DOCSLIB.ORG

Armillaria Root Rot

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Armillaria Root Rot Under the Microscope Armillaria root rot Armillaria luteobubalina is a fungal very low rate but has been shown to phytopathogen endemic to Australia. JL Smith-White * † occur regularly enough to initiate new First described by Podger et al 1, this clonal infections. BA Summerell * species affects a wide range of plants in Once penetration of the host has been horticultural and native environments of * Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust Mrs Macquaries Rd achieved, Armillaria characteristically temperate regions within Australia, Sydney, NSW 2000 releases a group of cell degrading colonising root and trunk tissue. This † Department of Land enzymes that include hemicellulases and colonisation causes tissue necrosis and Water and Crop Sciences cellulases. These enzymes breakdown Faculty of Agriculture ultimately death of the host, giving it the the cellulase fibrils and hemicellulase disease name of Armillaria root rot. Food and Natural Resources University of Sydney, NSW 2006 matrix of the primary and secondary plant This disease has brought about cell walls. It is this process that causes the considerable economic loss to majority of damage to the host. Although the majority of disease spread is horticultural, forestry and amenity Colonisation was thought to be restricted thought to be through root contact, plantings. To date, control options are to the base of the plants; however, recent studies that have investigated mating allele limited, with removal of the infected findings by the authors have shown that combinations 2, 6 [authors’ unpublished material as the only proven successful colonisation as high as 5 metres up the data] have shown that approximately half management procedure. stems of certain species can occur of all clones at a given site will be related [authors’ unpublished data]. Armillaria sp. through the process of sexual endemic to Australia recombination. This suggests that Identification basidiospore dispersal and sexual For many years the identification of Prior to the 1970s, all Armillaria species recombination have an impact on the Armillaria root rot and Armillaria species were identified as A. mellea, the major epidemiology of A. luteobubalina. relied upon macro- and micro-scopic species found throughout Europe. variations in basidiome morphology, During 1970-80 Kile and colleagues 1-3 Disease development and characteristics in culture and mating studies. identified five species based on host response morphological and biological species Armillaria fruiting bodies are generally concepts: A. luteobubalina, A.. hinnulea, The major disease symptoms include produced annually from the end of A. fumosa, A. novae-zelandiae and A. rotten water-soaked roots, leaf wilting, Autumn to early Winter. This can be a pallidula. dieback, trunk-splitting and collar rot. simple and time efficient technique for The development of these symptoms is identification when the fruiting bodies are Only A. luteobubalina, the most highly dependent upon environmental produced. However, not all field isolates abundant species found within Australia, conditions and the host species. Some of Armillaria produce fruiting bodies is considered to be a pathogen of plants show no or few symptoms for every year and mis-diagnosis can be significant concern. This species can be many years until the combination of made. generally characterised by its extensive infection and significant stress yellow/brown fruiting body, thick yellow causes them to die within a number of Identification to species level from the annulus and ivory white spores. days. root material is extremely difficult and Rhizomorph production is sparse under unreliable due to the similarity across all There are three forms of disease most field environments 4 but abundant in species. Isolation of the fungus can be transmission exhibited by Armillaria: the culture. Specimens have been found in a extremely difficult and may require production of rhizomorphs; contact wide range of environments, such as incubation for extensive periods of time. between infected and non-infected roots; coastal dune plains, dry schlerophyll In recent years, however, identification and the dispersal of basidiospores. As forests and blue gum high forests, but are techniques for Armillaria have rhizomorphs are not produced to any generally restricted to temperate regions broadened to encompass molecular significant degree by A. luteobubalina, of the Australian coastline and ranges 5. characteristics. A molecular technique for this is not a significant form of the identification of A. luteobubalina has Sites of high disease prevalence are transmission and so contact between been developed recently based on a PCR- usually composed of more than one clone infected and non-infected roots is the RFLP technique 7. (genetically different individuals) with main method of clonal expansion. In individual clones relatively small comparison, the dispersal of Control