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Citing George Orwell, Michael Radu States That
13 Scientia Militaria vol 40, no 3, 2012, pp.13-39. doi : 10.5787/40-3-1041 Accolades and Albatrosses: The South African National Defence Force’s Centenary and the Commemoration of Milestones in South African Military History Deon Visser • Abstract Peoples, societies, institutions and other entities frequently record their histories in terms of successive epochs, and commemorate those histories according to perceived milestones or turning points in their development. Since much of human history has been dominated by strife and warfare, national and international milestones are frequently embedded in notions of a military past. Milestones in military history may be divided into three broad categories, namely those representing significant strides in the evolution of warfare, those associated with bravery, heroic sacrifice and great loss, and those of decisive political importance. Defence forces in general, and individual military units in particular, are extremely conscious of their past and often commemorate milestones through customs, traditions, and splendid parades and ceremonial displays. This year (2012), the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) celebrates its centenary against the complex background of South Africa’s long history of internal strife interspaced with participation in foreign conflicts. This article reflects on the commemoration of South Africa’s military history within the context of the divergent historical heritages of the SANDF and its predecessors. It commences with a brief background on memory, identity and the commemoration of history and military history. Thereafter it outlines the commemoration of a few of the foremost milestones in South African • Lieutenant Colonel GE Visser is an associate professor of Military History at the Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University (South African Military Academy). -
A.E. Cubbin Dtpartmt'nt of History Universityof Zululand
A.E. Cubbin Dtpartmt'nt of History Universityof Zululand THEfact that it had been decided to celebrateDurban's 150th anniversaryin 1985,makes it interesting to r~-examinethe nascentyears of that urban complex in orde.rto ascenainthe exactdate of its establishmentand who its founders were. FYNN'S ORIGINAL SETTLEMENT MAY 1824 Henry Francis Fynw was the leader of the vanguard of Lieutenant Francis George Farewell's2trading and settling expedition to Pon Natal. Fynn wasthe supercargo of a small sloop,Julia, which arrived at the bay ofPon Natal from Cape Town during May 1824.3 Fynn's arrival ahead of Farewell with the stores was primarily to establish what wasto become the firSt permanent European settlement at Pon Natal. With Lieutenant James Saunders King, Farewell had realized as a result of an expedition to the south-easternshores of Mrica the previous year that Pon Natal wasthe only viable harbour for small vessels between Algoa Bay and Delagoa Bay.4 With Fynn came three 'mechanics': the F;nglishman Henry Ogle, the Prussian Catl August Zinke and an un- One of Fynn's priorities wasto meet the local inhabitants. known Frenchman. He was also accompanied by a couple With Frederick's assistancethey managed to establish contact of indispensable servants,the ColouredsJantyi Oantjie?) and with the reluctant Mahamba (alias Matubane, alias Fica), Michael, and Frederick, a Black interpreter from the Eastern regent of the emaTulini (later amaTuli) tribe of approximately Cape Frontier.5 60 members who were inhabiting the fastness of isiBubu- lungu (nowadays known as the Bluff).8 These people were the destitute vassalsof Shaka, King of the Zulu, eking out a precarious living on the Bluff. -
Francis Farewell
8 O~@ , '-' ~, 1824-1914 Francis Farewell By 1828, an overland route between the Cape Colony and Natal was beginning to provide an alternative to the arduous and frequently disastrous sea voyage. It was this virtually unknown trail that was chosen by a small party of travellers who set out from the Cape for Port Natal in September 1829. Leader of the venture was Lieutenant Francis George Farewell, returning, after a short stay in the Colony, to the trading settlement at Natal. He waS accompanied by Walker (a naturalist), Thackwray (an 1820 settler) and a number of native servants. John Cane, also on his way back to the Port, joined Farewell's group, and the expedi tion proceeded without mishap until the area ofthe Umzimvubu river was reached. Here, Farewell decided to visit Nqeto, chief of the Qwabe, who had fled southwards from the Zulu kingdom after rebelling against Shaka's successor, Dingane. With Lynx the interpreter, Thackwray, Walker and some servants, Farewell went to Nqeto's kraal, leaving John Cane to guard the wagons. The chief 'received them with apparent kindness, ordering a beeve to be slaughtered for their use, and gave them various other tokens of friendship. Scarcely, however, had night-shade fallen, before his mien altered ... for both words and actions then assumed an air of hostility ... Messrs. Thackwray and Walker now became considerably uneasy, but Mr. Farewell was still unwilling to believe that their host would venture to do them any personal injury. Their fears being somewhat quieted, and the natives being retired, they laid down to sleep, and all remained tranquil until dawn of day the following morning. -
