Land Snails As a Valuable Source of Fatty Acids: a Multivariate Statistical Approach

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Land Snails As a Valuable Source of Fatty Acids: a Multivariate Statistical Approach foods Article Land Snails as a Valuable Source of Fatty Acids: A Multivariate Statistical Approach Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo 1 , Gaetano Cammilleri 1,2,* , Alessandro Ulrici 2 , Rosalba Calvini 2, Andrea Pulvirenti 2 , Giovanni Lo Cascio 1 , Andrea Macaluso 1,2, Antonio Vella 1, Nicola Cicero 3 , Antonella Amato 4 and Vincenzo Ferrantelli 1,2 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (F.G.G.); [email protected] (G.L.C.); [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (V.F.) 2 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy; [email protected] (A.U.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (A.P.) 3 Dipartimento SASTAS, Università degli studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] 4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-328-8048262 Received: 4 November 2019; Accepted: 5 December 2019; Published: 12 December 2019 Abstract: The fatty acid (FA) profile of wild Theba pisana, Cornu aspersum, and Eobania vermiculata land snail samples, collected in Sicily (Southern Italy), before and after heat treatment at +100 ◦C were examined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results show a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in all of the examined raw snails samples, representing up to 48.10% of the total fatty acids contents, followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The thermal processing of the snail samples examined determined an overall reduction of PUFA levels (8.13%, 7.75%, and 4.62% for T. pisana, C. aspersum and E. vermiculata samples, respectively) and a species-specific variation of saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents. Oleic acid remained the most abundant FA of all of the snails species examined, accounting for up to 29.95% of the total FA content. A relevant decrease of Ñ3/Ñ6 ratio was found only for T. pisana samples. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed a separation of the snail samples in terms of species and heat treatment. The results of this work suggest land snails as a valuable source of MUFA and PUFA contents and boiling as appropriate treatment, according to the maintenance of healthy properties. Keywords: fatty acids; land snails; GC-FID; heat processing; principal component analysis 1. Introduction Terrestrial gastropods, commonly named land snails, constitute a niche food product traditionally appreciated by many European countries, especially France and Italy. The use of land snails as food is still steadily growing, and 26,000 tons of snails were imported from Africa and countries in the Middle East [1]. Cornu aspersum, Eobania vermiculata, and Theba pisana are the land snail species most consumed in Italy [2]. Land snails are consumed in different ways all over the world, but the principal cooking procedures recognized are roasting and boiling, according to the traditions of the countries. According to Milinsk et al. [3], there is a correlation between land snails’ diet and their nutritional values. Recently, increasing attention was paid to the fatty acid composition, due to nutritional and health-related aspects [4–8]. However, few studies are available about the fatty acid (FA) profile in Foods 2019, 8, 676; doi:10.3390/foods8120676 www.mdpi.com/journal/foods Foods 2019, 8, 676 2 of 10 due to nutritional and health-related aspects [4–8]. However, few studies are available about the fatty Foods 2019, 8, 676 2 of 10 acid (FA) profile in land snails [3,9,10] and, as far as we know, no data have been reported regarding the fatty acid profile of T. pisana. Snails are commonly consumed in different ways after boiling due to landthe risk snails posed [3,9 by,10 ]the and, possible as far aspresence we know, of potentially no data have pathogenic been reported microorganisms regarding the [2] fatty. The acid cooking profile temperatureof T. pisana can. Snails influence are commonly the nutritional consumed aspect in of di mollusksfferent ways [11] after. At present, boiling due there to are the too risk few posed studies by the aboutpossible the influence presence of potentiallyheat processing pathogenic (such as microorganisms boiling) on the [ 2nutritional]. The cooking composition temperature of land can influencesnails. theIn nutritional this context, aspect the ofpresent mollusks work [11 aimed]. At present,at evaluating there arethe toofatty few acids studies content about of thewild influence C. apsersum of heat, T. processingpisana, and (such E. vermiculata as boiling) samples on the nutritionalcollected in composition Sicily (Southern of land Italy). snails. Furthermore, the effect of boiling Inon this the context,fatty acid the composition present work was aimed evaluated at evaluating to have thea comprehensive fatty acids content nutritional of wild evaluationC. apsersum , of T.this pisana, productand afterE. vermiculata processing.samples collected in Sicily (Southern Italy). Furthermore, the effect of boiling on the fatty acid composition was evaluated to have a comprehensive nutritional evaluation of 2. Materialsthis product and after Methods processing. 