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Concentrated Solar Power in Spain: Thermal Energy Storage Systems

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Concentrated Solar Power in Spain: Thermal Energy Storage Systems Concentrated Solar Power in Spain: thermal energy storage systems Selvan Bellan Centre for transdisciplinary research 1 Outline ´ Evolution of Concentrating Solar Power technology ´ CSP in Spain ´ Thermal energy storage systems ´ Recent developments in latent thermal energy storage systems ´ Numerical Modeling of thermal energy storage system ´ Summary 2 Renewable Energy: Solution for global problems Population Fossil increase Fuels Global warming Renewable Energy Energy Water CO2 demand shortage growth Solar Energy CSP PV Climate Crisis change Cost Increase Disaster at nuclear power plant Concentrated solar Power 3 Installed solar thermal power plants since the 1980s ´ Early 1900s, interest in solar power was lost due to advances in internal combustion engines and availability of low cost fossil fuel ´ The first commercial plants had operated in California (USA) over the period of 1984–1991 Source: International Energy Agency(IEA) and www.cspworld.com. 4 As of March 2015…. ´ CSP market has a total capacity of 5840 MWe worldwide ´ 4800 MWe is operational and 1040 MWe is under construction. ´ Spain had a total operational capacity of 2405 MW and 100 MW is under construction ´ USA having a total capacity of 1795 MW. Solar thermal power plants in the planning ´ More than 10.135 GW; announced mainly by the USA and Spain ´ The Palen project includes two 250 MW adjacent power plants similar to Ivanpah technology is expected to be operational by the end of 2016 ´ Likewise, BrightSource is developing another two 500 MW projects named Rio Mesa and Hidden Hills. These two projects are still in the certification process. ´ Saudi Arabia has recently announced; a target of 25 GW in over the next 20 years. ´ Interest has grown in the Sun Belt countries such as Algeria, Morocco, India, Chile, South Africa, Australia, China and a few Middle East countries. Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 23 (2013) 12–39. 5 6 Primary energy resources in Spain Hydro 2.8% Renewabl e, 12 Wind 2.8% Oil, 44.5 Gas, 22.1 Biomass and Biogas 4% Nuclear, Coal, 9.9 11.5 Biofuels 1.2% Solar Renewables 1.3% Renewable Gas Coal Nuclear Oil Source: MITyC,Ministry of Industry,Tourism and Trade, Espana 2012 7 Electricity generation in Spain Biomass and Biogas 1.8 Renewables Solar Thermoelectri 1.3 Solar PV 2.9 Wind 18.1 Hydro 7.7 22% 32% 0 5 10 15 20 Nuclear Gas Energy production from renewable sources (ktoe) Coal Renewables 27% 19% Source: MITyC,Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Espana 2012 8 Solar energy in Spain ´ Reports indicate that 71% of the feasible territory in Spain receives an annual Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)1 between 1730 and 2310 kWh/m2 ´ Annual average global irradiation of 1640 kWh/m2 ´ Abundant solar resources makes Spain as one of the main solar energy markets in the world Source: Sol. Energy 81 (2007) 1295e1305. 9 Factors boosting CSP technology ´ Numerous supports in various forms of incentives ´ Incentives in the form of feed-in-tariff, tax relief, capital cost grants encouraging electricity export rates for CSP-plants. ´ Support from National and international organizations (Banks, Agencies) ´ Pilot and demonstration level projects PS10, PS20 and SOLAR TRES have provided valuable information for the development of the CSP technology. ´ Up to 2030, the market potential is estimated at least at 7 GW in the EU-MENA. This offers the opportunity to CO2 reduction of up to 12 million tons per year. ´ According to ECOSTAR report, about 50% of the intended reductions in costs of CSP-plants will be from technology developments, and the other half from scale up and volume production ´ Solar thermal power plants will be capable of delivering efficiently more than 3% of the EU’s electricity by 2020, and at least 10% by 2030 10 The cumulative capacity of CSP Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 1052–1068 11 Solar Thermal Projects ´ Andasol-1(AS-1) ´ Helios I(Helios I) ´ Puerto Errado 2 Thermosolar Power Plant(PE2) ´ Andasol-2(AS-2) ´ Helios II(Helios II) ´ Andasol-3(AS-3) ´ Solaben 1 ´ Ibersol Ciudad Real ´ Arcosol 50(Valle 1) (Puertollano) ´ Solaben 2 ´ Arenales ´ La AfricanaLa DehesaLa ´ Solaben 3 ´ Aste 1A FloridaLa Risca(Alvarado I) ´ Solaben 6 ´ Aste 1B ´ Lebrija 1(LE-1) ´ Solacor 1 ´ Astexol II ´ Majadas IManchasol-1(MS-1) ´ Solacor 2 ´ Borges Termosolar ´ Manchasol-2(MS-2) ´ Casablanca ´ Solnova 1 ´ Morón ´ Enerstar(Villena) ´ Solnova 3 ´ Olivenza 1 ´ Extresol-1(EX-1) ´ Solnova 4 ´ ´ OrellanaPalma del Río I Extresol-2(EX-2) ´ Termesol 50(Valle 2) ´ Extresol-3(EX-3) ´ Palma del Río II ´ Termosol 1 ´ Gemasolar Thermosolar ´ Planta Solar 10(PS10) Plant(Gemasolar) ´ Termosol 2 ´ Planta Solar 20(PS20) ´ Guzmán ´ Helioenergy 1 ´ Puerto Errado 1 Thermosolar Power Plant(PE1) ´ Helioenergy 2 12 Solar Thermal Projects Source: Sol. Energy 81 (2007) 1295-1305. 