Advanced Organic Economy, 22 Ætna, Mount, 179 Agra, 11 , 29 Airs

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07300-5 — The Smoke of London William M. Cavert Index More Information

Index

advanced organic economy, 22 Beijing, xvii , 11 , 29, 35 – 6, 237 Ætna, Mount, 179 Bentinck, Margaret, Duchess of Agra, 11 , 29 Portland, 214 airs, waters, places, Blackstone, William, 63 See Hippocratic medicine Boate, Arnold, 87 , 177 alchemy, 85 – 6 , 181 Boerhaave, Herman, 89 Aldred’s Case, 64 Bordeaux, 11 ale, 46 – 7 Boswell, James, xiv Aleppo, 11 Boyle, Richard, 3rd Earl of Allen, Robert, 128 Burlington, 78 almshouses, 26 Boyle, Robert, 86 , 88 – 9 , 92 , 187 Althorp, 220 Bradshaw, Joseph, 25 Amsterdam, xiv, 3 , 30 Brewer, John, 137 Anne, Queen, xiii , 143 – 4, 157 , 162, Breweries bill of 1624, 53 – 4 , 80 , 84 , 165 , 192, 228 178, 192 Annesley, Arthur, 1st Earl of Anglesey, Brimblecombe, Peter, 38 104 – 5 , 115 Browne, Sir Richard, 184 Arbuthnot, John, 89 – 92 , 96 – 7 , 99, 228 Bruni, Leonardo, 32 Aristotle, 86 Brydges, James, 1st Duke of Chandos, Augustine, 59 27, 218 Austen, Jane, xvii Burke, Edmund III, xviii Average pollutant levels, according to Butler, James, 1st Duke of Ormonde, 104 modelling, 35 – 7 Buxton, 13 Avicenna, 86 , 177 Byron George Gordon, 6th Baron Byron, 232 – 3 Bacon, Francis, 1st Earl of St. Albans, 89, 97, 181 Cairo, xvii , 11, 29 Ball, Sir Peter, 184 Cambell, Sir James, 146 –7 , 154 Baltic timber, 158 Cambridge, 109 Barnard, John, 149 Camden, William, 32 Beale, John, 186 –7 Cannons, 27 Beer brewers in London, 21 , 25, 45 – 8 , Caribbean, 15 53 – 61 , 69 , 72 , 75 – 8 , 80, 126 , Carson, Rachel, 236 159 , 178 – 9, 185 – 6, 189 – 91 , Carter, Elizabeth, xv, 213 – 15 , 218 , 224 192 , 233 Catherine of Braganza, Queen, 84, 185

