DOCSLIB.ORG

PANNONIA and the MARCOMANNIC WARS Many

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PANNONIA and the MARCOMANNIC WARS Many CHAPTER TWELVE PANNONIA AND THE MARCOMANNIC WARS Many scholars have discussed the Danubian wars of Marcus Aurelius.1 Their history has been examined comprehensively from the archaeologi- cal (Böhme), numismatic (Szaivert, Schindler-Horstkotte, Scheidel), and epigraphic points of view (e.g., Domaszewski, Stehlik, Rosen). In addi- tion, the ancient sources have also been the focus of fi erce debates. Here I attempt to reconstruct the history of the wars based on the ancient sources, with special emphasis on Pannonia. I shall apply the results of earlier chapters, where I dealt with the history of the lightning and rain miracles, and the history of the praetentura Italiae et Alpium. The names of the ‘Marcomannic’ wars Even in antiquity uncertainty existed over what exactly to call Marcus Aurelius’ wars in the Danubian region. Modern scholarly literature has the same problem; usually they are called the Marcomannic wars, but they have also been referred to as the German, Northern or Danubian wars.2 Here I shall discuss the ancient names of the wars. The vagueness in the ancient authors is best displayed in a section of vita Marci (22.7): bello Germanico sive Marcomannico immo plurimarum gen- tium. The author-compiler of the vita was well aware of the problems of naming the wars; he included all the participants of the coalition against Rome in one list (22.1): gentes omnes ab Illyrici limite usque in Galliam conspiraverant, ut Marcomanni, Varistae, Hermunduri et Quadi, Suevi, Sarmat<a>e, Lacringes et Burei hi aliique cum Victualis, Sosibes, Sicobotes, Roxolani, Basternae, Halani, Peu<c>ini, Costoboci. 1 The most important works: Conrad 1889, Domaszewski 1895, Domaszewski 1896, Marcus-Säule, Schwendemann 1923, Zwikker 1941, Nagy 1962, 42–47, Mócsy 1962, 555–562, Kerler 1970, 56–81, Mócsy 1974, 183–195, Alföldy 1974a, 152–158, Böhme 1975, Klein 1979, Langmann 1981, Schindler-Horstkotte 1985, Birley 1987, 159–210, Régészeti kézikönyv, 37–41, Markomannenkriege. Ursache und Wirkungen. Brno 1994, Kerr 1995. 2 Conrad 1889, 9–10, L. Schmidt, Die Westgermanen I. München 19382, 162–163, Rosenberger 1992, 104–109. 202 chapter twelve The Marcomanni were the most important next to the Quadi and Sarmatians; however, many other German tribes also participated in the war, which is where the names of the German or Marcomannic wars come from, even though the author of the vita was also clear about the fact that many non-German people had also participated in the war. In written sources, therefore, just as in the vita Marci, various names were given to the war: 1st war (167–175): bellum Germanicum: vita Marci 12.14, 20.6, Vita Veri 9.7, Vita Commodi 2.5 = Cassius Dio LXXI.5.1. πολέμος τοῦ Μάρκου πρὸς τοὺς Γερμανούς. Bellum Marcomannicum: vita Marci 12.13, 13.1, 17.2, 17.5, Vita Avidii Cassii 3.6, Orosius 7.15.6, Eutrop. VIII.12–13. 2nd war (178–180): Vita Marci 27.9–10. triennio bellum postea cum Marco- mannis, Herm<u>nduris, Sarmatis, Quadis etiam egit . The situation is the same, moreover even more diffi cult and varied, if one also examines the pertinent inscriptions: 1st war (167–175): bellum Germanicum: CIL VI 1449+p. 4700 = ILS 1107, 1549 = ILS 1100, 31856 = 41271 = ILS 1327, VIII 9372, IX 2849, XI 6055 = ILS 2743, XI 7264 = ILS 9194. bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum: CIL VI 31856 = ILS 1327. expeditio Germanica: CIL III 7505 = ILS 2311, VI 8635 = ILS 1681, AÉp 1893, 88 = ILS 8977, CIL VI 41119, AÉp 1934, 155, 1956, 124, 1957, 121. expeditio prima Germanica: CIL VI 1540 = 41145 = ILS 1112, AÉp 1998, 1087. prima expeditio Germanica felicissima: CIL VI 8541 = ILS 1573. expeditio Germanica et Sarmatica: AÉp 1920, 45. expeditio Naris(tica): CIL III 4310 = 10969 = AÉp 1962, 221 = RIU 509. proelia adversum Germanos et Iazyges: CIL VI 1377 = 41142 = ILS 1098. 2nd war (178–180): expeditio secunda Germanica: AÉp 1956, 124. expeditio Germanica secunda: RIT 130 = CIL II 4114 = ILS 1140. expeditio II felicissima Germanica: CIL V 2155 = ILS 1574. secunda expeditio Germanica felicissima: CIL VI 8541 = ILS 1573. expeditio Germanica Sarmatica: CIL VI 1540 = 41145 = ILS 1112. expeditio Sarmatica: CIL X 408 = ILS 1117. victoria Germanica et Sarmatic(a): CIL VI 1599 = 31828 = 41141 = ILS 1326..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Domitian's Dacian War Domitian'in Daçya Savaşi