13 Comparison of the four CSP Technologies CSP Technology Typical Plant peak Relative rise of Outlook for capacity (MW) efficiency (%) efficiency after improvements improvements (%) Parabolic 10–300 14–20 20 Limited trough (commercially proven) SPT- Central 10–200 23–35 40–65 Very significant receiver (commercial) Linear Fresnel 10–200 18 25 Significant (pilot project) Dish Stirling 0.01–0.025 30 25 Via mass (demonstration production stage) Source; Solar Energy 2011;85:2443–60. 14 Comparison of PTC and SPT ´ The capacity factor is the ratio of the actual output over a year and its potential output if the plant had been operated at full nameplate capacity ´ A lower cost in SPT technology is mainly due to a lower thermal energy storage costs ´ SPT plants, the whole piping system is concentrated in the central area of the plant; reduces energy losses Source: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013) 466–481 15 SPT- Central receiver system ´ Cost reductions associated with technology innovations of the heliostat, the receiver and the power block ´ Provides cheaper electricity than trough and dish systems ´ Provides better performance than trough system ´ Higher temperatures (up to 1000 C) and thus higher efficiency of the power conversion ´ Easily integrated with fossil plants for hybrid operation in a wide variety of options ´ It has the potential for generating electricity with high annual capacity factors (from 0.40 to 0.80 ) through the use of thermal storage ´ It has great potential for costs reduction and efficiency improvements (40–65%) 16 Central receiver solar thermal plants Demonstration solar power towers Project Capacity, HTF year MW PSA SSPS-CRS 0.5 Liquid 1981 sodium PSA CESA-1 1 Steam 1983 v Performance of the tower power TSA Air 1 1993 v Feasibility and the economical potential Pressurized Solgate 0.3 2002 v Components air v Hybrid concepts Eureka 2 Superheated 2009 steam v Heat transfer fluids and v Storage system 17 Central receiver solar thermal plants Commercial solar power towers Project Capacity Solar field Storage Heat transfer Receiver Type year MW area capacity fluid & Tout h m2 Planta solar 10 11.0 75,000 1 water Cavity 2005 250-300 C Planta solar 20 20.0 150,000 1 water Cavity 2006 250-350 Gemasolar 19.9 304,750 15 Molten salt 565 C 2011 18 Recent R&D activities in central receiver technology Cost reduction ´ Scaling up and mass production can contribute to about 50% in LEC reduction ´ The other half in LEC reduction is the result of R&D efforts ´ ECOSTAR study pointed out that the lowest LEC for large scale CSP-plants would be for solar tower concept with pressurized air and molten salt ´ R&D efforts have been growing sharply in many countries; performance improvements of the three major components can achieve very significant costs reduction CTAER (Advanced Technology Center for Renewable Energy). ´ The Variable geometry central receiver solar test facility has been launched in Almeria; ´These helio-mobiles are placed over a mobile platform. ´The receiver is housed in a rotating platform 19 Thermal energy storage system The importance of energy storage: ´ Facilitating the integration of renewable energy. ´ Mitigating the mismatch between energy supply and energy demand (dispatchability). ´ Shifting the generation period from peak hours of solar insolation to peak hours of power demand ´ It makes concentrating solar power (CSP) dispatchable and unique among all other renewable energy Research efforts ´ The European DISTOR project: latent heat storage systems ´ The SunShot Initiative: Levelized cost of CSP-generated electricity to less than USD$0.06/kW h by 2020 with the cost of thermal storage less than USD$15/kWh and the exergetic efficiency greater than 95% . ´ The Australian Solar Thermal Research Initiative (ASTRI) ; the goal is to lower the cost of solar thermal power to AUD$0.12/kW h by 2020. 20 Thermal energy storage Sensible Latent Thermo- heat heat Chemical Solid- vNominal temperature Solid liquid vSpecific enthalpy drop vOperational strategy Liquid Solid-gas vIntegration into the power plant 21 Sensible heat storage Commercially deployed storage material Material Melting point ( C) Max. Operating Temp. ( Cost, (USD $/kg) C) Solar Salt 220 585 0.49 (NaNO3–KNO3(60–40) Hitec 142 450-538 0.93 (NaNO3–KNO3–NaNO2 (7–53– 40) Hitec XL 120 480–505 1.43 (NaNO3–KNO3–Ca(NO3)2 (7– 45–48) Therminol - 400 3.96 Feasibility, cost and performance of a parabolic trough plant with 6 h of storage; relative to an oil plant with Therminol ´ The molten salt plant can reduce the storage cost by up to 43.2% ´ Solar field cost by up to 14.8% and LCOE by 9.8–14.5% ´ Higher solar field outlet temperature, which will enable a higher Rankine power block efficiency and a lower cost energy storage system 22 CSP capacity with/without storage system Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 23 Annual solar-to-electricity efficiency EASAC policy report.
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