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Comparative Studies 2009.Pmd ISSN 16915038 DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF THE HUMANITIES INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES LATGALE AS A CULTURE BORDERZONE COMPARATIVE STUDIES Vol. II (1) DAUGAVPILS UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC PRESS ìSAULEî ~ 2009 ~ Comparative Studies. Latgale as a Culture Borderzone. Vol. II (1). Daugavpils: Daugavpils University Academic Press ìSauleî, 2009. 240 p. Scientific Committee of the Issue Comparative Studies Dr. philos. Bente Aamotsbakken, Norway Dr. habil. philol. Vsevolod Bagno, Russia Dr. phil. Irina Belobrovtseva, Estonia Dr. J. Douglas Clayton, Canada Dr. habil. philol. Fjodors Fjodorovs, Latvia Dr. Rita Giuliani, Italy Dr. Véronique Jobert, France Dr. philol. Pekka Kujam‰ki, Finland Dr. hum. Mindaugas Kvietkauskas, Lithuania Dr. habil. philol. Vera V‚vere, Latvia Dr. Willem Weststeijn, the Netherlands Editorial Board of the Issue Comparative Studies. Latgale as a Culture Borderzone. Vol. II (1) Dr. habil. philol. Natalya Ananiewa, Russia Dr. philol. Tatyana Filosofova, United Kingdom Dr. habil. philol. Fjodors Fjodorovs, Latvia Dr. habil. philol. Valentin Golovin, Russia Dr. art. R˚ta Kaminska, Latvia Dr. habil. philol. JanÓna KursÓtePakule, Latvia Dr. paed. ValentÓna Liepa, Latvia Dr. human. Bronius Maskuli˚nas, Lithuania Dr. philol. Aaron Shneyer, Israel Dr. hist. Vyacheslav Shved, Belarus Dr. habil. chem, Dr. hist. h. c. J‚nis StradiÚ, Latvia Dr. philol. Vilma –audiÚa, Latvia Dr. habil. philol. Krzysztof Zajas, Poland Editorial Staff of the Issue Comparative Studies. Latgale as a Culture Borderzone. Vol. II (1) Editorinchief: ValentÓna Liepa Assistant editors: Fjodors Fjodorovs, Sandra Mekova The English language editors: Sandra Mekova, Biruta KalniÚa Proofreader: Oksana Komarova Layout: Marina StoËka ISSN 16915038 © Daugavpils University, 2009 ISBN 9789984144481 CONTENTS FOREWORD..................................................................................................... 5 HISTORY. RELIGION. CULTURE. LITERATURE Fjodors Fjodorovs (Latvia) The Spiritual Space of Latgale ............................................................................ 9 Ludmila Zhilvinska (Latvia) Dinaburg ñ Dvinsk and its Selfgovernment (the End of the 19th ñ Beginning of the 20th Centuries) .......................................................................................... 19 Aaron Shneyer (Israel) The Jewish Ludza ñ the Town and its People (1772 ñ 1941) ............................... 33 Aleksandrs Feigmanis (Latvia) Rabbinic Literature of Latgale and its Authors ................................................... 48 Boris Volkovich (Latvia) Zionist Movement in Latgale (till 1917) ............................................................. 55 Tatyana Filosofova (UK) The Anonymous Poetry in the Manuscript Tradition of the Russian OldBelievers of Latgale ..................................................................................... 71 Yelena Muratova (Belarus) The Religious Traditions and Choosing Name in the Milieu of OldBelievers...................................................................................................... 86 Yelena Korolyova (Latvia) Story of a Latgalian OldBeliever. The Experience of Fiction .............................. 93 Anita Bistere (Latvia) The Architecture of Orthodox Churches in Ludza District.................................. 104 Valda »aka (Latvia) Latgalian Traditional Culture and Regional Identity: Places of Cultural Memory and Symbols ........................................................................................ 116 Valdis TÁraudkalns (Latvia) Oneís Own People or Strangers: Lutheranism in Latgale during the Period of First Independence of Latvia (1918 ñ 1940) ................................................... 131 ValentÓna Liepa (Latvia) Latgale and Lithuania: Meeting of Traditions in Antanas RimaviËiusí Sacred Art .......................................................................................................... 144 4 AlÓna Romanovska (Latvia) Lithuania and Lithuanians in the Contemporary Latvian Fiction and Culture Periodicals ............................................................................................. 155 D˛iuljeta Maskuli˚nienÎ (Lithuania) Some Aspects of Representing Belarus and Latvia in Lithuanian Culture Periodicals in 1997 ñ 2007 ................................................................................. 165 Maija Burima (Latvia) The Mental Topochrone of Latgale in the Recent Latvian Literature .................. 174 LINGUISTICS Bronius Maskuli˚nas (Lithuania) The Early Lithuanian and Latvian Writing: Linguistic and Cultural Context ...... 187 Anna Stafecka (Latvia) Latgalian Writing throughout Centuries ............................................................. 