Came- Pic 1929:118 {Zaire (Bambili to Niangara, Haut- roon (Rei-Bouba, Sep.)}. Kaszab 1954:76, 101 Zaire, Nov.)). Kaszab 195471, 75, 80, 102 {Adds {Adds Uganda; Upper Niger River [as Haute Ethiopia; senior syn. of luteipes; as Yaloffa on p. Niger]); 1961:29 {Zaire (Localities in Garamba 75); 1981a:167 {Ghana (Damongo, Northern Re- National Park, Haut-Zaire, savanna, on "les gion, Aug.)}. Lewis 1958:39 {Adults blister herbes d'un Ndiwili," Sep. (2), Oct. (2))). Medler humans in Sudan). Pardo Alcaide 1969:238 1980:237 {Nigeria, in error; as theresae theresae). {Senegal (Wassadou, Aug.)). notatithorax Pic 19471 {Var. of theresae; [Central Afri- longissima Pic 1947:l {Var. of jaloffa; Upper Niger can Republic (Niam-Niam [tribal area, north of River [as Haut-Niger]). Kaszab 1954:75,102. Ubangi River])). Kaszab 1954:76,101 {Ab. of there- luteipes Borchmann 1925:7 {Sudan (Nil[e River], sae}. Aug.). obliterata Pic 19421 {Var. of theresae; Central African kittenbergeri Kaszab 1954:75,93,101 {Kenya (Kwa Ki- Republic (Kaga Bandoro) [as Fort-Crampel]}. toto [not found] and Kadem to Kwa Muiya [not Kaszab 1954:76, 101 {Ab. of theresae}; 1961:29.

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Medler 1980:237 {Nigeria, in error; as theresae ob- and pistils of rice [Oym sativa] and small millets; literata). figures adult). Maxwell-Lefroy and Howlett 1909346 (Cantharis) {Adults destructive to juar Rouxi Group (Figure 6) [Sorghum bicolor], rice [Oryza sativa], and millets). fasciculata Pic 1920:18 (Epicauta) {India [as Indes]}. Coleman 1911a:1168 (Cantharis) {Adults flying to Kaszab 1952a:574; 1954:78, 102 {Near villipes). lights and blistering humans in Harihar, Kar- Anand 1977:36,39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key). Saha nataka, India, Oct.}. Fletcher 1914302, fig. 147 1979:42. (Gnathospastoides [sic]) {India (adds Krishna [as menoni Anand 1977:37, 38, figs. 1-7 (Psaldolytta [sic]) Kistna] District, Andhra Pradesh; Bellary and {India (Dhulia farm, Bombay, Maharashtra), on Kurnul, both in Karnataka; Coimbatore, Tamil soybean [Glycine max] leaves, Oct.; assigned to Nadu); adults do considerable damage to ear- Rouxi Group but compared only with atricollis, heads of Pennisetum glaucum [as typhoideunz], in Vestita Group; figures antennae, abdominal Setaria italica, and Sorghum bicolor [as Andropogon sterna VIII [as 1x1, and genitalia); 1978:472, fig. 13 sorghum], eating the pollen so that no new grain (Psaldolytta [sic]) {Photograph of adult; as menoai is formed; deposition and incubation of eggs; lar- in fig. legend); 1980:18, figs. 4, 37, 74, 99 (Psal- val predator of eggs of Deccan grasshopper dolytta [sic]) {Male abdominal sternum VIII [as [Colemania sphenarioides Bolivar]; pupa found in tergum 1x1, genitalia). the field with egg masses of this acridoid; figures rowci Castelnau 1840:274 (Lytta rouxii) {India (Bombay adult); 1917:51, 201 (Gnathospastoides [sic]) [city or former state], Maharashtra])). Fairmaire {Adults on leaves of Phaseolus mungo radiatrrs at 189418 (Cantharis) {India (Konbir [not found], Pusa, Bihar, India, but scarcely a pest; also eating Chota Nagpore, Bihar or Madhya Pradesh); as pollen and young, developing grains of Setaria Rouxii); 18969 (Cantharis) {India (Tamil Nadu); italica); 1921:177 (Gnathospastoides [sic]) {Adults as Rouxii}. Maxwell-Lefroy 1906:205-206, figs. attacking earheads of Panicum sumatrense [as mil- 244-245 (Cantharis) {Adultsdamage Sorghunz, rice iare] at Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, Sep., and eating [Oryza sativa], Panicum sumatrense [as miliare], and nearly 2'3 of crop at Bhandara, Maharashtra, by Pennisetunz glaucum [as typhodeum] in India by de- selecting seeds that were just ripening; attacking stroying the flowers; figures adult}; 1907:136, fig. earheads of juar [Sorghum bicolor] at Hubli-Dhar- 20 (Cantharis) {India (Bihar; Kanara [former dis- war, Karnataka, Sep.; on cholam [S. bicolor] at trict], Karnataka); adults feed at night on anthers Davanakonda, Aug.; additional Indian localities: Samalkot and Vijayawada [as Bezwada], both in Andhra Pradesh; Surat, Gujarat; Yemmiganur, Bellary District, Karnataka; Hoshangabad, Mad- hya Pradesh; Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh). Borch- mann 