267

268 Index

Cecil, William, 1st Baron Colchester, 108 Burghley, 113 Coleman, Charles, 199 Cecil, William, 2nd Earl of Exeter, 55 Colman, George, 222 Chapman, George, 197 Colt, Sir Henry Dutton, 192 Charles I, King, 25, 45, 50 , 53 – 62 , Columbian Exchange, 7 82 – 3 , 112 , 135 , 160, 177 , 188, Congreve, William, 203 191 , 193 , 198 – 9, 233 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 3rd Earl of Charles II, King, 57 – 8 , 73, 75, 84 , Shaftesbury, 227 – 8 90, 155 , 167 , 173 – 6, 183 – 6 , Cotesworth, William, 148 188 – 91 , 194, 200 – 1, 216 Cottington, Francis, 178 Chatham, 103 , 164 Country air, contrasted with city, xiii, Cheyne, Charles, 1st Viscount xv , xix , 85 , 89 , 91, 93, 195 – 212, Newhaven, 67, 78 213 – 31 Cheyne, George, 89– 91 courts China, 35 , 236 Chancery, 67 Chongqing, 36 King’s Bench, 43 , 65 – 6, 70 – 1 Christmas, 68 manor, 73 Cicero, 177 sessions of the peace, 71 – 3 coal Coventry, Sir William, 167 charitable distributions, See Fuel Cowley, Abraham, 178 , 206 – 7 charities Crani eld, Lionel, 1st Earl of Middlesex, consumption in London, 24 26 – 7 as associated with the poor, 27 – 8 , credit, 27 103– 5 , 110 – 21 , 125 Cromwell, Oliver, 199 compared with food, 111 – 13 Curwen, John Christian, 235 domestic, 24 – 6 , 31 , 179 for industrial production, 25 , Davenant, Charles, 96 , 139 124– 30 , 148, 178 – 9 Davenant, William, 178 , 188, 198 – 200 as universal, 25 , 113 – 14 Defoe, Daniel, 220 mining, 17 – 18 , 213 Dekker, Thomas, 46 , 84, 234 nature and origin, xvi Delany, Mary, 214 prices, 27 – 8 , 43, 104 – 5, 120 , 163 – 6 Delhi, xvii , 29, 36 set by governments, 150 – 1 Denham, John, 178 , 188 – 9, 204, 206 , purchasing, 27 – 8, 125 – 6 233 taxation, 24 , 126 – 30, 135 – 9, 153 – 4 Denmark, 158 trade Desaguliers, John Theophilus, 89 lessened by war, 24, 28, 43 , 103 – 5, Digby, Kenelm, 86 , 88 , 177 , 187 114, 119 Donne, John, 52 mandatory trade, 150 – 1 Douglas, Mary, 8, 10 – 11 and naval or maritime power, Drake, Francis, xvii 124 – 5, 130 – 5 Drayton, Michael, 32 organized into cartel, 147 – 50 Dryden, John, 203 , 205 protected by convoys, 144, 157 – 70 Duck, Stephen, 208 – 9 protected from impressment, Dugdale, William, 50 – 1 166 – 8 Dunkirk, 115 , 158 regulated by the state, 144 – 56 Duppa, Brian, 159 from Scotland, 117 Duppa, James, 159 , 166 from Wales, 117 weights and measures, 151 Edo (Tokyo), 11 , 29 Coke, Sir Edward, 64 , 112 , 146, 150 Edward I, King, 46

Index 269

Egerton, John, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, faggots, 27, 106 61 – 3 , 68 , 74 – 5, 77 , 210 furze, 106 Egypt, 8 peat, 17 , 30 Eliot, Sir John, 115 Scotch coal, 27 Elizabeth I, Queen, 17 , 21 , 45 – 9 , 53, wood, 27 , 29 , 48 60, 111 , 135 Fumifugium , See Evelyn, John Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, 54 Galen, 177 Eni eld, xv , 224 gardens, to improve London air, 66 , English counties 180 – 1 , 186 – 7 Cornwall, 236 George I, King, 136 Derbyshire, 201 George III, King, 194 Durham, 128 George of Denmark, Prince, 143 , 157 Essex, 227 Gipkyn, John, 51 – 2 , 59 Hampshire, xiii Glapthorne, Henry, 198 Kent, 214 Gloucester, 43– 5 Norfolk, 106 Godfrey, Sir Edmund Berry, 155 Northumberland, 128 , 235 Golinski, Jan, 97 Shropshire, 80 Graunt, John, 93 – 8 , 177 , 228 Staffordshire, 108 Gravesend, 173 Suffolk, 133 , 160 , 210 Grosley, Jean-Pierre, xiv – xv Surrey, 204 Grosvenor family, 78 Sussex, 201 Westmoreland, 235 Habermas, Jürgen, 12 enlightenment, 6 Hales, Stephen, 89 Environmental history, xvi, 82 Hales’ Case, 64 environmentalism, 6 – 7 , 59, 82 Hamilton, Elizabeth, 214 Erskine, John, 6th or 22nd Earl of Mar, Hampton Court Palace, 192 119 Hanway, Jonas, 98 Evelyn, John, 62 , 82 , 86 – 7, 155 , Harington, Sir John, 84 – 5 , 90 173 – 88, 234 Harley, Robert, 1st Earl of Oxford, Fumifugium , xvi, 16, 75 , 82 , 86 , 90 , 95 – 6 , 133 140 , 173 – 88, 193 – 4, 200 Harrison, William, 21 Londinium Redivivum , 185 Harrogate, 13 Sylva , 174 , 183, 206 Hartlib, Samuel, 181 Harvey, Gideon, 87 – 8, 90, 225 Farley, Henry, 49 –53 , 59 Harvey, William, 57 , 80 – 3, 177 Fires as dangerous, 69 Harwich, 145 Florence, 32, 234 Henrietta Maria, Queen, 57 , 82 , 177 , Fossil fuels as modern, xvii – xviii 184 , 199 Fothergill, John, 226 Heylyn, Peter, 50 – 1 Franck, Thorneffe, 57 Hippocrates, 86, 177 Franklin, Benjamin, xiii –xiv , 229 Hippocratic medicine, 82 – 5 , 89, 93 , Frederick V, Elector Palatine and King 95, 98 of Bohemia, 54 Hollar, Wenceslas, 80 Fuel charities, 108 –10 , 154 – 5 Hooke, Robert, 70 , 92 Fuel supplies in rural England, 105 – 10 Horace, 205 , 211, 213 , 221 Fuel varieties Houghton, John, 20 , 28 , 122– 5 , 135 , billets, 27 164 – 5 charcoal, 27, 29, 184 House of Lords, as a space, xiv