192 Natalya Ananiewa (Russia) Baltic Borrowings in the Polish Patois of the BalticSlavonic Border Areas .......... 200 Vilma –audiÚa (Latvia) EthnoLinguistic Relations of the Southeastern Subdialects of Latvia.................. 208 Janina –vambarytÎValu˛ienÎ, GenovaitÎ KaËiukienÎ (Lithuania) The Problems of Preservation of Periphery Lexis: the Case of the Dictionary of Jonikis Subdialects ...................................................................... 215 Anna Vul‚ne (Latvia) Expression of Feature Intensity in East Latvian Dialect ...................................... 228 CONTRIBUTORS ............................................................................................ 236 5 FOREWORD Volume 2 of Comparative Studies is dedicated to Latgale, the eastern region of Latvia, that is a unique nature and culture space. In fact, any space, no matter whether it is large or small, is singular; each hill or lake, river, forest, or even a tree is not just an isolated physical entity, but also a mental being with its own memory that is reflected in the consciousness of people living there that in turn is reflected in the surrounding forests and lakes, the sky. Natural landscape is also a spiritual landscape. Latgale differs from other regions of Latvia ñ Vidzeme, Kurzeme, and Zemgale; it is only natural because each space has its own rhythm of horizontal and vertical parameters. Latgale is called the land of blue lakes. This region is truly rich in lakes; they are not only blue but very diverse, big and small. There are dark forest lakes hidden in pine woods, still, mysterious, mythological ëwordsí of entrails of the earth; and there are wide, light, merry, manyvoiced ones that lead a ceaseless dialogue with the sky. Latgalian landscape probably amazes one most with country graveyards that are small birch groves among the fields visible from afar or pine backwoods near a lake hidden from the human eye. Many graves are covered with grass, almost merging with the ground, unattended. There is nothing sadder than graves sunk into oblivion. Yet it seems that in the rustle of leaves, the sharp ëshrieksí of branches, sunny flashes or raindrops hanging on leaves, there is the sound of breath, speech of those who some time ago treaded upon this ground, ploughed, laughed, and cried. The graveyard, even if it has almost been razed to the ground, which is very sorrowful, is the repository of the former life. Passing over, people merge with the earth becoming its voice, the voice of birch and pine leaves. Nature is the great Mass, polyphonic, polyglot choral. Nature is also culture. Country graveyards are the words spoken by the deceased generations. However, a country graveyard, about which I so insistently speak, is not only a concrete phenomenon but also a metonymy of limitless mental space. Memory ñ oblivion, Mnemosyne ñ the Lethe are most essential oppositions of human consciousness. It is evident that oblivion is necessary for living. Yet it is also evident that memory is necessary for living. Latgale has been populated by many nations. Many voices have sounded beneath the Latgalian sky. We wish to describe country graveyards. We wish to describe the past unknown, yet the only lives of both individual people and bigger and smaller communities. We wish to bring back to the present the distant past in the name of the future. This is our duty before the past and the future. Fjodors Fjodorovs . HISTORY. RELIGION. CULTURE. LITERATURE . Fjodors Fjodorovs THE SPIRITUAL SPACE OF LATGALE Summary The Baltic region is one of the most catastrophe marked regions of the second millennium, especially its second part, a centre of attraction of geopolitical interests of the European world, both the Occident and the Orient. In the course of last 800 years, Latgale has survived five rather independent periods, five different lives, at the beginning of the 1990s entering the sixth one: 1) the German period, 2) the Polish, 3) the Russian, 4) the Latvian, 5) the Soviet one. The history of Latgale is the history of the region that has restarted its life from scratch five times, first and foremost because each of these periods has been characterized by an almost total change of ethnicity and sociocultural field, which perished before it had had a chance to form completely and locate itself on the mental map. For this reason, the historicocultural ëverticalí of Latgale is the space of almost impermeable ethnocultural layers (spheres). However, on the horizontal layer of the history of each period there had been attempts at overcoming the confessional, national, cultural, language closures and building a political coexistence instead of a conflicting and isolated one. The centres of harmonious cultural world order got spread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This is proved by the philosophical
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