1917:103. Ballard 1921:25 (Gnathospastoides [sic]) {Farmers in Bellary District, India, claim that beetles rolled in a mixture of asafoetida and cow-dung and then liberated drive other beetles from fields). Kaszab 195479, 102. Purohit and Pawar 1959:40 (Gnathopastoides [sic]) {List of food plants, none new). Usman and Puttarudraiah 1955:103 {India (Bangalore, Davangere, and Kolar, all in Karnataka, Oct.); adults onjozoar [Sor- ghum bicolor], maize [Zea mays], and ragi [Eleucine coracana]}. Anand 1977:36,39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key); 1978:472, fig. 14 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {List of food plants, none new; photograph of adult;

fasciculata ("lrrd~a") royxi in text}; 1980:18, figs. 7,38,68,95 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {Male abdominal sternum VIII [as tergum A fetragramma 1x1, genitalia}. Saha 1979:37 {India (Madjupur, Bihar, Jul.; Sasan Gir, at light, and Visavadar, at light, both in Gujarat, Sep. (2); Jabalpur, 488 m, Figure 6. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). Sep., Madhya Pradesh)). Gahukar and Jotwani

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1980:145 (Gnathospatoides [sic]) {Long considered as a key pest of Pennisetunz glauclrm [as typltoides] in India, feeding on flowers and developing grains). Dua and Kacker 1984:21, fig. 1, tbl. 1 {Di- agram of chromosomes; diploid number 20; identified as "sp. near rouxi"}. tetragramma Haag-Rutenberg 1880:82,84 (Lytta) {India (Bombay [city or former state], [Maharashtra])}. Borchmann 1917:84 (Epicauta). Kaszab 1954:78, 102. Anand 1977:37, 39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {India (adds Assam)). Saha 1979:39. villipes Haag-Rutenberg 1880:87 (Lytta) {India (Bom- bay [city or former state], [Maharashtra]),accord- ing to Kraatz 1880:16). Borchmann 1917:85 (Epicauta). Kaszab 1954:78,102. Anand 1977:37,39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key; India (adds Gujarat)}. Leprleurl Croup Saha 1979:40 {India (Sasan Gir, at light, Gujarat, Sep.)}. wellmani Kaszab 1960a:156 {India (Malda District, West Bengal [as Bengal, Maldah])}. Anand 1977:37,39 (Psaldolytta [sic]) {In key). Saha 1979:41. Figure 7. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). Sheffieldi Group (Figure 7) garanzbana Kaszab 1961:30 {Ab. of delkeskampi). bicoloriceps Pic 1931:95 {Zaire (Lubumbashi, Shaba), endroedyi Kaszab 1981a:1711figs. 15-17 {Ghana (Banda Jan. [as Elisabethville, Congo Belge]). Kaszab Nkwanta, Sep., Oct., Nov.; Bui Camp, Brong- 1954:78,102 {Zaire (adds Lulua River, Kasai Oc- Ahafo Region, Oct., Nov.); Ghana or Togo [as Togoland] [holotype]; not assigned to species cidental or Shaba)). group but said to be near substrigata}. kindana Kaszab 1954:79,93,102 {Zaire (Kiambi, Kinda [holotype], Kafakumba, Kapanga, Luashi [as freudei Kaszab 1954:79,94,102 {Cameroon?(Uham [not Lusahi], Muteba, and Sandoa, Lulua River, all in found], Upper Sangha River region [as Bezirk Obersanga Uham, Kamemn]); Ghana (Ho) [as Shaba, Jan, Mar. (3), Mar.-Apr.; "Lomami, Mu- Station Ho, Togo]; Togo (Bismarckburg [ruins at tombo, Muluku" [? = Mutombo-Mukulu in 80111N, 0°41'W], Apr.-Jun., Sep., Sep.-Oct. (3), Shaba, but it is on the Lubiash, not the Lomami, Oct.); Ghana or Togo [as Togoland] [holotype]). River]; Rio Tshende-Mushyi [not found], Lulua River, Kasai Occidental or Shaba, Feb.)). leprieuri Maklin 1875:616 (Cantharis) {Senegal). Borch- sheffieldi Pic 1909:97 (Lytta (Epicauta)) {Zaire (Shaba) [as mann 1917:102. Kaszab 195479, 102 {Adds An- gola). Ferreira 1965:807. Bologna 1978:143 Congo Belge, Katanga]; possibly a var. of substri- {Ethiopia (Gambela, Ilubabor, Dec.)}. gata). Borchmann 1917:103. Kaszab 1954:79, 102 {Zaire (Mukebe-Kasiri, Shaba)); 1957:lO {Zaire substrigata Castelnau 1840:274 (Lytta) {Senegal). Borch- (Localities in Upemba National Park, 1050-1700 mann 1917:103. Kaszab 1954:80,102 {Adds Came- m, Shaba, Feb. (2), Mar.)). roon; Ivory Coast; Nigeria (Niger-Benue River steamship trip)); 1981a:167 {Ghana (Banda katangana Kaszab 1954:79,93,102 {Ab. of sheffieldi). Nkwanta, Damongo, and Tamale, all in North- Leprieuri Group (Figure 7) ern Region, Sep.,-0ct. (2), Nov. (2), Dec.; Bui delkeskampi Kaszab 1954:79, 95, 102 {Senegal; Togo camp, Brong-Ahafo Region, Nov.)); 1981b:119 (Bismarckburg [ruins at SO1l'N, 0°41'W], Sep.