    2020, Yıl 4, Sayı 13, 75 - 102 DOMITIAN’S DACIAN WAR DOMITIAN’IN DAÇYA SAVAŞI DOI: 10.33404/anasay.714329 Çalışma Türü: Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article1 Gökhan TEKİR* ABSTRACT Domitian, who was one of the most vilified Roman emperors, had suf- fered damnatio memoriae by the senate after his assassination in 96. Senator historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio ignored and criticized many of Domitian’s accomplishments, including the Dacian campaign. Despite initial setbacks in 86 and 87, Domitian managed to push the invading Dacians into the Dacian terri- tory and even approached to the Dacian capital in 88. However, the Saturninus revolt and instability in the Chatti and Pannonia in 89 prevented Domitian from concluding the campaign. The peace treaty stopped the Dacian incursions and made Dacia a dependent state. It is consistent with Domitian’s non-expansionist imperial policy. This peace treaty stabilized a hostile area and turned Dacia a client kingdom. After dealing with various threats, he strengthened the auxiliary forces in Dacia, stabilizing the Dacian frontier. Domitian’s these new endeavors opened the way of the area’s total subjugation by Trajan in 106. Keywords: Domitian, Roman Empire, Dacia, Decebalus, security 1- Makale Geliş Tarihi: 03. 04. 2020 Makale Kabül Tarihi: 15. 08. 2020 * Doktor, Email: [email protected] ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-7442 75 DomItIan’s DacIan War ÖZ Domitian 96 yılında düzenlenen suikast sonucunda hakkında senato tarafından ‘hatırası lanetlenen’ ve hakkında en çok karalama yapılan Roma imparatorlarından birisidir. Senatör tarihçilerden olan Tacitus ve Cassius Dio, Domitian’ın bir çok başarısını görmezden gelmiş ve eleştirmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • Cgpt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION
    cgPt1; MAGNA GERMANIA; CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY BOOK 2, CHAPTER 10; FACT OR FICTION SYNOPSIS The locations of some +8000 settlements and geographical features are included within the text of Claudius Ptolemy‟s „Geographia‟. To control the text and ensure readers understood the methodology there-in utilised it is evident that Claudius Ptolemy determined a strict order and utilisation of the information he wished to disseminate. That strict methodology is maintained through the first 9 chapters of Book 2, but the 10th chapter breaks all of the rules that had been established. Chapters 11 to 15 then return to the established pattern. Magna Germania was basically unknown territory and in such a situation Claudius Ptolemy was able to ignore any necessity to guess thus leaving an empty landscape as is evinced in Book 3, chapter 5, Sarmatian Europe. Why in an unknown land there are 94 settlements indicated in Germania when the 3 provinces of Gallia have only a total of 114 settlements, is a mystery? And, why does Claudius Ptolemy not attribute a single settlement to a tribal group? It appears there are other factors at play, which require to be investigated. BASIC PTOLEMY When analysing a map drawn from the data provided by Claudius Ptolemy it is first necessary to ensure that it is segregated into categories. Those are; 1) reliable information i.e. probably provided via the Roman Army Cosmographers and Geometres; 2) the former information confirmed or augmented by various itineraries or from Bematists; 3) the possibility of latitudinal measurements from various settlements (gnomon ratios); 4) basic travellers tales with confirmed distances „a pied‟; 5) basic sailing distances along coastlines and those which can be matched to land distances; 6) guesses made by travellers who did not actually record the days travelled but only the length of time for the overall journey; 7) obscure references from ancient texts which cannot be corroborated.