270 Index

Howard, Henry, 1st Earl of Labrador, xv Norwich and 6th Duke Lahore, 11 of Norfolk, 190 Laud, William, 50 , 52, 59 Howard, Thomas, 21st (or 14th) Earl Lecce, 11 of Arundel, 58 , 75, 80 , 177 Leeds, 236 Howell, James, 69 Leicester, 108 Hull, 160 Leiden, 88 Huygens, Christian, 234 Lichi eld, 108 Huygens, Lodewijck, 234 Liddell, George, 149 Hyde, Edward, 1st Earl of Clarendon, Liddell, Henry, 153 111, 118 Lille, 11 Little Ice Age, 7 Immigrants into London, 109 Liverpool, 236 improvement, 6 , 13, 20 , 181 Locke, John, 88, 92, 226 – 7 indoor air pollution, 33 – 4 London. 365 industrial revolution, 5 , 7 , 13, 16, advantages of site and natural 18 – 19 , 22 , 64 , 124, 236 environment, 3 , 32 Inns of Court, 223 characterized by smoke, xvi, 16, Inner Temple, 62 195 – 212 Lincoln’s Inn, 76 civic ofi ces Middle Temple, 76 alderman, 21, 62 , 68 , 70, 75 – 6 , inventions, See Smoke abatement 145 , 147 , 165, 186 technology common council, 129 Istanbul, xiv, 11, 29 Lord Mayor, See Lord Mayor of London Jacobite plots, 119 recorder, 70 James I, King, 48 – 9 , 53 , 55 , 60, 73, 154 sheriff, 47 James II, King, 58 , 143 , 173 , 185, 191 viewers, 70 – 1 , 74 Japan, 8 , 11, 29 – 30 , 236 to be cleaned by its poor, 3 Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron England’s only large city, 11 – 12 Jeffreys, 70 , 191 Great Fire of 1666, 104 , 126 , 136, Jenkinson, Robert, 2nd Earl of 152 , 185 Liverpool, 235 Livery companies Jenner, Charles, 221 Fishmongers, 75 Jenner, Mark, 9 , 175 , 183 Merchant Taylors, 76 Jenner, Thomas, 70 – 1 population and growth, 11, 17, 49, Jenyns, Soame, 209 80 Johnson, Joshua, 227 relations between civic and royal Johnson, Samuel, xiii – xiv , 209 governments, 150 Jones, Inigo, 53 , 80 , 199 as royal capital, 43 – 60 , 72 , 178 Jones, John, 43 – 5, 55 , 65 – 6 , 71, 191 and science, 14 Jones, John Paul, 119 as sinful, 203 – 10 Jones’s Case, See Jones, John trades and industries Jonson, Ben, 197 ammonia manufacturing, 72 Jurin, James, 89, 92 bakers, 185 brewing, See Beer brewers in Kalm, Pehr, xiv –xv , 221 London King, Gregory, 95 – 6 brick burning, 67, 71 , 126 King, John, 49 – 50 , 52 butchers, 111 Kyoto, 11 candle making, 77