Spiritual Mapping Report for Pinetown
A Brief History of Land Rights in Kwazulu-Natal Chris WILLIAMS-WYNN, South Africa Key words: History, land occupation, tenure security, de facto land rights, Cadastre. SUMMARY Hunter-gatherers, the early peoples that inhabited the fertile lands that today are known as the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa, have vanished entirely and the only evidence that remains from their times is their burial grounds, their waste middens and their rock art. Three hundred and fifty years ago, when Europe and the East already had great libraries and formal land records, there was not even the most primitive of writing that recorded the existence and migration south of African herders and tillers, who either displaced the hunter-gatherers or assimilated them into their own clans. Between the years 1816 and 1828, or thereabouts, King Shaka, leader of one clan of African people, conquered most of the clans that had by then occupied what is now KwaZulu-Natal. Shaka “gave” a small part of this conquered territory to some European traders. His successor Dingane also “gave” some land to Gardiner, a British Missionary, and then, in 1838, allegedly a substantial area to the Boer leadership. (The Boers were a large group of migratory farmers of predominantly Dutch descent who sought their own homeland.) These Boers then allocated most of it to land- hungry individuals and land, surplus to their needs, was sold to speculators. However, it was never the intention of Shaka or Dingane to relinquish their sovereignty over KwaZulu-Natal. According to Gardiner, Dingane had made it clear to him that he was to be “chief” over the European settlers, under himself as king. -
A F R I C a N S T U D I E S I N S T I T U
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented at Seminar in RW 319 at 4.00 p.m. on Monday 25 April 1988 SOUTH AFRICAN FICTION AND A CASE HISTORY REVISED: AN ACCOUNT OF RESEARCH INTO RETELLINGS OF THE JOHN ROSS STORY OF EARLY NATAL by Stephen Gray No. 230 SOUTH AFRICAN FICTION AND A CASE HISTORY REVISED: AN ACCOUNT OF RESEARCH INTO RETELLINGS OF THE JOHN ROSS STORY OF EARLY NATAL Stephen Gray I talk about the past mainly because I am interested in the present. Ngugi wa Thiong'oC11 The best sort o-f historical novel is the one which i s real1y about the present and uses the past as a sort o-f working model -for the present. Or, to put it another way, the best sort o-f historical novels are novels in which the human issues are the same as those we have now, and have always had to -face, Thomas KeneallyC2J In 1825-28, during the establishment o-f a British trading outpost and harbour facility at Port Natal, a boy apprentice - commonly known as John Ross — spent a considerable period at the court o-f Shaka, first king of the Zulus- He was the only white eye-witness to affairs in Zululand who was consistently there at the formation of the Zulu imperium, and he came to act as a translator and mediator, liaising between the Zulus and the coastal settlement in some crucial dealings. In white accounts of his story he has been remembered exclusively as a minor character among the white pioneers, for whom, when they were ailing in 1827, at the age of 14 he undertook a remarkable marathon rescue-run from Port Natal to the Portuguese fort at Delagoa Bay in quest of "medicines and other necessaries." This feat is commemorated in many existing monuments, and has been the subject of much historical writing and fiction, including the SABC-TV serial, John Ross: An African Adventure. -
The Assassination of King Shaka: Zulu History's Dramatic Moment
THE ASSASSINATION OF KING SHAKA: ZULU HISTORY’S DRAMATIC MOMENT by JOHN LABAND Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2017. ISBN 9781868428076 (paperback) 226 pages, illustrated, general index, reading list, referenced with endnotes, historical time line, list of characters, glossary of Zulu words OHN Laband, for many years a ing of books on Shaka and Zulu history, lecturer and professor in the De- such as Hamilton’s Terrific Majesty: The partment of History at the erstwhile Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of J 10 University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg, Historical Invention and Dan Wylie’s is a well-known writer on the history of 2000 Savage Delight: White Myths of the Zulu kingdom, with his best-known Shaka,11 followed by his 2006 Myth of work probably his 1995 Rope of Sand: Iron: Shaka in History.12 What more, The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Kingdom.1 then, I thought, when asked to review From the 1830s (shortly after Shaka’s Laband’s The Assassination of Shaka, assassination) to