- {Gambia (Tendeba Camp, at light, Nov.; Kabafita krn Oct. [holotype]); Region de Sassa [not found]}; Forest Park, 2.2 NNW Brikame W Road Junc- 1961:29 {Zaire (Localities in Garamba National tion, Nov.); Senegal (Mpak, at light, Nov.; Zi- Park, Haut-Zaire, in savanna, on and under guinchor, Nov.)}. Giglioli 1965:659, figs. lb, 2 grasses, Oct. (4), Dec.)). {Adults attracted to light cause dermatitis in Gambia, Oct., Nov.; sudden reduction or in- flava Kaszab 1961:30 {Ab. of delkeskampi}. crease in air pressure, electric shock (3 v), and

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handling did not cause bleeding; photographs of adult). Gahukar 1984a:32 {Minorpest of Sorghum bicolor in Senegal, the adults feeding on pollen). crampeli Pic 1932x32 {CentralAfrican Republic (Kaga Bandoro) [as Fort Crampel, Congo]); Villiers 1953:1330 {Adults on Andropogon gayanus at M'Bao, Senegal, Oct.). limbatiyennis Kaszab 1954:80, 95, 102 {Ab. of substri- gata); 1981a:167. luteolineata Pic 1947:2 {Var. of crampeli; Benin [as Dahomey]; Senegal). Kaszab 1954:79,102 {Ab. of substrigata); 1981a:167; 1981b:119. Atripes Group (Figure 8) atripes Borchmann 1942:689 {Tanzania [as Deutsch- Cineracea Group Ostafrika] (Lukuledi, [Mtwara])). Kaszab 1954: 81, 102. Ferreira 1963:350 {Mozambique (Alto A dirnbrokoana Ligonha, Nampula)) . bequaerti Pic 1913:163 (Lytta (Epicauta)){Zaire [as Congo Belge] (Kasenga, [Shaba])). Borchmann 1917:102. 8. Geographic distribution of Psalydolytta (part). Kaszab 1954:81,102 {Adds Zambia). Figure obscuricolor Pic 1947:l {Var. of fusca; "Congo"). Kas- Kagera [region], Apr.; Lac Mohasi [not found], zab 1954:81,102 {Ab. of bequaerti). Apr.; Tanzania (Bukoba and "Marienburg bei brittoni Kaszab 1954:81,97,102 {Malawi (between Man- Bukoba," Kagera; Mara Bay, Musoma, Ruwana goche and Chikala Boma, 4000 ft, Mar.; Blantyre, Steppe, and Shirati [holotype], all in Mara, Apr. Mar.)). Gomes Alves 1961:m {Diagnosis; Moz- (3), May); Tanzania or Rwanda, Mar.; Uganda ambique (Mutuali [as Mutali], Nampula, Oct.)). (Kamuwezi, Dec.; Ussoga [not found], May-Jul.); Ferreira 1963350. Zaire (Ituri River region); "East Africa" ("Kwesi pici Kaszab 1954:82,96,102 {Cameroon (Yoko [asJoko]); bis Kilo"; Niavangi, Apr.)). Ivory Coast (Dimbroko); Uganda (Gulu [as Fulu]); Zaire (Bambesa; Dungu, Uele River; Cineracea Group (Figure 8) Luma (Dajalasiga); Moto [as Yobo Moto], Upper atripalpis Pic 1947:2 {Central African Republic, Congo, Uele River, all in Haut-Zaire, Nov. (2))); 1961:30 or Zaire (Ubangi River) [as Oubangui]). Kaszab {Zaire (Localities in Garamba National Park, 1954:81, 103 {Cites type locality as in Zaire); Haut-Zaire, savanna, at light and on grasses, 1961:31 {Zaire (Localities in Garamba National Sep., Oct., 0ct.-Nov., Nov. (3))). Park, Haut-Zaire, primarily in savanna, assoc- iated with grasses and herbs, Aug. (3), Sep. (7), Flavilabris Group (Figure 4) Oct. (3))). flavilabris Maklin 1875:619 (Cantlmris) {[Senegal] cineracea Maklin 1875:618 (Cantharis) {Senegal). Pic (Galam) [as E Galam Africaell). Pic 1914a:63 (Epi- 1952102 {Benin (Bassila), Jun.-Jul.). Kaszab 1954: cauta) {Uganda (Kabulamuliro)). Borchmann 80,82,103 {"Gold Coastu[? = Ghana]; Ivory Coast 1917: 102; 1925:7 {Sudan (Nile River, Aug.)). (Dimbroko); Senegal; Sierra Leone; Togo (Bis- Kaszab 1954:82,102 {Specifies only Senegal). marckburg [ruins at 8°11'N, 0"4l'W], Aug.; be- grisea Kaszab 1954:83,97,102 {Zambia (Mwengwa, 133, tween Klein Popo [not found] and Bismarckburg, 27"40'E, Jan., Feb.; Kahitu, N Broken Hill, Jan.)). Aug.; Misahohe, Jul.)); 1981a:168 {Ghana (Banda nyassensis Kaszab 1954:83,98, 102 {Ethiopia (Gundet, Nkwanta and Tamale, both in Northern Region, Eritrea); Kenya (Ilala, 14 mi E Mumias, 4500 ft, Aug., Sep., Oct.)). Western Province, Jun.; Migori Valley, 4200 ft, flavopubens Kaszab 1954:80,82,100,103 {Ab. of ciner- Mirua Valley, 4500 ft, and Upper Kuja Valley, acea). 4200 ft, all in Nyanza (Southern Kavirondo Dis- testaceoapicalis Pic 1958:202 {Guinea (Kkoulenta [and] trict), May (3); Rwanda (Gabinga [not found], Yalanzou)). New synonymy.