compared to those found in some of the basidiospores as a form of disease The are no effective means of control of northern hemisphere species 2. transmission is considered to occur at a this disease other than by removing all the MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA • JULY 2003 31 Under the Microscope infected material from soil. This may Transactions of the British Mycological Society 5. Kile GA. Identification of genotypes and the involve extensive excavation of root 1978; 71, 77-87. clonal development of Armillaria systems and may involve large machinery 2. Kile GA & Watling R. Armillaria species from luteobubalina in eucalypt forests. Australian southeastern Australia. Transactions of the Journal of Botany 1983; 31, 657-671. and considerable expense. No chemical British Mycological Society 1983; 81, 129-140. control is currently available; however, 3. Kile GA & Watling R. Identification and 6. Dunne CP, Glen M, Tommerup IC, Shearer BL & biological control options using other occurrence of Australian Armillaria spp. Hardy GES. Sequence variation in the rDNA ITS fungi are being investigated. Host including Armillaria pallidula sp.nov. and of Australian Armillaria species and intra- comparative studies between them and non- resistance is poorly understood but may specific variation of A. luteobubalina. Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria. offer some hope for control of the disease. Transactions of the British Mycological Society Australasian Plant Pathology 2002; 31, 241-251. 1988; 91, 305-316. 7. Smith-White JL, Summerell BA, Gunn LV, Rinzin C, References 4. Shearer BL & Tippett JT. Distribution and impact Porter C & Burgess LW. Molecular detection and 1. Podger FD, Kile GA, Watling R & Fryer J. Spread of Armillaria luteobubalina in the Eucalyptus and effects of Armillaria luteobubalina sp. nov. marginata forest of south-western Australia. differentiation of Australian Armillaria species. in an Australian Eucalyptus regnans plantation. Australian Journal of Botany 1988; 36, 433-446. Australasian Plant Pathology 2002; 31, 75-79. Mycorrhizas and revegetation Much of Australia has extremely addition, the local community expect the Peter McGee impoverished soil. Phosphate is site to be returned to a state resembling particularly deficient. The major difficulty Greg Pattinson the original vegetation when the site is in revegetating these soils after severe Anne-Laure Markovina returned. Results from initial plantings disturbance is that plant survival and School of Biological Sciences A12 from seed by the operators indicate that a 1 growth is unpredictable . University of Sydney, NSW 2006 very limited number of plant species Mycorrhizas are associations between soil- would grow. None of these formed AM. A borne fungi and the roots of plants. Of We set out to determine whether AM may much more effective approach to particular interest are the arbuscular play a role in revegetation of highly revegetation was required. disturbed sites. We were particularly mycorrhiza (AM) whose fungi form an We germinated seed of four plant species interested in whether inoculation with internal colony in the roots of some 70% of collected from the site. Seedlings were mycorrhizal fungi was necessary, whether all plant species. In AM, the fungi function either inoculated with AM fungi obtained the inoculated fungi would establish in as extensions of the root system, enabling from a similar soil, or fertilised to a similar the plant to increase uptake of non-labile disturbed soils, and whether we could size. We transplanted the seedlings to the minerals, especially phosphorus (P), from provide a long-term benefit by site and followed survival and growth of soil. The fungus gains its organic energy inoculation. the plants, and survival and spread of the from the plant, and can only be maintained The experimental site was a waste disposal AM fungi over 20 months. in the presence of living roots. area south of Sydney. The region is Only fertilised or mycorrhizal seedlings Experiments in the laboratory over many characterised by open vegetation typical survived to the transplanting stage, years have demonstrated the importance of Hawkesbury Sandstone. In broad indicating that, unless fertiliser was of mycorrhizas to plant growth 2. terms, the operators at the site move the continually applied to the soils, However, as most Australian plants are bedrock and soil to one side, the waste is mycorrhizal fungi were essential for the adapted to impoverished soils, their deposited and compacted, and then the long-term maintenance of vegetation at growth response to mycorrhizas is crushed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shoestring Root Rot - a Cause of Tree and Shrub Decline