2.1.2. Reagents Materials and and Standards Methods 2.1.All Reagents chemicals, and Standardssolvents, and reagents employed were of analytical grade (≥99.9%). Acetone, hexane, diatomaceous earth, sodium sulfide nonahydrate, methanol, and hydrochloric acid were All chemicals, solvents, and reagents employed were of analytical grade ( 99.9%). Acetone, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Amsterdam, Holland). All of the gas used for gas chromatography≥ (GChexane,) analysis diatomaceous was pure (≥99.9995%). earth, sodium Water sulfide used nonahydrate, for the separation methanol, of andfatty hydrochloric acid methyl acid esters were (FAMEspurchased) phase from was Sigma-Aldrich bidistilled in (Amsterdam, Milli-Q® Integral Holland). 5 (Merck All of KGaA, the gas usedDarmstadt, for gas Germany). chromatography FA standards(GC) analysis were waspurchased pure ( from99.9995%). Sigma Water-Aldrich used (Amsterdam, for the separation Holland). of fatty The acid 10,000 methyl mg/L esters standards (FAMEs) ≥ ® werephase prepared was bidistilled by diluting in Milli-Q100 mg ofIntegral a pure 5standard (Merck KGaA,solution Darmstadt, with 10 ml Germany). of n-hexan FAe. A standards mixture wereof FApurchased standards fromwas used Sigma-Aldrich for the identification (Amsterdam, of Holland).each peak. The 10,000 mg/L standards were prepared by diluting 100 mg of a pure standard solution with 10 ml of n-hexane. A mixture of FA standards was 2.2.used Sample for theCollection identification and Preparation of each peak. 2.2.A Sampletotal of Collection 128 samples and of Preparation C. aspersum, 400 samples of T. pisana, and 162 samples of E. vermiculata, were collected from Palermo provinces (Sicily, Southern Italy) in 2018 during July for C. aspersum, A total of 128 samples of C. aspersum, 400 samples of T. pisana, and 162 samples of E. vermiculata, August for T. pisana, and September for E. vermiculata to have the maximum assimilation efficiency were collected from Palermo provinces (Sicily, Southern Italy) in 2018 during July for C. aspersum, according to the literature [12–14]. The shell of the snail samples was removed and only the meat was August for T. pisana, and September for E. vermiculata to have the maximum assimilation efficiency considered for the chemical analysis. The meat of the snail samples was grouped into three pools according to the literature [12–14]. The shell of the snail samples was removed and only the meat was according to the species, then homogenized by a vertical mixer B-400 (Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland) considered for the chemical analysis. The meat of the snail samples was grouped into three pools and stored at −10 °C for 24 h to prevent a decrease in fatty acid content during the storage period [15]. according to the species, then homogenized by a vertical mixer B-400 (Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland) and The FA content of each sample pool was determined both raw and after cooking at 100 °C with boiled stored at 10 C for 24 h to prevent a decrease in fatty acid content during the storage period [15]. water for 30− s. The◦ entire procedure of analysis is shown in Figure 1. The FA content of each sample pool was determined both raw and after cooking at 100 ◦C with boiled water for 30 s. The entire procedure of analysis is shown in Figure1. Figure 1. Scheme of the cooking process of the land snails samples collected. 2.3. Extraction of Fatty Acids and Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) Analysis Figure 1. Scheme of the cooking process of the land snails samples collected. An amount of 10 0.1 g of each pool of samples was placed in a glass of polypropylene and ± mixed with diatomaceous earth (Sigma-Aldrich, Amsterdam, Holland). The mixture was transferred in Foods 2019, 8, 676 3 of 10 an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) ASE 200 cell (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). The ASE operating conditions were set up as follows: 20 mL of hexane/acetone, 70:30; extraction temperature 120 ◦C for 6 min with a pressure of 120 pound per square (PSI). The extract was filtered (size 240 nm) and dehydrated in rotavapor (Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland) at +40 ◦C. For the preparation of FAME, 100 mg of the oil extracted was trans-esterified in a pyrex tube by using 2 mL of HCl/MeOH (2:98 v/v) to obtain the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The solution was mixed in a vortex for 1 min and put in the oven at 120 ◦C for 1 h.