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dimbrokoana Kaszab 1954:82, 99, 103 {Ivory Coast continent, without representation in the Cape Verde Is- (Dimbroko)). lands, Madagascar, or [contrary to my previous state- leucophaea Maklin 1875:617 (Cantharis) {Senegal). ment (Selander 1986)l the Arabian Peninsula. As argued Borchmann 1917:102. Kaszab 195481, 82, 103 in the work cited, this difference may be attributed to {Adds Cameroon; "Gold Coast" [? = Ghana]; the fact that Psalydolytta is not phoretic in the larval Sudan). stage. Second, while Psalydolytta has three-fourths again minuta Pic 1932a:31 {Ivory Coast). Kaszab 1954:80,103 as many species as Cyaneolytta on the African continent {Ivory Coast (Dimbroko); perhaps only a var. of (42 versus 24), it maintains its superiority in number of cineracea). species only in the equatorial region. In South Africa the ratio of species of Psalydolytta and Cyaneolytta declines mouffleti Maklin 1875:615 (Cantharis) {Senegal to 8:11 south of 10"s and to 0:4 south of 20"s. A similar, (Galam)).Kaszab 1954:82,103; 1963335 {As mou- albeit more subtle, relationship seems to exist in the fleti). Pardo Alcaide 1969939 {Senegal (Badi Sahelian region at the northern limits of range, although Camp, Parc National du Niokolo Koba, at light, the influence of sampling error on the observed distribu- Nov.)). tional patterns is undoubtedly much greater there. unifornzis Pic 19421 {Mali [as Soudan]). Kaszab 1954: Further, although Psalydolytta occurs as far north as 74,100 {Interprets type locality as Sudan); 1963: Cyaneolytta in India, the ratio of species of the two genera 335 {Ab. of mol4ffleti). increases from 1:9 south of 20"N to 5:7 north of that lati- lncertae Sedis (Figure 5) tude. Thus, in a statistical sense at least, Psalydolytta is more nearly a tropical genus than is Cyaneolytta. Third, bmcci Castelnau 1840:273 (Lytta) {[Sudan] (Dongola it seems significant that there are no records of Psaly- [Northern Region])). Borchmann 1912102. Kas- dolytta from the Somalian coast, where Cyaneolytta is rep- zab 1954103. resented by eight species. lineaticollis Pic 1953:1532, fig. 1 {Mali [as Soudan fr.] (Mopti, at light, Dec.); figures adult). Kaszab Seasonal Distribution of the Adult Stage: M o s t 1954:103. records of adults are from August to November north notifrons Marseul1879:59 (Cantharis) {Angola (Humbe, of the equator, both in Africa and India, and from Feb- [Cunene])). Wellman 1909:618 (Lytta). Borch- ruary to March south of the equator, in Ahica (Table 1). mann 1917:102. Kaszab 1954:103. Ferreira 1965: In general, then, the period of adult activity begins 807. toward the end of the rainy season and coincides with the primary period of fertilization and maturation of politicollis Fairmaire 1893:31 (Epicauta) {[Mozambique] grass seeds, including those of many cultivated plants. (Choa, [Manica])}. Borchmann 1917:80 (Epicau- As comparison of Table 1of the present paper with Table ta). Kaszab 1953:483 {Belongs in Cylindrothorax 1 of Selander (1986) will demonstrate, seasonal ranges Escherich); 1955:227 {Probablya species of Psaly- are generally more limited and discrete in Psalydolytta dolytta} . than in Cyaneolytta. Summarv of Bionomics Diel Distribution of Adult Activity: Maxwell-Lefroy Geographic Distribution: Psalydolytta has a disjunct (1907) reported that adults of the Indian P. rouxi feed on Ethiopian-Indian distribution remarkably similar to that rice and millets at night, and adults of P.fusca attacking of Cyaneolytta (Selander 1986). In Cyaneolytta the ratio of Pennisetum glaucum in Gambia exhibit a marked pattern Oriental to Ethiopian species is 5:25 and in Psalydolytta of nocturnal behavior (Selander and Laurense 1987). 10:42. These ratios are of the same order of magnitude That nocturnal activity is generally characteristic of as the ratio of the areas of the Indian subcontinent and adults of the genus is suggested by the large proportion Africa occupied by the two genera (roughly 1:6). Each of records at light and perhaps also by the paucity of genus is represented in the Oriental Region by two spe- feeding records on plants other than crops. Thirteen cies groups. In Cyaneolytta both groups also occur in species, representing seven of the 10 species groups of Africa; in Psalydolytta the Vestita Group has four species the genus, have been recorded at light on one or more in India and four in Africa and the Rouxi Group, with occasions: Psalydolytta castaneipennis, P. fusca, P. fuscicor- six species, is endemic to India. nis, P. lorigera, P. pilipes, P. a tricollis, P. vestita, P. substri- The major distributional differences between gata, P. pici, P. moufj-leti, and P. lineaticollis in Africa and Cyaneolytta and Psalydolytta in the Ethiopian Region are P. rouxi and P. villipes in India. as follows: First, Psalydolytta is confined to the African

