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Strengthening Communities and Institutions for Sustainable Management of Vembanad Backwaters, Kerala

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Strengthening Communities and Institutions for Sustainable Management of Vembanad Backwaters, Kerala Sengupta, M. and Dalwani, R. (Editors). 2008 Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference: 1158-1163 Strengthening Communities and Institutions for Sustainable Management of Vembanad Backwaters, Kerala Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan1*, Seema Purushothaman1, Siddhartha Krishnan1, Kiran, M.C. 1, Deepak, D.2 and Jojo. T.D. 2 1Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) 659, 5th A main, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560 024, India. 2Community Environmental Resource Centre (CERC) Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Ammankovil Street, Mullackal, Alappuzha, Kerala, India. *Corresponding author: Email : [email protected]. ABSTRACT The Vembanad wetland complex is the largest tropical wetland ecosystem on the southwest coast of India. It is a designated Ramsar site, a wetland of global importance for its biodiversity values. It is also an important resource area for local livelihoods dependent on fishing and allied industries, an important tourist destination and supports a highly productive agricultural system including the ‘rice bowl of Kerala’. All the major livelihood activities of Alappuzha are water-based and depend largely on Vembanad lake. The lake is used for fishing, mining sand and lime shell deposits, harvesting live clams, and tourism related activities. Surrounding land mass is used for rice cultivation, plantation crops, housing, tourist resorts, industries etc. All these ‘water based enterprises’ depend upon environmental integrity of the Vembanad Lake and the surroundings. The environmental conditions of the lake is in a steady decline due to severe anthropogenic pressures and all these activities are to various degrees in decline because of socio-economic and ecological changes happening in the region. The commercial nature of many of these activities leads to uncontrolled resource use which poses grave threats to the ecosystem. Ashoka trust for Research in Ecology and Environment (ATREE), is trying to address some of these isseus through its Community Environmental Resource centre (CERC), being established at Alappuzha, by bringing together local communities and institutions to strengthen wetland management in the Vembanad Backwaters. The more immediate objectives of CERC are to (a) strengthen capacities in governance and wise use of wetland biodiversity, (b) raise awareness of the values of biodiversity and ecosystem goods and services and (c) to enable a backwater information facility at the site. The project aims to build multi sectoral and multi stakeholder partnerships at the local level, influence decision making, increase coordination between stakeholders and strengthen their capacity to address the various issues related to Vembanad Backwaters. Keywords: Wetland management, capacity building, awareness creation, wetland information system, stakeholder partnership, policy interventions. Vembanad wetland is the largest humid tropical, attukorali an endangered fish species listed in IUCN wetland ecosystem of the south west coast of India. It red-data book is reported only from the Pathiramanal is a complex system of backwaters, marshes, lagoons, Island in Vembanad Lake. Based on the rich mangrove forests, reclaimed land and an intricate biodiversity and socio-economic importance, network of natural and manmade canals. Table 1 Vembanad Lake was declared as a Ramsar site, a provides some basic information about the system. wetland of international importance in November Four canals—Thottappally, Andhakaranazhi, Kochi 2002.1 Vembanad Lake, along with adjacent kol lands, and Azhikode—connect the lake to the sea. Rainfall is is the largest Ramsar site in India and supports the third obtained during two distinct rainy seasons, southwest largest wintering waterfowl population of the country. monsoon (June – August) and northeast monsoon Also it is one of the 15 mangrove areas that have been (September – November). The lake is fed by six rivers identified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests flowing from the Western Ghats: Achenkovil, Pampa, (MoEF) for intensive conservation and management. Meenachil, Manimala, Muvattupazha, and Periyar. The wetland is a lifeline for the villages situated on its banks. The site is ecologically significant owing to vanishing mangrove patches and as an important site for resident and migratory waterfowl. Horadandia Table 1: Basic information on Vembanad region. The lake is used for fishing, mining sand and lime shell deposits, harvesting live clams, and tourism related Location Latitude : 9º 28´and 10º10´N activities. Surrounding land mass is used for rice Longitude: 76º 13´ and 76º