    [Show full text]
  • Bullard Eva 2013 MA.Pdf
    Marcomannia in the making. by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Eva Bullard 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Marcomannia in the making by Eva Bullard BA, University of Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee John P. Oleson, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Supervisor Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, Department of Greek and Roman Studies Departmental Member During the last stages of the Marcommani Wars in the late second century A.D., Roman literary sources recorded that the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was planning to annex the Germanic territory of the Marcomannic and Quadic tribes. This work will propose that Marcus Aurelius was going to create a province called Marcomannia. The thesis will be supported by archaeological data originating from excavations in the Roman installation at Mušov, Moravia, Czech Republic. The investigation will examine the history of the non-Roman region beyond the northern Danubian frontier, the character of Roman occupation and creation of other Roman provinces on the Danube, and consult primary sources and modern research on the topic of Roman expansion and empire building during the principate. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo
    CHAPTER SEVENTEEN History of the German Language 1 Indo-European and Germanic Background Indo-European Background It has already been mentioned in this course that German and English are related languages. Two languages can be related to each other in much the same way that two people can be related to each other. If two people share a common ancestor, say their mother or their great-grandfather, then they are genetically related. Similarly, German and English are genetically related because they share a common ancestor, a language which was spoken in what is now northern Germany sometime before the Angles and the Saxons migrated to England. We do not have written records of this language, unfortunately, but we have a good idea of what it must have looked and sounded like. We have arrived at our conclusions as to what it looked and sounded like by comparing the sounds of words and morphemes in earlier written stages of English and German (and Dutch) and in modern-day English and German dialects. As a result of the comparisons we are able to reconstruct what the original language, called a proto-language, must have been like. This particular proto-language is usually referred to as Proto-West Germanic. The method of reconstruction based on comparison is called the comparative method. If faced with two languages the comparative method can tell us one of three things: 1) the two languages are related in that both are descended from a common ancestor, e.g. German and English, 2) the two are related in that one is the ancestor of the other, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE Tacitus Was Probably Born in 56 Or 57 CE in Northern Italy Into an Equestrian (Minor Noble) Family. He
    Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE As to the Germans themselves, I think it probable that they are Tacitus was probably born in 56 or 57 CE in Northern Italy into an indigenous and that very little foreign blood has been introduced either by equestrian (minor noble) family. He had quite a successful career in invasions or by friendly dealings with neighbouring peoples. For in former Roman public service, holding both military and civil offices, culminating in becoming the proconsul of the Roman province of Asia, 112-113 CE. He times it was not by land but on shipboard that would-be immigrants wrote a several literary and historical works, many of which criticize faults arrived; and the limitless ocean that lies beyond the coasts of Germany, and in Roman society by comparing them to others. Germania is not a travel as it were defies intruders, is seldom visited by ships from our part of the story, nor even a personal account. Instead, Tacitus drew upon earlier writers, and possibly talked to contemporaries who had been there to world. And to say nothing of the perils of that wild and unknown sea, who compile an ethnographic and geographical description of Germania would have been likely to leave Asia Minor, North Africa, or Italy, to go to (which includes parts of present-day France and Germany), especially the Germany with its forbidding landscapes and unpleasant climate - a country customs and culture of the various tribes who lived there, whom the Romans generally called “barbarians.”1 that is thankless to till and dismal to behold for anyone who was not born 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A)