Recommended publications
  • Gastropods Alien to South Africa Cause Severe Environmental Harm in Their Global Alien Ranges Across Habitats
    Received: 18 December 2017 | Revised: 4 May 2018 | Accepted: 27 June 2018 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4385 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Gastropods alien to South Africa cause severe environmental harm in their global alien ranges across habitats David Kesner1 | Sabrina Kumschick1,2 1Department of Botany & Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Abstract Matieland, South Africa Alien gastropods have caused extensive harm to biodiversity and socioeconomic sys- 2 Invasive Species Programme, South African tems like agriculture and horticulture worldwide. For conservation and management National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Claremont, purposes, information on impacts needs to be easily interpretable and comparable, South Africa and the factors that determine impacts understood. This study aimed to assess gas- Correspondence tropods alien to South Africa to compare impact severity between species and under- Sabrina Kumschick, Centre for Invasion stand how they vary between habitats and mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, relationship between environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and both impact South Africa. measures with life- history traits. We used the Environmental Impact Classification for Email: [email protected] Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Socio- Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) Funding information to assess impacts of 34 gastropods alien to South Africa including evidence of impact South African National Department of Environmental Affairs; National Research from their entire alien range. We tested for correlations between environmental and Foundation; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence socioeconomic impacts per species, and with fecundity and native latitude range for Invasion Biology; South African National Biodiversity Institute using Kendall’s tau tests.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Eobania Vermiculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda: Eupulmonata: Helicidae) in Romania
    Folia Malacol. 29(1): 51–53 https://doi.org/10.12657/folmal.029.003 SHORT COMMUNICATION FIRST RECORD OF EOBANIA VERMICULATA (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774) (GASTROPODA: EUPULMONATA: HELICIDAE) IN ROMANIA STELIAN GRIGORE Museum of Human Evolution and Technology in Paleolithic, Princely Court National Museum Targoviste, Romania (e-mail: [email protected]); https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-3634 ABSTRACT: Eobania vermiculata (O. F. Müller) is recorded for the first time in Romania. Other Mediterranean and Balkan species have entered the south of Romania – Dobrogea, or will do so in the near future. We expect the rest of Romania to be invaded, because the Danube is not an insurmountable barrier for some of these species. KEY WORDS: Eobania vermiculata; alien species; land snail; anthropochory A northward expansion of some terrestrial gas- tions for the invasion of Balkan and Mediterranean tropod species has been observed for the last two species. The climate and calcareous substrate of the decades; the spread has been accelerated by the coastal area in south-eastern Dobrogea favour accli- intensification of trade, tourism development and matisation of the new arrivals. cross-border freight transport. Among the regions of As early as four decades ago, Alexandru V. Grossu Romania, Dobrogea has the most favourable condi- anticipated the occurrence of this phenomenon in the Fig. 1. Map of Romania with the locality in Costinești 52 Stelian Grigore Fig. 2. Mature individuals of Eobania vermiculata in Costinești Fig. 3. The largest shell of Eobania vermiculata from Costinești near future (GROSSU 1983). In the last two decades, of perennials (Cichorium intybus, Convolvulus arvensis, there has been an expansion of the Mediterranean Echium vulgare, Elymus repens, Crupina vulgaris, Phleum species both in the east and in the northwest of their pratense, Malva pusilla, Teucrium polium, Juncus mariti­ original range (MIENIS 2002, UESHIMA et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Chocolate-Band Snail Massylaea Vermiculata Syn