Index 271

chandler, 126 , 166, 185 St Giles Cripplegate, 61 chemical production, 69 St Mary-le-Bow, 198 coal-heavers, 152 the Temple, 193 distilling, 77, 128 Tower of London, 54 , 66 dyeing, 47 , 126 – 8 , 178 , 185 – 6 , London, suburban locations 192 Acton, 20 i re engines, 193 Arundel House, 58 , 80 , 190 i shmongers, 185 Bagnigge Wells, 223 foundries, 193 Banqueting House, 189 – 90 , 192 glass making, 66 , 71 – 2 , 77 , 126 – 8 , Berkeley Square, 215 , 218 188 – 93 , 233 Bethnal Green, 208 glazier, 76 Blackheath, 134 goldsmith bankers, 43 Bloomsbury Square, 26 goldsmiths, 70– 1 Cavendish Square, 218 hatmakers, 43 – 4, 185 Charterhouse, 223 lightermen, 152 Chelsea, 4 , 67 , 221 , 223 , 227 lime burning, 178 Clerkenwell, 55 salt boiling, 185 Covent Garden, 77 , 193 slaughter houses, 185 Cromwell’s Gardens, 223 smiths, 70 , 74, 77 Deptford, 180 , 187 , 234 soap boiling, 63 , 70 , 77 , 178, 185 Ealing, 20 sugar rei ning, 127 – 8 , 185 – 6, East End, 54 193 Finsbury, 74 tallow melting, 69 Fulham, 221 tobacco pipe making, 70 , 77 Green Park, 220 woodmonger, 111 , 126 , 151, 155 , Greenwich, xv , 134 , 173 , 180, 190 , 166 229 travelers to, xiii – xv Grosvenor Square, 217 as ugly, xiv , xix Hackney, 4 , 93 , 220 as worldly, 195 – 212 Hampstead, 4 London, locations within city Hampstead Heath, 229 Aldgate, 66 Hampton, 222 Barbican, 61 , 210 Haymarket, 71 Billingsgate, 165 Highgate, 4 , 225 Bishopsgate, 54 Hill Street, Westminster, 217 Bridewell, 43 – 4 Hyde Park, 202 Bridgewater House, 63 Islington, 223 Cheapside, 43 , 217 Kennington, 222 Christ Church, Greyfriars, 76 Kensington, 223 , 229 Dorset Garden, 201 Kensington House, 192 Globe theatre, 199 King’s Street, Westminster, 191 Gracechurch Street, 54 Lambeth, 71 – 2 , 190, 235 Great St Bartholomew, 77 Leicester Square, 78 Ludgate Hill, 71 Marylebone, 222 Pye Corner, 75 Mayfair, 218 Royal Exchange, 185 Moor Fields, 223 Rutland House, 26 Newington, 93 Southwark, 54, 71 , 74 , 185, 188 , Northumberland House, 176 193 Piccadilly, 72 , 78 St Dunstan’s in the West, 69 pleasure gardens, 222 –3