    PPFS-OR-W-05 Plant Pathology Fact Sheet Shoestring Root Rot - A Cause of Tree and Shrub Decline By John Hartman Most woody landscape plants are susceptible to shoestring root rot, cause of dieback and decline in the landscape. Diagnosis of this problem requires close examination of the base of the trunk which often reveals loose or decayed bark and dead cambium. By peeling back the bark one can often observe dark brown rhizomorphs (thick strands of hyphae), resembling narrow “shoestrings” (Figure 1). FIGURE 1. ARMILLARIA RHIZOMORPHS These rhizomorphs are signs of one or more species of Armillaria and perhaps other This disease is sometimes confused with related fungi, cause of shoestring root rot. Phytophthora root and collar rot. The decay Decayed roots with rhizomorphs growing associated with Phytophthora is usually a along their surface can be observed by darker brown color, decayed bark is more digging up the roots. moist, and rhizomorphs are absent. Creamy white fans of fungal mycelium Shoestring root rot has a very wide host range may also be observed under the bark. The and is most frequently observed in oaks, mushroom stage (Figure 2) of shoestring maples, pines, hornbeams, taxus, and fruit root rot sometimes develops in fall on dead trees in the landscape. Often, it is associated trees or decayed logs. with formerly wooded sites converted to landscapes because the fungus can persist Shoestring root rot is also called Armillaria for many years in decaying wood in soil. root rot, mushroom root rot, and oak root rot. Most trees with Armillaria root rot are trees Once trees or shrubs begin to show serious symptoms of decline, including dieback of twigs and branches, undersized and off-color leaves, increased trunk and limb sprouts (epicormic branching), and excessive fruit set, the decline is often not reversible.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Diseases Diagnosis of Root Diseases Can Be Very Challenging Armillaria Root Disease • Symptoms Can Be Similar for Different Root Diseases • Below Ground Attacks
    Root Diseases Diagnosis of root diseases can be very challenging Armillaria root disease • Symptoms can be similar for different root diseases • Below ground attacks but above ground Heterobasision annosum symptoms Annosus root disease • Signs are rare and often are produced once a year for short periods Chronosequence of stand and tree level symptoms of root diseases Source: Fig.12.10, p.312 Forest Health and Protection by Edmonds, R. L., J. K. Agee and R. I. Gara. 2011. Waveland Press, Long Grove, IL. 2nd ed. Used with permission from Waveland Press Dec.13, 2011. Tree level symptoms of Armillaria root disease CC BY 3.0. Borys M. Tkacz, USFS, Bugwood.orgTkacz, BorysM. 3.0. CC BY Tree level symptoms of Armillaria root disease • Dead saplings next to stumps, retaining needles • Roots of young trees grow into the dead roots infected by Armillaria, come into contact with rhizomorphs and get infected Signs of Armillaria root disease • Rhizomorphs: specialized highly adapted structures • Allow the pathogen to explore the “Rhizomorphs (thick fungal threads) of Armillaria mellea” Lairich Rig. CC BY-SA 2.0. environment and http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/933530 survive in the soil for decades • Contain melanin, a protective compound Cross section of rhizomorph showing differentiated tissue Signs of Armillaria root disease • Armillaria attacks the living cambium of tree roots • Mycelial fans form under the bark of infected trees • The mycelium is very strong and can grow under and lift the bark, leaving imprints Signs of Armillaria root disease
    [Show full text]
  • ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT: a DISEASE of NATIVE and INTRODUCED TREES Forests Fact Sheet
    ARMILLARIA ROOT ROT: A DISEASE December 2003 OF NATIVE AND INTRODUCED TREES ISSN 1440-2262 Ian W. Smith & David I. Smith, Forest Science Centre Background Armillaria root rot, unlike some familiar pests and diseases, occurs naturally in many forests of Victoria. This aggressive fungal pathogen has so far seriously damaged about 2000 ha of mixed species eucalypt forest in the Mt. Cole and Wombat State Forests with minor outbreaks in other areas of Victoria. It attacks many species of native trees and shrubs including eucalypts and wattles, and has also been recorded on introduced trees and shrubs growing in parks and botanical and domestic gardens. Symptoms and Signs of disease The fungus can kill trees and shrub species of any age and has a very wide host range. Young trees and seedlings may, over a period of a few weeks, suddenly wilt and the leaves fall. They may die within 3-6 months of the onset of the first symptoms. Larger trees, especially those with a sizeable trunk, die more slowly. The initial symptoms of sparse foliage and branch dieback may continue for up to 3 years before the remaining foliage begins to wilt, the leaves turn brown and the trees die (Figure 1). Other pathogens and environmental disorders can produce similar symptoms, so it is wise to check that Armillaria infection is present by examining a tree showing advanced disease symptoms. To do this, remove some of the inner bark at the base of the tree and look for fan-shaped, creamy-white fungal sheets (Figure 2). Often the bark tissue around the fungal sheets turns chocolate brown in colour.
