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Near-Margin Ice Thickness from a Portable Radar: Implications for Subglacial Water Routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland

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Near-Margin Ice Thickness from a Portable Radar: Implications for Subglacial Water Routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland This is a repository copy of Near-margin ice thickness from a portable radar: implications for subglacial water routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/121555/ Version: Published Version Article: Ross, N., Sole, A.J. orcid.org/0000-0001-5290-8967, Livingstone, S.J. et al. (2 more authors) (2018) Near-margin ice thickness from a portable radar: implications for subglacial water routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, 50 (1). S100007 . ISSN 1523-0430 https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2017.1420949 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research An Interdisciplinary Journal ISSN: 1523-0430 (Print) 1938-4246 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uaar20 Near-margin ice thickness and subglacial water routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland Neil Ross, Andrew J. Sole, Stephen J. Livingstone, Ádam Igneczi & Mathieu Morlighem To cite this article: Neil Ross, Andrew J. Sole, Stephen J. Livingstone, Ádam Igneczi & Mathieu Morlighem (2018) Near-margin ice thickness and subglacial water routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 50:1, S100007 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2017.1420949 © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. Published online: 28 Mar 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 73 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uaar20 ARCTIC, ANTARCTIC, AND ALPINE RESEARCH 2018, VOL. 50, NO. 1, e1420949 (11 pages) https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2017.1420949 Near-margin ice thickness and subglacial water routing, Leverett Glacier, Greenland Neil Ross a, Andrew J. Sole b, Stephen J. Livingstone b, Ádam Igneczi b, and Mathieu Morlighem c aSchool of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; bDepartment of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; cEarth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Ice thickness measurements near the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) are relatively Received 10 March 2017 sparse, presenting issues for modeling ice-flow dynamics, ice-sheet change, and subglacial Accepted 18 September 2017 hydrology. We acquired near-margin ice thickness data at Leverett Glacier, west Greenland, KEYWORDS – using a highly portable, low power, ground-penetrating radar operating at 10 80 MHz. Ice- Greenland; ground thickness measurements, to a maximum of 270 m, were incorporated into the BedMachine penetrating radar; ice model of ice thickness, created using mass conservation methods. The new data significantly thickness; subglacial modified the modeled ice thickness, and hence bed elevation and routing of subglacial water, in hydrology; Leverett Glacier both the Leverett and adjacent Russell Glacier. Although the revised modeled basal topography and subglacial hydrology are consistent with observations, our new data unrealistically reduced the overall size of the Leverett Glacier hydrological catchment. Additional ice-thickness measure- ments are therefore required to realistically constrain subglacial topography and subglacial hydrological routing in this area. Our work improves understanding of the basal topography and the subglacial hydrology of Leverett Glacier, with implications for glacier dynamics and assessments of water piracy between catchments in the marginal zone of the GrIS, and for the interpolation of ice-thickness grids using mass conservation methods. Introduction One terrestrial outlet glacier of the GrIS that has been intensively studied throughout the past ten years The evolution and character of the western terrestrial is Leverett Glacier (Figure 1; Bartholomew et al. 2010, margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has been 2011; Cowton et al. 2016, 2013; Sole et al. 2013; comprehensively monitored and investigated using Tedstone et al. 2014). This exemplar land-terminating remote sensing (e.g., Pritchard et al. 2009; Thomas margin is the site of a major subglacial drainage portal, et al. 2009). In situ field investigations around the ice and detailed field data have revealed key insights into sheet margin (<15 km) are relatively uncommon and (1) channelized subglacial drainage (Cowton et al. localized, however, with relatively few measurements of 2013); (2) the evolution of subglacial hydrology during ice thickness from boreholes and ground-based geo- the course