272 Index

London, suburban locations (cont.) Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle, Portman Square, 213 , 218 103 , 134 Red Lion Fields, 223 Montagu, Edward Wortley, 149 Scotland Yard, 176 , 189 Montagu, Edward, 1st Earl of Shooter’s Hill, 234 Sandwich, 133 – 4 Somerset House, 223 Montagu, Elizabeth, 213 – 15 , 218 Spitali elds, 72 Montaigne, George, 52 St James’s Palace, 193 , 202 Moore, Edward, 217 St James’s Park, 71 , 218 , 223 Morton, Richard, 225 – 6 St John’s Wood, 19 Motteux, Peter Anthony, 195 – 6 Stepney, 223 Murray, William, 1st Earl of Mansi eld, Stoke Newington, 207 65 – 6, 71 – 2, 74, 99 , 234 the Strand, 80 , 89 , 193 Tottenham, 223 Nanjing, 11 Twickenham, 72 Nantes, 11 Vauxhall, 233 Naples, 11 Wandsworth, 222 Nef, J.U., 23 – 4 , 105 , 159 West End, 38 , 54, 67 , 77 – 8 , Netherlands, The, 30 , 158 216 – 19 Newcastle, xvi , 13 , 17 , 21 , 85, 95 – 6 , Westminster, See Westminster 116 – 18, 134 , 155, 162 , 213, 235 Whitechapel, 66 , 71, 234 Hostmen, 113 – 14, 135 , 147, 149 Willesden, 19 Newton, Isaac, 86 Wimbledon, 220 Nicholas, Sir Edward, 159 , 166 , 178 Woolwich, 180 , 234 Nourse, Timothy, 140 – 1 York Buildings i re engine and steam Nuisance law, 45 , 56 – 7, 60 – 74 , 85, 99, pump, 193 191, 235 Lord Mayor of London, 21 , 46, 62, 116 , 186 Orléans, 11 Louis XIV, 161 Osaka, 11 , 29 Lowndes, William, 192 Lowther, Sir John, 187 Paget, Thomas, 4th Baron Paget, 108 Lucretius, 177 Paracelsus, 86 , 177 Lyon, 11 Paris, xiv, 11 , 29 , 173 , 228 Parliaments Madras, 15 1604–10 , 114 Madrid, xiv 1624–25 , 53 , 80 Malthus, Thomas, 22 1626 , 115 , 158 – 9 Manchester, 236 1628–29 , 112 , 159 Mandeville, Bernard, 141 – 2 , 181 , 208 , 1640–60 , 147 , 150 236 1660–79 , 186 Manners, John, 7th Earl of Rutland, 1702–05 , 143 , 157 26 – 7 1705–08 , 192 – 3 Marseilles, 11 1710–13 , 148 Marston, John, 197 1727–34 , 149 Masham, Damaris and Francis, 227 Parr, Thomas, 80 – 3, 177 Mayan Empire, xviii Pennsylvania, xv Mesopotamia, xvii Pepys, Samuel, 103 – 5, 119 , 134 , 164, Mexico City, xvii 174, 187, 200 Middleton, Thomas, 51 Petty, William, 38 , 77, 95, 216 Midlands, xiii Phelips, Francis, 62 , 68 Milton, John, 211 , 234 photosynthetic constraint, 23, 30 Mokyr, Joel, 13 Pincus, Steven, 13

Index 273

Pitcairn, Archibald, 88 Shadwell, Thomas, 200 – 1 , 203 , 212 Pitt, William, 140 Shajahanabad (Delhi), 11 Pix, Mary, 202 Shakespeare, William, xvii plague, 59 , 61 , 93 – 4 Shanghai, 11 Plato, 177 Shefi eld, 13 Platt, Hugh, 111 Shefi eld, John, 1st Duke of Buckingham Pliny the Elder, 177 and Normanby, 218 Plot, Robert, 92 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 233 pollution Ship Money, 160 as early modern term, xvi, 4 – 5 Short, Thomas, 97 – 8 , 228 Pope, Alexander, 230 Sidney, Robert, 2nd Earl of Leicester, Porter, Endymion, 178 , 199 78 Powell, James, 43 – 5 , 55, 65 slaves in London, 15 Powlett, Harry, 6th Duke of Bolton, 139 Smith, Adam, 130 , 135 , 139, 234 projectors, See Smoke abatement Smoke technology composition Public Sphere, 12 – 13 arsenic, 4 , 87 Pulteney family, 78 chemical analysis of, 83 – 90 nitrogen dioxide, 34 Radclyffe, Thomas, 3rd Earl of Sussex, particulates, 34 47 – 8 salt, 87 –8 Rebuilding Act of 1667, 136 sulfur, 4 , 66 , 73 , 81 , 83 – 8, 199 Rennes, 11 sulfur dioxide, 34 Rich, Henry, 1st Earl of Holland, 77 harmful to gardens, 62 , 66 – 7 , 194 Rome, xvi , xviii , 3 , 80 , 213 unhealthy, 34 , 57 , 65 – 6, 71, 80 – 2, Rouen, 11 176–7 Royal College of Physicians, 87 because heavy, 82 Royal Ofi ces causes asthma, 88– 91 , 225 – 7, Attorney General, 70 229 Chancellor of the Exchequer, 75 , 189 causes consumption, 90, 225 – 8 Earl Marshall, 80 causes coughing, xv , 188 Justice of the Peace, 150 causes maxillary sinusitis, 33 Lord Admiral, 115 , 157 , 159 causes respiratory diseases, 86 , Lord Chamberlain, 46 90 – 1 Lord Chancellor, 191 for children and the elderly, 90 – 1 , Lord Treasurer, 75 , 189 94, 96 – 7, 228– 9 President of the Council of the North, demographic investigations, 93 – 8 113 premise for environmental Surveyor General, 189 regulation and law, 226 Royal Society, 181 , 184 , 186 – 7 to those with scrofula, 188 museum, xiv weight and gravity, 88 – 90 Rupert, Prince, 134 Smoke abatement technology, 57 – 8, Russells, Earls of Bedford, 77 234 Russia, trade with, 162 South Sea Bubble, 27 South Sea Fund, 136 Sackville, Edward 4th Earl of Dorset, space, scarce in London, 28 199 Spain, 8 Salerno, medical regimen, 84 , 90 Spectator, The , 215 Sancroft, William, 62 , 210 Spencer, John, 1st Earl Spencer, 220 Sandleford, 213 –4 Spenser, Edmund, 233 seacoal, See coal Spiller, Sir Henry, 57 Sermons, 50 St James’s Palace, 53 , 58, 72

