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ADALIS DEF.Pdf «Σχολή Θετικών Σπουδών και Τεχνολογίας» «Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών Διαχείριση Αποβλήτων» Διπλωματική Εργασία «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» «Γεώργιος Ε. Αδαλής» Επιβλέπων καθηγητής: «Διονύσης Μαντζαβίνος» Αθήνα, «Μάϊος» «2019» Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί πνευματική ιδιοκτησία του φοιτητή («συγγραφέας/δημιουργός») που την εκπόνησε. Στο πλαίσιο της πολιτικής ανοικτής πρόσβασης ο συγγραφέας/δημιουργός εκχωρεί στο ΕΑΠ, μη αποκλειστική άδεια χρήσης του δικαιώματος αναπαραγωγής, προσαρμογής, δημόσιου δανεισμού, παρουσίασης στο κοινό και ψηφιακής διάχυσής τους διεθνώς, σε ηλεκτρονική μορφή και σε οποιοδήποτε μέσο, για διδακτικούς και ερευνητικούς σκοπούς, άνευ ανταλλάγματος και για όλο το χρόνο διάρκειας των δικαιωμάτων πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Η ανοικτή πρόσβαση στο πλήρες κείμενο για μελέτη και ανάγνωση δεν σημαίνει καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπο παραχώρηση δικαιωμάτων διανοητικής ιδιοκτησίας του συγγραφέα/δημιουργού ούτε επιτρέπει την αναπαραγωγή, αναδημοσίευση, αντιγραφή, αποθήκευση, πώληση, εμπορική χρήση, μετάδοση, διανομή, έκδοση, εκτέλεση, «μεταφόρτωση» (downloading), «ανάρτηση» (uploading), μετάφραση, τροποποίηση με οποιονδήποτε τρόπο, τμηματικά ή περιληπτικά της εργασίας, χωρίς τη ρητή προηγούμενη έγγραφη συναίνεση του συγγραφέα/δημιουργού. Ο συγγραφέας/δημιουργός διατηρεί το σύνολο των ηθικών και περιουσιακών του δικαιωμάτων. «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» «Γεώργιος Ε. Αδαλής» Επιτροπή Επίβλεψης Διπλωματικής Εργασίας Επιβλέπων Καθηγητής: Συν-Επιβλέπων Καθηγητής: «Διονύσης Μαντζαβίνος» «Βασίλειος Σακκάς» «Καθηγητής Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών» «Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Παν. Ιωαννίνων» Aθήνα, «Μάϊος» «2019» «Γεώργιος Αδαλής», «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» «Στην Ελένη και τον Ευστράτιο» Διπλωματική Εργασία iv «Γεώργιος Αδαλής», «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» Περίληψη Η παραγωγή ενέργειας από φωτοβολταϊκά είναι μία από τις πιο πολλά υποσχόμενες πράσινες τεχνολογίες των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας. Η παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού απευθείας από την ηλιακή ακτινοβολία εμφανίζει εκθετική αύξηση κατά την τελευταία δεκαετία παγκόσμια. Συνήθως η τεχνολογία ΦΒ θεωρείται ως πηγή ενέργειας που εμφανίζει ελάχιστα απόβλητα κατά την περίοδο λειτουργίας. Αναμένεται ότι η απόρριψη των ΦΒ πανέλων θα αποτελέσει ένα πολύ σημαντικό περιβαλλοντικό ζήτημα τις επόμενες δεκαετίες. Οι επιπτώσεις του κύκλου-ζωής των φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων έχουν ερευνηθεί αρκετά σε πολλές μελέτες. Η διαχείριση Τέλους-Κύκλου-Ζωής είναι μία προσέγγιση σωστής διαχείρισης των ΦΒ αποβλήτων. Στο μέλλον, η διαχείριση τέλους-κύκλου-ζωής των ΦΒ πανέλων θα παίξει στρατηγικό ρόλο στη διαμόρφωση της βιωσιμότητας του ΦΒ τομέα. Κάτι τέτοιο εμπλέκει την εφαρμογή κατάλληλων τεχνικών ανάκτησης και ανακύκλωσης και την υιοθέτηση επαρκών τεχνολογιών για την επεξεργασία των ροών αποβλήτων από τον παροπλισμό των ΦΒ πάρκων. Διάφορες διεργασίες για την ανακύκλωση και την ανάκτηση των μετάλλων και των ημιαγωγών από τα ΦΒ πανέλα έχουν αναπτυχθεί με μερικές από αυτές να λειτουργούν εμπορικά. Λέξεις – Κλειδιά Ανακύκλωση ΦΒ Τέλος-κύκλου-ζωής ΦΒ πανέλα Εκτίμηση-Κύκλου-Ζωής Διπλωματική Εργασία v «Γεώργιος Αδαλής», «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» Abstract Photovoltaic energy production is one of the most promising and green technologies for renewable energy production. The direct generation of electricity from sunlight over the last decade has been growing exponentially globaly. Often PV technology is considered as an energy source that has very minimal waste during operation. It is expected that the disposal of PV panels will become a relevant environmental issue in the next decades. Life cycle impacts of photovoltaics plants have been largely explored in several studies. End-Of-Life Management is an approach to proper management of the treatment of PV wastes. In the future, end-of-life management for PV modules will play a strategic role in realizing a sustainable PV sector. This involves implementation of suitable recovery and recycling procedures and adopture of adequate technologies for treating waste deliver from the decommissioning on PV power stations. Several processes to recycle and recover metals and semiconductors from PV modules have been developed with some being operated commercial. Keywords Recycling PV End-life-cycle PV panels Life-Cycle-Assessment Διπλωματική Εργασία vi «Γεώργιος Αδαλής», «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» Περιεχόμενα