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Intervals Species of Psalydolytta Species N/S J-F M-A M-J J-A SO N-D .B ..-A ..-A AFRICA aegyptiaca N 1 4 1 basilewskyi N 1 Food castaneipennis N 3 4 hirtipes N ?? Plants fuw N 4 Gramineae fuscicornis N 111 Andropogon gayanus • gridelli N ??? Cymbopogon giganteum • pilipes N 1 Eleucine coracnna . remedellii N 11 Oryza sativa • vestita N 12 Panicum sumatrense • jalofla N 3 1 Pennisetum glaucum . .0 • sudanica N 1 Setaria italica • theresae N 5 Sorghum biwlor • • • • delkeskampi N 5 1 bmnys . endroedyi N 3 2 "millets" • fieudei N 5 "grass" • • 0. leprieuri N 1 substrigata N 59 Leguminosae pici N 2 5 Glycine max • fivilabris N 1 Phaseolus mungo • atripalpis N 3 10 Other cinerama N 4 2 "Ndiwili" • muffleti N 1 lineaticollis N 1 Table 2. Food plants of species of Psalydolytta. lorigera S6162 kittenberg& S 12 some reports refer to Psalydolytta species as sporadic, bicoloriceps S 1 kindana S25 minor pests, it would appear that in West Africa, at least, shefjkldi S21 several members of the genus are currently major pests brittoni S 2 of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and great millet grisea S3 (Sorghum bicolor). Damage to grain crops results from nyassensis S 7 5 adults eating floral parts, including pollen, and develop INDIA ing grains on the earheads; no instances of leaf feeding antennata N 2 3 on Gramineae have been reported. atricollis N 152 Evidence of varietal differences in attractiveness mm'dionalis N 1 of grea t millet to Psalydolytta rouxi was found by Fletcher menoni N 1 (1921), who reported that sweet and dwarf Milo varie- rouxi N 2 7 ties but not the Sundhia variety were attacked at Hubli- villipes N 1 Dharwar, Karnataka, India. Although the mechanics of feeding by Psalydolytta Table 1. Frequency distribution of records of adults of beetles have not been studied, it seems likely that the Psalydolytta in two-month intervals. N and Sdistinguish re- enlarged, vaulted, non-overlapping mandibles, which cords north and south of the equator. intervals are specified constitute the primary diagnostic characteristic of the by initial letters of their constituent months. genus, are adapted for feeding on the inflorescences of wild grasses. Mandibles of similar conformation occur in several North American species of Epicauta, including Food Plants: With two, or possibly three, exceptions, E. balli Werner, which feeds on the pollen of the grass all plant associations recorded for adult Psalydolytta in- Bouteloua curtipendula (Werner, Enns, and Parker 1966: volve species of Gramineae (Table 2). Included are both 34, fig. 39), and E. mimetica (Horn), for which Horn (1875) wild species (Andropogon gayanus, Cynzbopogon gigan- proposed the genus Gnathospasta (no longer recog- telrm, and unidentified grasses) as well as most of the nized), primarily on the basis of mandibular ~tructure.~ important grain crops of tropical Africa and India. While

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Immature Stages: Until recently, published informa- Gambia andlor Senegal and P. rouxi in India. As is gener- tion relating unequivocally to the immature stages of ally true of Meloidae, most incidents of this nature in- Psalydolytta consisted solely of a paragraph by Fletcher volve beetles attracted to lights in public places. (1914:302) on the Indian species P, rouxi: An exceptionally detailed investigation of der- matitis caused by Psalydolytta fusca, P. substrigata, and Eggs were laid in captivity (in October Cylindrothorax melanocephala (Fabricius) in the Gambian 1911) in groups of 50 to 125 each. The young village of Keneba over a period of five years was sum- larvae hatched out after about fifteen days marized, in part, by Gigholi (1965:663) as follows: and were extremely active. In captivity the larva was found to feed freely on egg-masses The beetles were attracted to bright of the Deccan grasshopper [Colemania sphen- lights, and since they occurred at a time of the arioides Bolivar]. Further details of lifehistory year when people stayed out of doors until [sic] [were] not worked out, but this late at night, the chances of accidental contact has been bred from a pupa found with these were greatly enhanced. The large light- egg-masses.3 stupified crawling over bare skin were promptly swatted and the haemolymph of Fletcher's report, completely overlooked until re- the crushed beetle was smeared over the per- cently, is of more than ordinary interest since it estab- spiring skin. This resulted in the appearance lished for the first time an association between Meloidae of large bullae where the beetle was crushed and the acridoid family Pyrgomorphidae. Subsequent- and vesicular areas of linear dermatitis or ly, Epicauta gorhami Marseul was reared in the laboratory macular patches where the blistering fluid on the eggs of a second species of the family, Atractomor- was smeared. The blisters appeared 12-24 pha lata (Motschulsky), in Japan (Nagatomi and Iwata, hours after contact and were completely 1958; as A. bedeli Bolivar). Apart from these grasshop- painless until broken, then they produced in- pers, all species of Acridoidea recorded as larval hosts in tense burning and itching. Blistering oc- nature or used in successful laboratory rearings of curred most commonly on the face, neck, Meloidae belong to the family Acrididae. chest, and thighs and calves and often on the Data comparable to Fletcher's were reported for buttocks in young children who had sat on the African Psalydolytta fusca by Selander and Laurense dead beetles during the day. Unlike the der- (1987), who also presented a detailed description of the matitis produced by Staphylinid beetles, no triungulin larva. These authors observed captive fe- cases of eye involvement were seen with males laying eggs in soil; in addition, they