cultivation, plantation crops, housing, tourist resorts, 31´ E industries etc. All these ‘water based enterprises’ 0 Mean annual temperature 24.2 C depend upon environmental integrity of the Vembanad Mean annual rainfall 3000 mm Lake and the surroundings. The environmental conditions of the lake is in a steady decline due to No. of major rivers 6 draining into lake system severe anthropogenic pressures and all these activities Length of the lake 96 km are to various degrees in decline because of socio- economic and ecological changes happening in the Area of the Lake (south 13224 ha of Thanneermukkom region. The commercial nature of many of these bund) activities leads to uncontrolled resource use which Area of Lake (North of 23500 ha poses grave threats to the ecosystem. Thanneermukkom bund) Population ~16,00,000 The lake has a total surface area of ~36,500 ha spread across three central districts of Kerala, viz, Eranakulam in the north, Kottayam in the east and Alappuzha in the south. It is the lifeline of this area— nearly 1.6 million people live on the banks of the lake in 38 panchayaths spread across three districts (see Figure 1) apart from 3 municipalities and Cochin Corporation. A large population living in the drainage basin is directly or indirectly dependent upon this wetland ecosystem for their livelihood. Major livelihood activities dependent on the lake are agriculture, fishing, tourism, inland navigation, coir retting, lime shell collection, shrimp/ crab farming, sand mining, and fodder collection for livestock. A transitional ecotone between sea and land, Vembanad Lake is a highly productive environment, providing feeding, spawning and rearing areas for a very large proportion of commercial fish and shellfish. It supports rich fishery resources (e.g. variety of finfish, shellfish, several species of marine fishes, and shrimps) and acts as a sink and transformer for the agricultural and municipal wastes discharged into it. The lake system also supports a highly productive agricultural system. Kuttanad—the ‘rice bowl of Kerala’—spread over 1,100km2, which is a reclaimed portion of the lake. Figure 1: Map of the Vembanad wetland ecological The lake helps to contain flood waters and saves system. thickly populated areas from submersion, recharges coastal aquifers, filters and flushes out pollutants, Pollution: facilitates inland navigation and wetland tourism. The system supports unique cultural traditions, water Water pollution from a multitude of sources is the most centered social institutions and lifestyles. important reason deteriorating the quality of the lake system. Industrial and agro-chemical residues, Current Patterns of Resource Use and Threats municipal sewage, domestic wastes, waste discharge from house boats and resorts and coir retting to open All the major livelihood activities of Alappuzha are water bodies (Table 2) are the major sources of water-based and depend largely on Vembanad lake. pollution. Water quality deterioration is apparent in high concentration of nutrients, heavy metal 1159 contamination in the estuary mouth, high incidence of reduced to 0.6 km³ from 2.4 km³, a decline of 75 waterborne diseases and reduction in fish diversity and percent (James et al., 1997). fish catch (KWBS 1989). Physical Barriers: Table 2. Major pollutants of Vembanad Lake The Thanneermukkom barrier was constructed in 1976 Inorganic (partially completed) to prevent saline water intrusion • Effluents from nearby factories into paddy fields during the dry season, and thus • Emissions and oil leakage from the engines of bolster paddy cultivation. The barrier is regulated by a house boats committee headed by the District Collector and • Plastic and other inorganic waste dumped remains closed from mid November to mid March. The from the house boats closing of the barrier stops the tidal effects, stops the flow of water to the south of the barrier, and thus • Fertilizers and pesticide run-off from the hinders natural flushing out of contaminants. The paddy fields of Kuttanad accumulation of agro-chemical effluents from the • Chemical dyes used in the coir industry southern farmlands and sewage from adjacent areas • Chemical pollution from up-stream tea leads to increased levels of water pollution. The plantations through the rivers increase in the concentration of pollutants causes health Organic problems. Reduced flow leads to siltation; thereby • Sewage emptied into the canals from the reducing the depth of the lake. As a result, the water nearby towns and habitations. carrying capacity of the lake is reduced. After the • Sewage and other organic waste from house construction of the barrier, there have been increased boats conflicts between fishermen and farmers. The • Invasive (Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia population of fish and shrimps has suffered due to molesta etc.) and other aquatic weeds (water deteriorating water quality and as
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