    [Show full text]
  • The Isolation, Purification and Analysis of the Melanin Pigment Extracted from Armillaria Mellea Rhizomorphs
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 100 (2018) 135-153 EISSN 2392-2192 The isolation, purification and analysis of the melanin pigment extracted from Armillaria mellea rhizomorphs Łukasz Łopusiewicz Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 35 Janickiego Str., Szczecin 71-270, Poland E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The aim of present study was isolation and characteriation of raw and purified melanin from Armillaria mellea rhizomorphs. Native melanin was isolated from the rhizomorphs of A. mellea by alkaline extraction. Obtained pigment was purifed by acid hydrolysis and washed by organic solvents. Chemical tests, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy analysis were conducted to determine the melanin nature of the isolated pigment. UV-Vis, transmittance and colour properties were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was determined using ABTS and antibacterial activity by a well diffusion method. The results of the study demonstrated that melanins isolated from A. mellea rhizomorphs had antioxidant, light barrier and antibacterial properties. A purified form of melanin offered better light properties and higher antioxidant activity than the raw form. Both melanins showed antimicrobial activity, raw melanin form had broader activity compared to the pure form. This study revealed that A. mellea rhizomorphs may be considered as a promising source of natural melanin. Isolated pigments presented all the physical and chemical properties common to natural and synthetic melanins. Raw and purified melanins showed differences in chemical composition, antioxidant activity and light barrier properties. Results of this study suggest that, melanins from A. mellea could be applied in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection, Recognition and Management Options for Armillaria Root Disease in Urban Environments
    Detection, recognition and management options for Armillaria root disease in urban environments Richard Robinson Department of Environment and Conservation, Manjimup, WA 6258 Email: [email protected] Abstract Armillaria luteobubalina, the Australian honey fungus, is an endemic pathogen that attacks and kills the roots of susceptible trees and shrubs, causing a root rot. The fungus colonises the cambium and trees eventually die when the root collar is girdle and it spreads from host to host by root contact. The disease is referred to as armillaria root disease (ARD). In recent years, reports of ARD killing trees and shrubs in urban parks and gardens have increased. When investigated, infection is usually traced to stumps or the roots of infected trees that were left following clearing of the bush when towns or new suburbs were established. The Australian honey fungus is indigenous to southern Australia, and is common in all forest, woodland and some coastal heath communities. In undisturbed environments, ARD is generally not the primary cause of death of healthy forest or woodland trees but more usually it kills trees weakened by competition, age-related decline or environmental stress and disturbance. In gardens and parks, however, the honey fungus can become a particularly aggressive pathogen and in this situation no native or ornamental trees and shrubs appear to be resistant to infection. The life cycle of the fungus consists of a parasitic phase during which the host is infected and colonised. The time taken for plants to succumb to disease varies, but may take decades for large trees. A saprophytic phase follows, during which the root system and stump of the dead host is used by the fungus as a food base.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria Root Rot on Urban Trees: Another Perspective to the Root Rot Problem in Newfoundland by Pritam Singh and G
    Canadian Plant Disease Survey 63: 1, 1983 3 Armillaria root rot on urban trees: another perspective to the root rot problem in Newfoundland by Pritam Singh and G. C. Care w 1 This article is the first record of Armillaria root rot on ornamental and shade trees in Newfoundland. It discusses the distribution, severity and impact of the disease in urban areas, and implication of these findings on the root rot problem in this Region. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 63: 1, 3-6, 1983. Cet article est le premier B mentionner la presence du pourridie-agaric sur les arbres ornementaux et B ombrage de Terre-Neuve. I1 discute de la distribution, de la severite et de I'impact de cette maladie en zone urbaine, et de I'implication de ces resultats sur le probkme de la pourriture des racines dans cette region. Introduction Later in the fall, twenty one more chlorotic and dead trees, showing similar symptoms and signs, were observed in this Armillaria or shoe-string root rot, caused by Armillaria mellea and eleven more home gardens and landscapes in five (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer [= Armillariella mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) recently developed urban areas scattered across the Island Karst], is an important root disease affecting a variety of (Fig. 1). The infected trees belonged to seven species: Sitka forest, shade, ornamental and orchard trees and shrubs in spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.; Canada yew, Taxus Canada and the United States. In Newfoundland, A. mellea is canadensis Marsh.; white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh.; pin island-wide in distribution and has been observed both as a cherry, Prunus pensylvanica L.F.; American mountain-ash, parasite and saprophyte on 66 tree provenances belonging to Sorbus americana Marsh.; white spruce, Picea glauca 22 softwood and hardwood, indigenous and introduced (Moench) Voss; and black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria Root Rot Robert Hartig (1839-1901) Is Considered the Father of Forest Pathology