    Fact sheet Chocolate-band snail Massylaea vermiculata Syn. Eobania vermiculata Syn. Helix vermiculata Massylaea vermiculata also known as Eobania vermiculata, common name the "chocolate-band snail" is a species of large, air-breathing, land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Helicidae, the true snails or typical snails. This species of large land snail is common in the Mediterranean area and it ranges from eastern Spain to the Crimea. Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment reports that it is occasionally detected at quarantine intervention points (Wharf inspection areas) on the Chocolate band snail (Massylaea vermiculata outside of containers around Australia. Picture: Andreas Gruber. Description The colour of the shell is very variable, whitish to greenish yellow, often with multiple color bands or spots; the lower side is frequently with two brown bands and whitish between lowest band and umbilicus. The shell has 4-4.5 whorls. The width of the shell is 22–32 mm and the height is 14–24 mm. The body of the snail is gray on the dorsal side and yellowish on the ventral side. Ecological Threat With Massylaea vermiculata having a long lifespan from 2 to 5 years an established population can continually grow. The long lifespan could make this species grow from a minor concern to a major concern for native gastropod species, garden plants and agricultural crops alike. Vineyards are very threatened with Massylaea vermiculata being observed on grape plants in their native range. Management This species is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Terrestrial Gastropods Species in Sohag Governorate, Egypt
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 3(1): 45-48 (2018) https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2018.030105 This content is available online at AESA Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science Journal homepage: www.aesacademy.org e-ISSN: 2456-6632 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Identification of terrestrial gastropods species in Sohag Governorate, Egypt Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky Department of Plant protection (Agriculture Zoology), Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, EGYPT E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT Received: 15 January 2018 The study aims to identify of terrestrial gastropods species in Sohag Governorate during the Revised received: 10 February 2018 year 2016 and 2017. The present study was carried out for survey and identification for ran- Accepted: 21 February 2018 dom land snail in 11 districts, i.e. (Tema, Tahta, Gehyena, El-Maragha, Saqultah, Sohag, Akhmim, El-Monshah, Gerga, El-Balyana, and Dar El-Salam) at Sohag Governorate, Egypt. Samples were collected from 5 different locations in each district during 2016-2017 seasons. The monthly Keywords samples were taken from winter and summer crops (areas were cultivated with the field crops Egypt such as wheat, Egyptian clover, and vegetables crops. The results showed that found two spe- Eobania vermiculata cies of land snails, Monacha obstracta (Montagu) and Eobania vermiculata (Muller). It was
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the BLACK SEA/MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT
    Journal of the BLACK SEA/MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT International Journal a Trimesterly International Publication of Earth, Marine, Environment and Engineering Science Special Issue 2015 ISSN: 1304-9550 Proceedings of MedCLIVAR 2014 Conference Understanding Climate Evolution and Effects on Environment and Societies in the Old World Region METU, ANKARA, TURKEY 23-25 JUNE 2014 Web www.blackmeditjournal.org, www.tudav.org Category Link Pollution, Marine Biology, Physical and Chemical Oceanography, Marine Geology and Geophysics, Maritime Policy, Biological Conservation, Coastal Zone Management Editor Bayram Öztürk Associate Editor Ayaka Amaha Öztürk Technical Editors Riccardo Buccolieri , Arda M. Tonay and Tuğçe Gül Guest Editors Piero Lionello (Italy) Serge Planton (France) Emin Özsoy (Turkey) Andrea Toreti (Italy) Vincenzo Artale (Italy) Murat Türkeş (Turkey) Gabriel Jordà (Spain) Elena Xoplaki (Germany) Levent Kurnaz (Turkey) Giovanni Zanchetta (Italy) Founder Kasım Cemal Güven Printed by: Metin Copy