obtained egg Gambian Melold beetles. If left untreated, the masses from females collected at lights and confined lesions were prone to infection and ulcera- without food in glass vials. Twenty-seven eggs masses tion, if disinfected and kept clean, they healed contained a mean of 125.2 eggs (range 36 to 225). Mean satisfactorily, but more slowly than similar incubation time for 19 masses at 27"C was 22.3 days; sized blisters produced by burning. within individual egg masses the hatching period ex- tended over a period of 2-9 days (mean 5.1). In the field Acknowledgment in Gambia two triungulins of P. fusca and several first grub larvae tentatively identified as representing that I am indebted to L. F. Selander for copies of arti- species were found in egg pods of the grasshopper Cat- cles from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., aloipus fi4scocoerirleipes (Sjostedt), a member of the acrid- and editorial assistance. id subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae. Further, by releasing Literature Cited groups of triungulin larvae on moist sand containing Cataloipus egg pods, the authors reared two larvae to the Ajayi, 0. coarctate phase of development. 1980. pests of millet in Nigeria. Samuru Misc. Paper (Ahmadu Bello University, Medical Importance: Circumstantial evidence that Zaria, Nigeria) No. 97,lO pp. adult Psalydolytta contain cantharidin was first obtained Anand, R. K. by Bkguin (1874), who produced blistering of human skin in 6 hours by application of a chloroform extract of 1977. Description of a new species of the genus adults of P. castaneipennis. Since then there have been Psaldolytta [sic] Pbringuey (Coleoptera: scattered reports of accidental blistering of humans by Meloidae) from Bombay (India) with a key adults of P. fusca, P. vestita, P. jalofla, and P. substrigata in

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Anand, R. K. (continued) sphenarioides, Bol.). Dept. Agric. Mysore State to the Indian species. Jour. Entomol. Res. (India), Entomol. Ser., Bull. 2/40 pp., 10 pls. (New Delhi) 1:36-39. De Moor, F. C. 1978. Blister beetles as pests on agricultural crops. 1978. Botswana Meloidae (Coleoptera). Occ. Indian Jour. Entomol. 40:472, fig. 1. Papers Nat. Mus. Rhodesia, Nat. Sci. 6(3):80- 1980. Male genital apparatus of Meloinae (Coleop- 127. tera: Meloidae) and their taxonomic signifi- Dua, P. S., and R. K. Kacker. cance. Jour. Entomol. Res. (New Delhi) 4: 1984. Chromosomes and phylogeny of Coleop- 15-24. tera. 11. Meloidae. Bull. Zool. Surv. India 5(2 Appert, J. 3k19-21. 1957. Les parasites animaux des plantes cultivees Dufour, L. au Senegal et au Soudan. Gouvernement 1821. Description de six especes d'Insectes nou- General de l'Afrique Occidentale Franqaise. veaux. Ann. General. Sci. Phys. (Bruxelles) Jouve et Cie, Paris, 272 pp. 8:358-361, pl. 130. Ballard, E. Fairmaire, L. 1921. Additions and corrections to the list of crop- 1891. Coleopt&resde l'Afrique orientale. Ann. Soc. pests in South India. In T. B. Fletcher (ed.), Entomol. Belgique 35:cclxxix- cccvii. Report of the proceedings of the Fourth 1893. Note sur les Coleopt6res du Choa. Ann. Soc. Entomological Meeting held at Pusa on the Entomol. Belgique 37:9-50. 7th to 12th February 1921. Superintendent 1894. H6t6romGres du Bengale. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Government Printing, Calcutta, pp. 21-28, pl. Belgique 38:16-43. I. 1896. Het6rorni.res de YInde recueillis par M. An- Beguin, A. V. drewes. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belgique 40:6-62. 1874. Histoire des Insectes qui puevent &re em- Ferreira, M. C. ployes comme vesicants. Berthaut & Couter- 1963. Catdlogo dos Coleopteros de Moqambique. ier, Soissons, 116 pp. Familia Meloidae. Rev. Entomol. Mogam- Bologna, M. A. bique 6:334-356. 1978. Alcuni Meloidi dell'Africa orientale e merid- 1965. Catalogo dos Coleopteros de Angola. Familia ionale e descrizione di una specie nuova Meloidae. Rev. Entomol. Mocambique 8:78& (Coleoptera, Meloidae). In Zoological re- 817. searches in Ethiopia. Part I. Accad. Naz. Lin- Zletcher, T. B. cei Quaderno 243, Roma, pp. 137-189. 1914. Some South Indian insects. Superintendent, Borchmann, F. Government Press (Madras), vii + 565 pp. 1917. Meloidae, Cephaloidae. In W. Junk and S. 1917. (Editor) Report of the proceedings of the Sec- Schenkling, Coleopterorum catalogus. Part ond Entomological Meeting held at Pusa on 69. W. Junk, Berlin, 208 pp. the 5th to 12th February 1917. Superinten- 1925. Zoological results of the Swedish Expedition dent Government Printing, Calcutta, 340 pp. to Central Africa 1921. Insecta. 12. Lagriidae 1921. Annotated list of Indian crop-pests. Agric. und Meloidae. Arkiv Zool. (Stockholm) 17A, Res. Inst. Pusa (India) Bull. 100,246 pp. no. 26,8 pp. Gahukar, R T. 1942. Neue Meloiden-Arten (Col.) 11. Mittl. Miin- 1978. Control strategies for the major pests of sor- chener Entomol. Ges. 32:682-712. ghum and millets in West Africa. Proc. Castelnau, F. de. AAASA 3rd General Conf., Ibadan, Nigeria, 1840. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Colbopt6res. 3:169-189. Vol. 2. P. Dumenil, Paris, 563 pp. 1984a. New insect pests of sorghum. FA0 [United Coleman, L. C. Nations] Plant Prot. Bull. 3231-33. 1911a. A common (Cantharis rouxi, 1984b. Insect pests of pearl millet in West Africa: A Cast.) as a nuisance to man. Jour. Bombay review. Tropical Pest Management 30:142- Nat. Hist. Soc. 20:1168-1169. 147. 1911b. The Jola or Deccan grasshopper (Colemania