    Landscape Notes Vol 17 no. 5 & 6 January 2004 Disease Notes: Armillaria Root Rot Robert Hartig (1839-1901) is considered the father of Forest Pathology. It was he who in a monographic treatise in 1874 on Agaricus melleus described the pathology of what we now call Armillaria mellea. A. mellea causes root disease to such degree as to be one of the most prominent killers and decayers of deciduous and coniferous forest trees, orchard and ornamental trees, shrubs and other landscape plants throughout the world. It is the cause of many of the tree deaths I diagnose every year. Comments on the Life History and Survival Structures Armillaria can act as a primary pathogen, a stress-induced secondary invader, and as a saprophyte. The basis for this varied physiology is not understood. Armillaria has the ability to form many different kinds of structures based on its survival in wood. It can form mushrooms (basidiomes), mycelia, melanized cells or pseudosclerotial zone lines in wood, and rhizomorphs. The mushrooms of Armillaria typically form in winter in California after about two months of cold night and day temperatures. Their formation around infected trees or root pieces may occur every year consistently or intermittently from year to year depending on temperature conditions. They are always formed in clusters— never are they solitary. Mushrooms are always attached to woody material, either the bases of trees or roots near the surface. The mushroom has a cap and stalk or stipe which has a ring or annulus on it. (Fig. 1) The color is variable from honey colored to brown.
    [Show full text]
  • An Example with Armillaria Root Disease
    United States Department of Agriculture Approaches to Predicting Forest Service Rocky Mountain Potential Impacts of Climate Research Station Research Paper RMRS-RP-76 Change on Forest Disease: July 2009 An Example With Armillaria Root Disease Ned B. Klopfenstein, Mee-Sook Kim, John W. Hanna, Bryce A. Richardson, and John Lundquist Klopfenstein, Ned B.; Kim, Mee-Sook; Hanna, John W.; Richardson, Bryce A.; Lundquist, John E. 2009. Approaches to predicting potential impacts of climate change on forest disease: an example with Armillaria root disease. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-76. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 10 p. Abstract Predicting climate change influences on forest diseases will foster forest management practices that minimize adverse impacts of diseases. Precise locations of accurately identi- fied pathogens and hosts must be documented and spatially referenced to determine which climatic factors influence species distribution. With this information, bioclimatic models can predict the occurrence and distribution of suitable climate space for host and pathogen species under projected climate scenarios. Predictive capacity is extremely limited for forest pathogens because distribution data are usually lacking. Using Armillaria root disease as an example, predictive approaches using available data are presented. Keywords: climate change, forest diseases, Armillaria, bioclimatic models, forest pathogens, global warming, MaxEnt Authors Ned B. Klopfenstein is a Research Plant Pathologist, with the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID. John W. Hanna is a Biological Technician, with the U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID. Bryce A. Richardson is a Research Plant Geneticist, with the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria Root Rot Wood in Soil, Infecting New Plantings and Spreading to Infect Nearby Plants (Figure 21)
    Armillaria Root Rot wood in soil, infecting new plantings and spreading to infect nearby plants (Figure 21). Armillaria mellea Symptoms and Damage Armillaria root rot infects many crops and native and orna- mental plants. Common hosts include avocado, cherimoya, The Armillaria fungus can become well established in roots citrus, and oak trees. The fungus persists in infested roots and and the root crown before any symptoms are visible above ground. Infected trees usually die prematurely, and if they are young trees they often die quickly after infection. Mature trees may die quickly or slowly, or they may recover at least temporarily if conditions become good for tree growth and poor for disease development. Wilted, downward-hanging foliage is often the first obvi- ous symptom of Armillaria root rot. Other symptoms include yellowing of the foliage, leaf drop, and dieback of upper limbs. During rainy fall and winter periods, short-lived mushrooms often appear around the base of Armillaria-infected trees. The mushroom caps vary in color from off-white to honey-yellow to almost black. Each cap is about 1 to 10 inches (2.5–25 cm) in diameter. The mushrooms always occur in groups, never singly. Mushrooms have a ring on the stalk just under the cap This wilted, downward-hanging foliage is a symptom of infection by Armillaria mellea. Other symptoms of Armillaria root rot include yellowing of foliage, leaf drop, and dieback of upper limbs. JACK KELLY CLARK JACK KELLY During the rainy fall and winter, short-lived mushrooms often grow The most reliable sign of Armillaria root rot is white, cottony fungal around the base of Armillaria-infected trees such as this almond.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Defoliation and Cutting in Eastern Oak Forests on Armillaria Spp