    The Cimbri of Denmark, the Norse and Danish Vikings, and Y-DNA Haplogroup R-S28/U152 - (Hypothesis A) David K. Faux The goal of the present work is to assemble widely scattered facts to accurately record the story of one of Europe’s most enigmatic people of the early historic era – the Cimbri. To meet this goal, the present study will trace the antecedents and descendants of the Cimbri, who reside or resided in the northern part of the Jutland Peninsula, in what is today known as the County of Himmerland, Denmark. It is likely that the name Cimbri came to represent the peoples of the Cimbric Peninsula and nearby islands, now called Jutland, Fyn and so on. Very early (3rd Century BC) Greek sources also make note of the Teutones, a tribe closely associated with the Cimbri, however their specific place of residence is not precisely located. It is not until the 1st Century AD that Roman commentators describe other tribes residing within this geographical area. At some point before 500 AD, there is no further mention of the Cimbri or Teutones in any source, and the Cimbric Cheronese (Peninsula) is then called Jutland. As we shall see, problems in accomplishing this task are somewhat daunting. For example, there are inconsistencies in datasources, and highly conflicting viewpoints expressed by those interpreting the data. These difficulties can be addressed by a careful sifting of diverse material that has come to light largely due to the storehouse of primary source information accessed by the power of the Internet. Historical, archaeological and genetic data will be integrated to lift the veil that has to date obscured the story of the Cimbri, or Cimbrian, peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annals of Imperial Rome
    The Annals of Imperial Rome 321 The Annals of Imperial Rome Tacitus (A.D. c.56-c.120), the greatest of the Roman historians, chronicles the early Roman Empire, from the death of the first emperor Augustus (in A.D. 14) up to the years of the First Jewish-Roman War (A.D. 63-73). The Annals is his final work. It portrays the pathological souls of tyrants, the psychology of power politics, and the preciousness and precariousness of liberty. 323 Tacitus Book I The city of Rome was originally in the hands of kings; liberty and the consulship were instituted by Lucius Brutus. Dictatorships were as- sumed temporarily. The Board of Ten did not exercise control beyond a two-year period, nor was the military tribunes’ consular authority long prevalent. Neither Cinna’s regime nor Sulla’s was lengthy. The power of Pompey and Crassus quickly gave way to Caesar, likewise the armies of Lepidus and Antony to Augustus, who as ‘first citizen’ re- ceived everything, weary as it was from civil strife, into his command. For the Roman people of old – their successes and misfortunes – writ- ers of renown produced a record, and the tale of Augustus’ times did not lack reputable talents until the spread of flattery proved a deter- rent. The affairs of Tiberius and Gaius, Claudius and Nero, in their prosperity, were falsified through fear and after their fall were written with hatreds still fresh. Thus my plan is to report a few final things about Augustus, then Tiberius’ principate and the rest, without anger or favour, from whose causes I consider myself distant.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Were the Eruli?
    © Scandia 2008 www.scandia.hist.lu.se ABvar Elkgird Who were the Eruli? I. The received view In practically all the standard handbooks covering the history of the Germanic tribes,' the Eruli, or Heruli2 are represented as originating somewhere in Scan- dinavia. Thus A. kippold in Der Kleine Pauly (1967) describes them as a Ger- manic tribe, expelled from Scandinavia by the Danes around A.D. 250. In all es- sentials Lippold agrees with B. Rappaport's long article in the unabridged Pau- lys Real-Encyklopadie, 2nd ed. 1913. The same general picture emerges from the shorter and much less specific ar- ticle by R. Much in Hoops' Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, 2nd ed. 1913. The Eruli are said to have had their original home ("Stamrnsitz") in Scandinavia. Following the sixth-century historian Jordanes, Much declares that the EruIi were driven out by the Danes. After this, part of the tribe settled somewhere in northwest Germany, from where they made an abortive incursion into Gau'l in 287. Another part of the tribe, says Much, accompanied the Goths to the region north of the Black Sea. Much also refers to a very detailed story by the sixth century Greek historian Prokopios, in which a group of Eruli, led by members of their royal family, made a long trek from 1llyricu.m to Scandinavia some time in the beginning of the sixth century. This is described by Much as a "return" ("Riickwanderung") of the tribe to their ancestral home. One of the standard works on the history of the ancient Germanic tribes, by Ludwig Schmidt, has the same story and the same interpretation, both in the first edition (1910) and in the second (1933).