274 Index

St Paul’s Cathedral, xv , 43, 49 – 53 , 2nd Anglo-Dutch, 61 , 103 – 4, 111 , 62, 71, 141 , 185, 210 , 222, 119 , 133, 151 , 154– 6 , 160 – 1, 233 164 , 167 – 8 deanery, 217 3rd Anglo-Dutch, 161 , 167 – 8 Stafford, 108 American Revolution, 119 , 139 Standish, Arthur, 107 , 122 Anglo-Spanish (1625–30), 43 , Star Chamber, 25 115 – 16, 145, 158 – 60 Stow, John, 220 Anglo-Spanish (1739–48), 168 Stromboli, 179 English civil wars, 27 , 111 , 114 , Stukeley, William, 228 116 – 18 , 147 summer, 27– 8 , 38 Nine Years War, 131 , 161, 164 – 5 Sunderland, 166 Spanish Succession, 143, 157 , 162– 3 Surat, 11 Watt, James, xvii Sweden, 158 Watts, Isaac, 207 – 9 Sydenham, Thomas, 92 Wear valley, 17 weather diaries, 92 Talbot, Catherine, 217 West, Gilbert, 209 , 211 , 220 Tatler, The , 211 , 234 Westminster, 45 , 47 – 8, 53 – 4, 56 – 61, 66, Taylor, John, 81 82, 84 , 188 – 94 , 235 Taylor, Michael Angelo, 234 Westminster Abbey, xiv , 25 , 81 theatre, about London, 14, Whig, 4 197 – 203 Whitaker, Lawrence, 57 things as basis for social relations, 31 Whitehall, 43 – 4 , 53 , 55 , 58 – 9 , 72 , 176 , Thomas, Sir Keith, 217 – 18 179 , 189 – 90 , 192 , 233 , 235 Three Gorges Dam, xvii William III, King, 143 , 191 – 2 timber scarcity, 19, 23 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 160 Toulouse, 11 Willis, Thomas, 87 – 8 Travelers to London, 91 Windsor, 190 Tucker, Josiah, 129 – 30 , 135, 139 Windsor Forest, 155 Tyne valley, 17, 148 , 158 , 160 winter, 28 , 39, 43, 47, 104 , 117, 155 , 220 , 226 – 7 United States, 236 women in London, 14 Vanbrugh, Sir John, 202 – 3 as prone to urban sins, 203 – 10 Venetian ambassador, 118 seeking rural retreat from London, Venice, 8 213 – 15 Villers, George, 1st Duke of as suffering from indoor air Buckingham, 115 – 6 , 159 pollution, 34 Villiers, George, 2nd Duke of Woodward, John, 187 Buckingham, 72 , 190 Woolhouse, John, 228 Virgil, 177 Wordsworth, William, 232 Vitruvius, 177 Wren, Sir Christopher, 92, 185 , 233 Wrightson, Keith, 13 Wales, 236 Wrigley, E.A., 13 – 14 , 23, 123 Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford, 129 Xian, xvi Walsingham, Sir Francis, 47 wardmote, 62 , 68 – 70 , 72 Yarmouth, 150 , 164 Wars Young, Arthur, xix , 98, 235 1st Anglo-Dutch, 118 , 163 Young, Edward, 206