Plus (Tel: 0212 527 61 81) Editorial Address: TUDAV (Turkish Marine Research Foundation), P.O. Box: 10 Beykoz, Istanbul, Turkey. E mail: [email protected] Abstracted in: Chemical Abstracts, ASFA (Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries abstracts), Biosis (Biological Abstracts, Biosis Previews ) Journal of the BLACK SEA/MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT Special Issue 2015 Contents Extreme precipitation events over the Euro-Mediterranean region: projections dependence on daily/sub-daily time scale definition Enrico Scoccimarro, Gabriele Villarini, Silvio Gualdi, Alessio Bellucci, Matteo Zampieri, Marcello Vichi, Antonio Navarra............................................1 Dry events in the Mediterranean basin at 5.2 and 5.6 ka as recorded by stable isotopes in Corchia (Italy) and Soreq (Israel) caves speleothems Giovanni Zanchetta, Mira Bar-Matthews, Eleonora Regattieri, Russell N. Drysdale, Piero Lionello, Avner Ayalon, Ilaria Isola, John C.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Record of Eobania Vermiculata (Of Müller, 1774)
    DOI : 10.35124/bca.2019.19.S1.2079 Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 19, Supplement 1, pp. 2079-2081, 2019 www.connectjournals.com/bca ISSN 0972-5075 A FIRST RECORD OF EOBANIA VERMICULATA (O. F. MÜLLER, 1774), TERRESTRIAL SNAIL (GASTROPODA-HELICIDAE) FROM BAGHDAD, IRAQ Nibrass Lafta Al-Doori Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences (IbnAl-Haitam), University of Bagdad, Baghdad, Iraq. e-mail : [email protected] (Received 24 March 2019, Revised 21 May 2019, Accepted 17 June 2019) ABSTRACT : The terrestrial snail Eobania vermiculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) were collected from three station in Baghdad Al- Karkh, Iraq between the period from June 2016 to July 2017. Then we studied the life cycle from the egg to maturity. We studied and photographed the external morphology of it’s shell to identified the species. This species was recorded for the first time in Baghdad. Key words : Eobania vermiculata, gastropoda, terrestrial snail, helicidae. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The mollusca are a large phylum of the kingdom The specimens of terrestrial snail E. vermiculata Animalia, they are forming a major part of the world fauna were studied in three stations in Baghdad Al-Karkh from (Desoky, 2018). The gastropoda perform an important June 2016 to July 2017 in it’s habitat (the three stations) class in molluscans, and from the terrestrial gastropoda to study their life cycle from the eggs to the maturity. a family Helicidae, which our species belong Eobania The height, width, aperture width and aperture height of vermiculata, which is an important land snail, causing a the shell were measured using a ruler, about 50 specimens harmful damage in aagriculture (Ali et al, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Microhabitat Choice and Polymorphism in the Land Snail Theba Pisana (Muller)
    Heredity 65 (1990) 449—454 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 19 April 1990 Microhabitat choice and polymorphism in the land snail Theba pisana (Muller) W. N. Hazel* and * Departmentof Biological Sciences, DePauw M. S. Johnsont University, Greencastle, IN 46136, U.S.A. tDepartmentof Zoology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Associations between microhabitat, shell banding and apex colour were examined in the land snail Theba pisana. Snails on their summer aestivation sites were sampled from a transect that included a relatively sheltered Acacia habitat and a more exposed open habitat. The frequencies of fully banded snails and snails with dark apexes, as well as the intensity of banding in fully banded snails, were lower in the open habitat than in the Acacia habitat. No differences in microhabitat relative to shell phenotypes were found in samples from the open habitat. However, significant differences in microhabitat were found between effectively unbanded and fully banded snails in the Acacia habitat, with effectively unbanded snails more common in the exposed Acacia canopy and fully banded snails more common beneath the canopy. Air temperatures in the Acacia canopy were consistently higher than below the canopy, while body temperatures of living fully banded and unbanded snails in sunlight indicated that fully banded