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Gahukar, R. T., and M. G. Jotwani. thorax Escher. (Coleoptera). Ann. Hist.- Nat. 1980. Present status of field pests of sorghum and Mus. Nat. Hungarici 6(n.s.):225-258. millets in India. Tropical Pest Management 1957. Exploration du Parc National de l'upemba. 26~138-151. Mission G. F. de Witte. Fasc. 47, Meloidae Gerstaecker, C. E. A. (Coleoptera- Heteromera). Hayez, Bruxelles, 1854. Diagnosen der von [Peters]in Mossambique 44 PP. 1959. Phylogenetische Beziehungen des Flugel- gesammelten und von Dr. Gerstaecker bear- geaders der Meloiden (Coleoptera), nebst beiteten Kaefer aus der Familie der Vesican- Beschreibung neuer Gattungen und Arten. tia. Bericht Verhandl. Koenigl. Preuss. Akad. Acta. Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 5:67-114. Wissenschaften Berlin 1854:694- 695. 1960a. Einige neue Meloiden (Coleoptera) aus der 1862. Vesicantia. In F. Klug, Coleoptera. Ufer. In Sammlung des British Museum. Ann. Mag. W. C. H. Peters, Natunvissenschaftliche Nat. Hist. (13)3:153-159. Reise nach Mosambique auf Befahl Seiner 1960b. Mission zooligique de l'1.R.S.A.C. en Afrique Majestat des Konigs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgefiihret. Zoo- XLV. Coleoptera Meloidae. Ann. Mus. logie. V. Insecten und Myriopoden. G. Re- Congo Tervuren, Zool. 88:269- 286. imer, Berlin, pp. 195-303, pl. XVII, figs. 10- 15, 1961. Meloidae (Coleoptera Heteromera). In H. de pl. XVIII, figs. 1-4. Saeger, Parc National de la Garamba.--Mis- Giglioli, M. E. C. sion H. de Saeger. Fasc. 19(3). Irnpr. Hayez, 1965. Some observations on blister beetles, family Bruxelles, 55 pp. Melo~dae,in Gambia, West Africa. Trans. 1963. Studien uber Meloiden (Coleoptera). Ann. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:657-663. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungarici, pars Zool. 55: Gomes Alves, M. L. 335- 346. 1961. Meloideos da Guine portuguesa e de 1975. Mission entomologique du Musee Royal de Mqambique. Mem. Junta Invest. Cient. Ul- l'Afrique Centrale aux Montes Uluguru, Tan- tramar, ser. 2,23:207-228, pls.1-V. zanie. 7. Coleoptera, Meloidae. Rev. Zool. Gredler, P. V. Bot. Africaines 89:732-733. 198la. Faunistische und taxonomische Studien 1877. Zur Kafer-Fauna Central-Afrikas. Verhandl. uber Meloiden (Coleoptera). Ann. Hist.-Nat. Zoo1.-Bot. Ges. Wien 27501-522. Mus. Nat. Hungarici 73:159-185. Haag-Rutenberg. 198lb. Meloidae (Coleoptera) aus Gambia und 1880. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Canthariden. Senegal. Entomol. Scandinavica 12:11&122. Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr. 2417-90. Klug, F. Horn, G. H. 1835. V. Insekten. In A. Erman, Reise um die Erde 1875. Synonymical notes and descriptions of new durch Nord-Asien und die beiden Oceanen, species of North American Coleoptera. in den Jahren 1828, 1829 und 1830, Natur- Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 5:126-156. historischen Atlas. G. Reimer, Berlin, pp. 27- Kaszab, Z. 50, pis. XV-XVI. 1952a. Die palaarktischen und orientalischen Arten Kraatz, G. der Meloiden-Gattung Epicauta Redtb. Acta 1880. Uebersicht der in den folgenden "Beitragen Biol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 3:573-599. zur Kenntniss der Canthariden von Dr. 1952b. Neue Epicautinen (Col., Meloidae) aus der Haag-Rutenberg" beschriebenen und in den orientalischen Region. Entomol. Arbeit. Mus. Uebersichtstabellen envahnten Lytta-Arten. G. Frey 3:79-89. Deutsche Entomol. Zeitschr. 24:15-16. 1953. Revision der aethiopischen Arten der Melo- Lacordaire, J. T. iden-Gattung Epicalrta Redtb. Acta Biol. 1859. Histoire natureIle des Insectes. Genera des Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 4:481-513. Coleopteres ou expose methodique et cri- 1954. Die Arten der Meloiden Gattung Psalydolytta tique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici Per. (Coleoptera,Meloidae). Acta Zool. Acad. dans cet ordre d'Insectes. Vol. 5. Librarie Sci. Hungaricae 1:69-103. EncyclopCdique de Roret, Paris, 750 pp. 1955. Die Arten der Meloiden Gattung Cylindro-

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Lewis, D. J. veaux recueillis dans le Congo belge par le 1958. Coleoptera of medical interest in the Sudan Dr. Sheffield Neave. I. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Republic. Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London Belgique 53:96-98. (A) 33: 37-42. 1913. Col6opthres Malacodermes et HetCromPres Maklin, F. W. du Congo belge. Rev. Zool. Africaines 3:157- 165. 1875. Neue Canthariden beschrieben. Acta Soc. 1914a. Colkoptkres vesicants recueillis par le Dr. Sci. Fennica 10:599-632. Bayonet Mad. C. Berti dans YOuganda. Ann. Marseul, S. A. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova 46:61-68. 1879. Etudes sur les Insectes &Angola qui se trou- 1914b. Notes sur divers vesicants des collections du vent au Museum National de Lisbonne. Jorn. Musee Civique de Gknes avec descriptions Sci. Math. Phys. Nat. Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa des nouveautb. Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. 7:37-67. Genova 46:102115. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1920. Nouveautks diverses. Melanges Exot.