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 347 Effects of defoliation and cutting in eastern oak forests on Armillaria spp. and a competitor, Megacollybia platyphylla E.A. Burrill, J.J. Worrall, P.M. Wargo, and S.V. Stehman Abstract: Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) and Armillaria root rot interact to cause extensive mortality in eastern oak forests. Defoliation by gypsy moth weakens trees and increases their susceptibility to Armillaria root rot. Partial cutting prior to defoliation has been proposed as a management technique because it may increase tree vigor and the ability to withstand defoliation stress. However, cutting could also increase inoculum potential of Armillaria by providing a resource, the residual stumps. Megacollybia platyphylla (Pers.:Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz. is a native, cord-forming, saprobic fungus that may compete with Armillaria for resources such as stumps, snags and debris. A factorial treatment design with three levels of cutting and three levels of defoliation was used to examine the effects of cutting and defoliation on the two fungi. Among uncut stands, defoliated stands had significantly greater colonization of resource units by Armillaria than nondefoliated stands. However, stands that were cut prior to defoliation had significantly less Armillaria colonization and significantly more M. platyphylla colonization than those that were not cut. Armillaria colonized snags better than stumps and colonized least well in debris, where M. platyphylla showed its best colonizing performance. The data suggest that cutting mitigates the effects of defoliation on colonization by Armillaria and are consistent with the hypothesis that M. platyphylla plays a role in such mitigation. Résumé : La spongieuse (Lymantria dispar L.) et l’armillaire, en agissant conjointement, causent beaucoup de mortalité dans les forêts de chênes de l’Est.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria (Shoestring) Root Rot
    EB1776 ARMILLARIA (SHOESTRING) ROOT ROT Shoestring root rot is caused by a group of fungi known as Armillaria. At least 12 species of Armillaria have been shown to cause root rots, but since it is very difficult to distinguish between these fungi, and many of these disease situations have not been thoroughly investigated, they are commonly refered to only as Armillaria melea. These fungi rot the roots of many different kinds of plants. Most often this disease is found on trees and shrubs such as fir, oak, pine, rhododendron, lilac, and dogwood. However, it is not restricted to woody plants and has been found on raspberry and strawberry. Plants which are not growing well are more likely to be seriously damaged. Symptoms. Symptoms of this root rot on above-ground parts of a plant generally appear as stunting, yellowing, or browning of leaves of needles, which may drop. Symptoms occur over the whole plant. Foliage may look unhealthy and become more sparse over a period of several years or may show no evidence of any problems but suddenly die. Similar symptoms may be caused by other factors such as general lack of plant care or weather stress. Armillaria root rot can be distinguished from other problems by examining the lower trunk and roots. If Armillaria is responsible for the problem, a white, generally felt-like fungus growth can be seen between the bark and the wood when the bark is carefully peeled from the wood. At the edge of a diseased area, the white fungus growth normally assumes a characteristic fan-shape.
    [Show full text]
  • Australi A's Fungi Mappi Ng Scheme
    APRI L 2002 AUSTRALI A’S FUNGI MAPPI NG SCHEME I nside t his Edit ion: Contacting Fungimap 2 Interesting Groups & Websites 2 Fungimap Resources Update 3 The Why and How of Surveys for Fungi 1 4–5 Fungimap Book 6 Common Names for Fungimap Target Species 7 Regional Coordinator News 8–9 Encounter 2002 – a Fungus from Mt Brown, SA 9 We Need Your Help This Mushroom Season 10 Fungimap Species in Africa 10 Forthcoming Events 11 Acknowledgements 12 News f rom t he Fungimap year, so my apologies to those of you who Coordinat or are still waiting for a reply – you have not been forgotten. We hope that the Fungi With the fungi season about to start, I Open House, advertised below, will help thought I would encourage you all to get out ease this situation. there looking for fungi with this fantastic photo of Battarraea stevenii, taken by John A lot of my time over the summer was spent Eichler in the Melbourne bayside suburb of cleaning up the database, which is now in a Black Rock in January last year. This was a relational format, enabling me to keep track significant find; this is the first record of the of records, photos and contact details in the species in the Port Phillip Bay region for same place. It is a very time-consuming more than 50 years. This is a good process, but it will be worth it in the end, demonstration of the value of the Fungimap and should enable us to produce updated project.
    [Show full text]