snails heat more rapidly than do unbanded snails. These results suggest a potential role for both climatic selection and adaptive plasticity in microhabitat choice in the maintenance of variation in shell banding. INTRODUCTION habitat is probably due to the combined effects of climatic selection within habitats and the differen- Naturalselection in heterogeneous environments tial seasonal migration of fully banded and is more likely to result in the maintenance of effectively unbanded snails between habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    PAPER A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FATTY ACID CONTENT OF MAIN ORGANS AND LIPID CLASSES OF LAND SNAILS ASSYRIELLA ESCHERIANA AND ASSYRIELLA GUTTATA DISTRIBUTED IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA . I. EKIN Sirnak University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Sirnak, Turkey [email protected] ABSTRACT In the present work, main organs (digestive gland, cephalopedal, gonad and mantle) and lipid classes (total, neutral and phospholipid) of land snails Assyriella escheriana and Assyriella gutta- ta from southeastern Anatolia were examined for their fatty acids. The major components detect- ed in both of the species were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9, C18:2ω6, C18:3ω3, C20:2ω6 and C20:4ω6. C18:2ω6 was identified as the primary fatty acid ranging from17.07% to 28.12% in A. guttata and 18.02% to 27.43% in A. escheriana. The proportions of C20:4ω6 modified to form prostaglandins that are directly involved in regulation of reproduction, ranged from10.01% to 20.30% in A. es- cheriana and 11.05 % to 16.58% in A. guttata. Taking into consideration that ΣPUFA levels were always higher than ΣSFA and ΣMUFA levels in all treatments of both species. This was an expect- ed finding for the snails collected during the breeding season because PUFA plays an important role as precursors for signal-transduction involved in the regulation of mating and reproduction. A significant amount of C20:2ω6 was concentrated in the cephalopedal of A. guttata (13.42%) and A. escheriana (14.93%). Probably, cephalopedal serves as a storage organ of this component. Con- sequently, the findings revealed that the snail’s fatty acid profiles were qualitatively similar, but quantitatively there were some differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Cernuella Cisalpina and Eobania Vermiculata), Hitchhiking with the Imported Tiles in Packaging, Using Steam and Vacuum
    Phytosanitary treatment of the Mediterranean snails, (Cernuella cisalpina and Eobania vermiculata), hitchhiking with the imported tiles in packaging, using steam and vacuum Zhangjing Chen and Marshall S. White Virginia Tech, 1650 Ramble Road, Blacksburg, VA 24060 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Ron Mack USDA APHIS, PPQ, Pest Survey, Detection and Exclusion Laboratory, W. Truck Road, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 Email: [email protected] This study was funded by USDA, APHIS, PPQ. Pest Survey, Detection and Exclusion Laboratory,W. Truck Road, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 Thanks also go to Dick Bean, Maryland Dept. of Agriculture for helping in collecting the snails for this study. 1 Abstract Alien species are being moved around the world at the unprecedented rates as a result of the increase in the international trade. Snails may be also transported from one country to another country in and on internationally traded commodities. Snails consume vegetation, but more importantly carry and spread diseases. Snails indigenous to Italy have arrived to the US on unit loads of tiles. In this study, two species of Mediterranean snails, (Cernuella cisalpina with weight of 0.096 g and Eobania vermiculata with the weight of 2.06g) were field collected in Maryland, transported to and quarantined at Virginia Tech. Unit loads of tile were inoculated with these snails and then subsequently treated with the saturated steam at the initial levels of 100, 250 and 500 mmHg. The results revealed that vacuum and steam technology can be used to kill both snails, Eobania vermiculata and Cernuella cisalpine at the temperature of 56°C with the holding time of 30 minutes in less than 61 minutes with average treating time of 51.1 minutes at the initial vacuum levels of 100 mmHg and 250 mmHg.