-Ento- 1906. Indian insect pests. Office of the Superinten- mol. 321-28. dent of Government Printing, Calcutta, vii + 1929. Coleoptera. -- 11. Meloides et Horiides. In H. 318 pp. Schouteden, Voyage au Congo de S. A. R. le 1907. The more important insects injurious to In- Prince LCopold de Belgique (1925). Rev. Zool. dian agriculture. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Bot. Africaines 17:116-128. Entomol. Ser. 1(2):113-252. 1931. Nouveaux vesicants de la region du Congo. Maxwell-Lefroy, H., and F. M. Howlett. Rev. Zool.Bot. Africaines 21:95-99. 1932a. NouveautCs diverses. Melanges Exot.-Ento- 1909. Indian insect life. Thacker, Spink & Co., Cal- mol. 5910-36. cutta and Simla, xii 786 pp. + 1932b. Contributions B l'etude de la faune du Medler, J. T. Mozambique. Voyage de M. P. Lesne (1928- 1980. Insects of Nigeria -- Check list and bibliog- 1929). loe note. -- Col~opthres,Meloidae. raphy. Mem. Arner. Entomol. Inst. 30,919 pp. Mem. Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ. Coimbra (1)62, Nagatomi, A., and K. Iwata. 11 PP. 1958. Biology of a Japanese blister beetle, Epicauta 1934. Mission J. de Lepiney au Soudan frangais gorhami Marseul (Coleoptera, Meloidae). (1933-1934) (neuviPme note). ColCoptPres. Mushi 31:29-46, pl. 4. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc 14:90-93. Olivier, A. G. 1947. Col6opthres du globe (suite). Echange 63:1-4, 9-12. 1795. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des In- 1951. Rksultats de la Mission zoologique suisse au sectes, avec leurs caracthres genkriques et Cameroun. Malacodermes HCteromkres vCs- specifiques, leur description, leur synony- icants et phytophages (p.p.). Mem. Inst. mie, et leur figure enluminee. Coleopthres. Francais Afrique Noire Cent. Cameroun, Vol. 3. Lanneau, Paris (genera paged sepa- Douala Sci. Nat. 1:217-222. ra tely) . 1952. Mission A. Villiers au Togo et au Dahomey 1808. [Same title as above.] Vol. 7. Planches-- (1950). VI. Col6opthres divers. Bull. Inst. Genres 1-65. Desrey, Paris. Francais Afrique Noire 1497-119. Pardo Alcaide, A. 1953. Contribution B l'etude de la zone d'inonda- 1969. Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba (Senegal). tion du Niger (Mission G. Remaudikre, 1950) Fascicule 111. XI. Coleoptera Meloidae. Mem. 11. -- Col6opt6res Malacodermoidea. Bull. Inst. Fondamental d'Afrique Noire 84:237- Inst. ~ran~ai^sAfrique Noire 15:1529-1534. 245. 1958. VIII. Col6optPres nouveaux. In La r6serve na- PCringuey, L. turelle intkgrale du Mont Nimba, pp. 199- 1909. Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of 207. Mem. Inst. Francais Afrique Noire, no. South Africa. Family Meloidae. Trans. Royal 53, fax. IV, 357 pp. Soc. South Africa 1:165-297, pls. xxii-xxiv. Purohit, M. L., and J. C. Pawar. Pic, M. 1959. New host and varietal preference of Epicart ta 1909. Diagnoses preliminaires d'Insectes nou- coerulea, Leuck [sic] (Meloidae Coleoptera).

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The Vikram (Vikram University, Ujjain, of Wellman alluding to the similarity of the mandi- India) 3:40-43,2 pls. bles of Psalydolytta rouxi and Epicauta nzimetica. Risbec, J. Early in this century Colenmnia sphenarioides was an 1950. La faune entomologique des cultures au important pest of jola (Sorghum bicolor) in southwest Senegal et au Soudan francais. Gouverne- India, where it was studied intensively by Coleman ment General de l'Afrique Occidentale Fran- (1911b). At three localities in Karnataka, Coleman k gaise. Jouve et Cie, Paris, 498 pp., 4 pls. found first grub larvae of an unidentified meloid, Roubaud, E. which may well have been Psalydolytta rouxi, eating 1915. [Note accompanying] J. Rodhain and J. Colemania eggs. Houssiau, Dermitite vesiculeuse saisonniere produite par un ColkoptPre. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 8:591. Saha, G. N. 1979. Revision of Indian blister beetles (Coleop- tera: Meloidae: Meloinae). Records Zool. Surv. India 74(1):1-146. Selander, R B. 1986. An annotated catalog and summary of bion- omics of blister beetles of the genus Cyane- olytta (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 11295-128. Selander, R. B., and A. A. Laurense. 1987. On the immature stages of Psalydolytta fusca (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89:489-499. Usman, S., and M. Puttarudraiah. 1955. A list of the insects of Mysore including the mites. Dept. Agric. Mysore State (India) Entomol. Series Bull. 16,194 pp. Villiers, A. 1953. Notes ethologiques sur quelques Coleop- tkes du Senegal. Bull. Inst. Frangais Afrique Noire 15:1329-1333. Wellman, F. C. 1909. On the Meloidae of Angola. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1908):600-624. Werner, F. G., W. R. Enns, and F. H. Parker. 1966. The Meloidae of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Agric. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 175,96 pp. Notes Lippincott's New Gazetteer of the World (1906)iden- tifies Galam as a country or district of French Africa in Senegambia occupying a tract along the Falem6 and Upper Senegal rivers, with Bake1 as its chief settlement. This area forms the eastern limits of the Occidental Region of modem Senegal. Gnathospastoides, first used in combination with rouxi by Fletcher (1914), is apparently a manuscript name

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