    [Show full text]
  • From Adam to Alemanni to America
    This picture of an Oberholzer stained glass was sent to the OFA by Adrian Overholser, Hong Kong, which hangs on the outside of Oberholzer Inn, Oberholz Switzerland From A to A to A Page 1 From Adam to Alemanni to America ©2000Dennis Lee Oberholtzer Printed & Published by Paradise Living Publishing 49 Paradise Lane, Paradise, PA 17562 June 15, 2000 Given for usage by the Overholser Family Association 2019 From A to A to A Page 2 C O N T E N T S Stained Glass of Oberholzer Coat of Arms Cover The Beginnings of our Family 4 Early History of the Suevi (1000-500 b.c.e.) 9 Barbarian Life 15 Map of Zurich Lake & Surrounding Communities 21 Settling in Oberholtz 700-1000 C.E. 22 Hohenstauffen Dynasty 1000-1267 C.E. 30 Habsburg Dynasty 32 Events That Promoted Anabaptism 34 Swiss Independence 36 Research 45 From A to A to A Page 3 THE BEGINNINGS OF OUR FAMILY Antediluvian Percentile Chart of Known Dates F rom Year of Creation % of Weeks # of Weeks # of Years B.C.E. Years Lived 0 Biological creation of Adam 0. 0.00 0.000 4120,Eve of 1st of Tishri * 0 Start of Jubilee Calender 0. 0.00 0.000 4119.0 * 50 First Family Jubilee 2549.0 49. 4069 49 130 Seth born 7.86 6790. 130.57 3990 217 Extinct Calender in Book of Jubilees began 11,284.0 217.0 3902 216 235 Enos born 14.17 12,246. 235.5 3885 235 Men began to proclaim YHWH 12,246.
    [Show full text]
  • Rs of Marcus a E Us
    The reluctant warlord Historical introduction rs of Marcus A e u s With Marcus Aurelius, the Roman Empire was for the fi rst time ruled by two emperors, both adoptive sons of the late Emperor Antoninus Pius (r. AD 138–161). Marcus had selected his nine-year-younger adoptive brother Lucius Verus to be his co-emperor. The two in- dividuals could not have been more different in character. While the ascetic Marcus, whose main interest was philosophy, had been taught to “avoid the ways of the rich” (Meditations 1.3.), critics declaimed against Lucius’ luxurious lifestyle and his habits. By Robert Heiligers state Armenia in the autumn of AD 161. The two imperial brothers acted in unison and the Senate arcus was born on 26 April 121. thought it advantageous that one could stay at After his father died in 129, he home and take care of the public administration was adopted by his paternal while the other one dealt with critical situations grandfather, Marcus Annius at the front. Upon becoming emperor, Marcus MVerus. At the age of eighteen, Marcus served as took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Au- consul under Emperor Antoninus Pius. He mar- gustus. ried Antoninus’ daughter Faustina and would No soldier by upbringing, experience, or na- have at least twelve children with her. The only ture, Marcus nevertheless spent more time away son to survive childhood was Commodus, who on campaign than any of his predecessors. The would later succeed Marcus. In 140, Marcus reign of Marcus Aurelius marked the end of a was made consul again, with Emperor Antoni- long period of relative peace in the second cen- nus Pius as his colleague.
    [Show full text]