Περίληψη............................................................................................................................... v Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vi Περιεχόμενα ........................................................................................................................ vii Κατάλογος Εικόνων / Σχημάτων ....................................................................................... viii Κατάλογος Πινάκων ............................................................................................................ ix Συντομογραφίες & Ακρωνύμια ............................................................................................. x 1. Εργα Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Κατασκευή και λειτουργία Φωτοβολταϊκών Πάρκων .................................................... 1 1.1.1 Αντικείμενο και στόχοι διπλωματικής εργασίας .................................................. 5 1.2 Νομικό Πλαίσιο .............................................................................................................. 5 1.2.1 Τέλος-Κύκλου-Ζωής ΦΒ (End-of Life Cycle PV) .............................................. 6 1.2.2 Ευρωπαϊκό Νομικό και Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο για τις ΑΠΕ ..................................... 16 1.2.3 Ελληνικό Νομικό και Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο ΑΠΕ .................................................. 17 2. Απόβλητα τεχνικών έργων .............................................................................................. 21 2.1 Απόβλητα ηλεκτρικού και ηλεκτρονικού εξοπλισμού ΑΗΗΕ ................................. 25 2.1.1 Περιβαλλοντικά θέματα κατασκευής και λειτουργίας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων ..................................................................................................................................... 32 3. Ανακύκλωση Αποβλήτων Φωτοβολταϊκών Πάρκων ..................................................... 38 3.1 Ανάλυση των επικρατέστερων τάσεων στη μεθοδολογία τεχνολογιών ανακύκλωσης PV πανέλων ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1 Ανασκόπηση των μεθόδων ................................................................................ 42 3.1.2 Μέθοδοι ανακύκλωσης πάνελ κρυσταλλικού πυριτίου ..................................... 42 3.1.3 Μέθοδοι ανακύκλωσης πάνελ thin-film PV ...................................................... 43 3.1.4 Ανασκόπηση της τεχνολογίας R&D ανακύκλωσης PV πανέλων ...................... 46 3.1.5 Σύγχρονες επεξεργασίες τέλος-κύκλου-ζωής PV πανέλων ............................... 46 3.1.6 Τεχνολογία R&D στην ανακύκλωση PV πανέλων κρυσταλλικού πυριτίου c-Si ..................................................................................................................................... 51 3.1.7 Τεχνολογία R&D στην ανακύκλωση PV σύνθετων πανέλων (compound panel). ..................................................................................................................................... 62 3.1.8 Ανάλυση των τεχνολογικών τάσεων στην πρότυπη ανακύκλωση ΦΒ πανέλων. ..................................................................................................................................... 66 4. Συμπεράσματα ................................................................................................................ 67 5 Βιβλιογραφία .............................................................................................................. 70 Παράρτημα Α: «Φωτογραφίες ΦΒ πανέλων»..................................................................... 75 Παράρτημα Β: «Φωτογραφίες κατασκευής ΦΒ πάρκου» .................................................. 78 Διπλωματική Εργασία vii «Γεώργιος Αδαλής», «Διαχείριση και αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων έργων κατασκευής και συντήρησης ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας φωτοβολταϊκών πάρκων» Κατάλογος Εικόνων / Σχημάτων Εικόνα 1 Τυπικός καθαρισμός και προετοιμασία της επιφάνειας εγκατάστασης των ΦΒ Πηγή: Αρχείο συγγραφέα ..................................................................................................... 3 Εικόνα 2 Συναρμολόγηση μεταλλικών βάσεων ΦΒ πάρκου Πηγή: Αρχείο συγγραφέα. ..... 4 Εικόνα 3 Συναρμολόγηση πανέλων Πηγή: Αρχείο συγγραφέα ............................................ 4 Εικόνα 4 Παλέτες ΦΒ πανέλων στο χώρο του εργοταξίου.Πηγή: Αρχείο συγγραφέα ........ 5 Εικόνα 5 Τυπική τομή μονο-κρυσταλλικού πανέλου c-Si [3] ............................................... 8 Εικόνα 6 Τεχνικές ανακύκλωσης για διάφορους τύπους ΦΒ πανέλων [8] .......................
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