    [Show full text]
  • European Red List of Non-Marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert
    European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs Annabelle Cuttelod, Mary Seddon and Eike Neubert IUCN Global Species Programme IUCN Regional Office for Europe IUCN Species Survival Commission Published by the European Commission. This publication has been prepared by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and the Natural History of Bern, Switzerland. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, the Natural History Museum of Bern or the European Commission. Citation: Cuttelod, A., Seddon, M. and Neubert, E. 2011. European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Design & Layout by: Tasamim Design - www.tasamim.net Printed by: The Colchester Print Group, United Kingdom Picture credits on cover page: The rare “Hélice catalorzu” Tacheocampylaea acropachia acropachia is endemic to the southern half of Corsica and is considered as Endangered. Its populations are very scattered and poor in individuals. This picture was taken in the Forêt de Muracciole in Central Corsica, an occurrence which was known since the end of the 19th century, but was completely destroyed by a heavy man-made forest fire in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • White Garden Snail, Theba Pisana (Müller) (Gastropoda: Helicidae)1 Jane E
    EENY-197 doi.org/10.32473/edis-in354-2002 White Garden Snail, Theba pisana (Müller) (Gastropoda: Helicidae)1 Jane E. Deisler, Lionel A. Stange, and Thomas R. Fasulo2 The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences. Introduction The white garden snail, Theba pisana (Müller), is the worst potential agricultural pest of the helicid snails introduced to North America (Mead 1971). It is the most frequently intercepted foreign land snail (Hanna 1966; Mead 1971), generally arriving in shipments from the Mediterranean Figure 1. The white garden snail, Theba pisana (Müller). countries. Theba pisana shows a strong proclivity for Credits: Esculapio climbing up and into freight for aestivation and is difficult to detect. This snail can survive long and arduous journeys Distribution because of its ability to form a wall of dried mucus, called Theba pisana is native in the Mediterranean countries of an epiphragm, in the aperture of its shell, which reduces Europe, Africa, and the Mid-East (Pilsbry 1939; Burch water loss during dormancy. 1960). The type locality is Italy. Its habitat in Europe is near the coasts of Belguim, southwestern England, and south Theba pisana is capable of explosive reproductive rates Wales, east and south Ireland, western France, Netherlands, where it has been introduced and can be found in densities Portugal, and Spain (where it is occasionally found in the of up to 3000 snails per tree (Mead 1971) after periods of interior) (Kerney and Cameron 1979; Schultes 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and Little Known Gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar
    1 Reference (Explanations see mollusca-database.eu) Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and little known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar. AF01 http://www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/ForschungImadagaskar.htm (11.03.2007, abstract) Bandel K. 2003, Cretaceous volutid Neogastropoda from the Western Desert of Egypt and their place within the noegastropoda AF02 (Mollusca). Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 87, p 73-98, 49 figs., Hamburg (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Kiel S. & Bandel K. 2003, New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Uzamba Formation (Santonian-Campanian, South AF03 Africa) based on newly collected material. Cretaceous research 24, p. 449-475, 10 figs., Elsevier (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Emberton K.C. 2002, Owengriffithsius , a new genus of cyclophorid land snails endemic to northern Madagascar. The Veliger 45 (3) : AF04 203-217. http://www.theveliger.org/index.html Emberton K.C. 2002, Ankoravaratra , a new genus of landsnails endemic to northern Madagascar (Cyclophoroidea: Maizaniidae?). AF05 The Veliger 45 (4) : 278-289. http://www.theveliger.org/volume45(4).html Blaison & Bourquin 1966, Révision des "Collotia sensu lato": un nouveau sous-genre "Tintanticeras". Ann. sci. univ. Besancon, 3ème AF06 série, geologie. fasc.2 :69-77 (Abstract). www.fossile.org/pages-web/bibliographie_consacree_au_ammon.htp (20.7.2005) Bensalah M., Adaci M., Mahboubi M. & Kazi-Tani O., 2005, Les sediments continentaux d'age tertiaire dans les Hautes Plaines AF07 Oranaises et le Tell Tlemcenien (Algerie occidentale).
    [Show full text]