of a melt season, and its influence on ice physical surveys. This represents a significant data velocity during seasonal (Bartholomew et al. 2010) and gap, because the small size of many of the outlet gla- interannual (Sole et al. 2013; Tedstone et al. 2015, 2014) ciers that drain this region (<5 km wide) require high- timescales; and (3) rates of subglacial erosion and sedi- resolution ice thickness and bed elevation data sets to ment budgets (Cowton et al. 2012). Ground and air- accurately model ice-flow dynamics, marginal change, borne geophysical surveys of the wider approximately and the local routing of subglacial water. Statistical and 600 km2 catchment of Leverett Glacier have resulted in physical interpolation methods (e.g., BedMachine, see a high spatial resolution (250–500 m) ice-thickness and Morlighem et al. 2013) do provide complete ice-sheet bed-topography grid (Lindbäck et al. 2014; Morlighem coverage of ice thickness, but close to the margin (i.e., et al. 2013), and there is seismic evidence that parts of <15 km inland) they can be based on few observations, the neighboring Russell Glacier are underlain by weak and their uncertainty is large in these zones. sediments (Dow et al. 2013). Existing models of CONTACT Neil Ross [email protected] © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. e1420949-2 N. ROSS ET AL. Figure 1. Location of Leverett Glacier. (A) Landsat image indicating the configuration of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Leverett Glacier region (red box is panel B). (B) ArcticDEM, showing the elevation and structure of Leverett Glacier. The current location of the meltwater portal is indicated by a yellow star. Note the broad depression tracking northeast up-ice from the portal location. subglacial water route meltwater to exit Leverett Glacier to the nature of the subglacial environment (i.e., is the at its southern margin. However, this routing is sensi- underlying substrate bedrock or sediment, or a patchy tive to modeled basal water pressure (Tedstone et al. distribution of both?). 2014) and does not always emerge at the observed One way to address these uncertainties, and to meltwater portal (although, see Figure 1a of Lindbäck improve our understanding of basal boundary condi- et al. 2015). The uncertainty in the modeled routing is tions, is to acquire geophysical measurements of ice most likely because of the sparsity of ice-thickness thickness and quantify subglacial topography, using a measurements across Leverett Glacier and the region ground-penetrating radar. Although the application of immediately inland. There also remains uncertainty as airborne radio-echo sounding has revolutionized our ARCTIC, ANTARCTIC, AND ALPINE RESEARCH e1420949-3 understanding of the subglacial topography and basal (Figure 1). The glacier is a distributary of Russell environment of the GrIS in recent years (e.g., Gogineni Glacier, and while its tongue is only some 4 km long et al. 2014; Morlighem et al. 2014), acquisition by fast- and 2 km wide, it has a large drainage basin (600 km2) moving aircraft with high-frequency (e.g., 150 MHz) that is thought to extend 80 km inland (Bartholomew radars can result in poor quality data across thin land- et al. 2011). While the terminus itself is small, charac- terminating ice margins, resulting in few reliable ice- terization of its terminus to approximately 15 km thickness measurements. Lower frequency (i.e., inland is important because of the volume of water <5 MHz) airborne radars can help improve the quality that routes through the glacier and its meltwater portal − of ice-thickness measurements to some degree (up to 800 m3 s 1 in summer; Tedstone et al. 2013). The (Mouginot et al. 2014), but for accurate and detailed ice-surface elevation declines from 1,500 m at the drai- ice-thickness measurements of individual outlet gla- nage basin divide of Leverett Glacier to 500 m at the ciers, ground-based low-frequency radar surveys (e.g., up-ice edge of Leverett Glacier tongue, and to 250 m Lindbäck et al. 2014) are essential. However, relatively elevation at the glacier’s terminus. The glacier is char- few surveys of this nature have been undertaken in the acterized by a single large meltwater portal (Figure 2B) immediate vicinity (i.e., <15 km) of the Leverett Glacier that drains the glacier into the river Akuliarusiarsuup ice margin, where the surface is rough and crevassed, Kuua. A longitudinal surface depression approximately because most of the commercial and bespoke radar 20 m deep and 200 m across extends 2 km up-ice from systems available for such studies have been heavy, the portal (Figures 1 and 2B), suggesting the route of bulky, unwieldy, or unable to image through warm this major subglacial channel.
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