today, a considerable could he say about Shaka and his role amount has been written and published in the history of the Zulu Kingdom? on the history of the Zulu kingdom and Laband’s book is unquestionably an its celebrated founder, Shaka kaSenzan- academic history: elegantly written, it is gakhona kaJama. The Diary of Henry meticulously referenced, with an aver- Francis Fynn, eventually published in age of 29 endnotes to each chapter (and 1986,2 has a preface written by Fynn a high of 69 endnotes in Chapter 5). In in about 1833, and Nathaniel Isaacs’s addition to the endnotes, the book has a Travels and Adventures in Eastern general index, a reading list, a historical Africa was first published in 1836.3 time line, a list of historical characters, Other books have followed at regular and a glossary of Zulu terms. -
Terrestrial Ecological Impact Assessment Appendix 7B
Proposed Stormwater and Sewer Infrastructure for the Umhlanga Ridgeside Development Appendices Appendix 7: Specialist Studies Appendix 7A: Terrestrial Ecological Impact Assessment Appendix 7B: Heritage Impact Assessment Appendix 7C: Wetland Delineation Impact Assessment Appendix 7D: Specialist Declaration Forms Proposed Stormwater and Sewer Infrastructure for the Umhlanga Ridgeside Development Appendices Appendix 7A: Terrestrial Ecological Impact Assessment PROPOSED STORMWATER AND SEWER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THE UMHLANGA RIDGESIDE DEVELOPMENT TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT MARCH 2019 PREPARED FOR: TONGAAT HULETT DEVELOPMENTS Title and Approval Page Proposed Stormwater and Sewer Infrastructure for the Umhlanga Project Name: Ridgeside Development Report Title: Terrestrial Ecological Assessment Report Authority Reference: - Report Status Draft Applicant Tongaat Hulett Developments Prepared By: Nemai Consulting (Pty) Ltd +27 11 781 1730 147 Bram Fischer Drive, +27 11 781 1731 FERNDALE, 2194 [email protected] PO Box 1673, SUNNINGHILL, www.nemai.co.za 2157 50048-20190307- Terrestrial Report Reference: R-PRO-REP|20170216 Ecological Assessment Report Author: Avhafarei Phamphe Author’s Affiliations Professional Natural Scientist: South African Council for Natural Scientific Professions Ecological Science (400349/2) Professional Member of South African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists Professional Member: South African Association of Botanists. This Document is Confidential Intellectual Property of Nemai Consulting -
Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment
Coetzee, FP HIA: Proposed Housing Upgrade of Low Income Houses in Amatikwe Phase 2 & 3, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment: Phase 1 Investigation for the Proposed In-Situ Housing Upgrade of Approximately 3500 Low Income Houses in Amatikwe Phase 2 and Phase 3, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal For Project Applicant Environmental Consultant eThekwini Municipality: Asande Projects Consulting & Engineering (Pty) Ltd Human Settlements Unit Rosen Office Park, No. 2 Matuka Close, 188 Anton Lembede Street, Durban Halfway House, Midrand, 1685 Tel: 031 322 7848 Tel: 011 315 6794 Fax: 031 311 3493 Fax: 011 312 3359 Contact: P. Mhlongo E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] By Francois P Coetzee Heritage Consultant ASAPA Professional Member No: 028 99 Van Deventer Road, Pierre van Ryneveld, Centurion, 0157 Tel: (012) 429 6297 Fax: (012) 429 6091 Cell: 0827077338 [email protected] Date: December 2019 Revised: January 2020 April 2020 Version: 3 (Final Report) 1 Coetzee, FP HIA: Proposed Housing Upgrade of Low Income Houses in Amatikwe Phase 2 & 3, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal Executive Summary This report contains a comprehensive heritage impact assessment investigation in accordance with the provisions of Sections 38(1) and 38(3) of the National Heritage Resources Act (Act No. 25 of 1999) (NHRA) and focuses on the survey results from a cultural heritage survey as requested by Asande Projects Consulting and Engineering (Pty) Ltd. eThekwini Municipality: Human Settlements Unit is planning to undertake in-situ housing upgrades for low income houses in Amatikwe Phase 2 and 3. -
An Analysis of Beadwork Conventions As the Basis for Craft Economies in Kwazulu-Natal, with S
BEADWORK IDENTITY AS BRAND EQUITY: AN ANALYSIS OF BEADWORK CONVENTIONS AS THE BASIS FOR CRAFT ECONOMIES IN KWAZULU-NATAL, WITH SPECIFIC EMPHASIS ON THE BEADWORK OF AMANYUSWA. BY ROWAN CHRISTOPHER GATFIELD STUDENT NUMBER 211560381 SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR V. B. OJONG CO-SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR M. P. SITHOLE September 2014 THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF A THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) IN ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL. September 2014 II COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES DECLARATION REGARDING PLAGIARISM I, Rowan Christopher Gatfield, declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other sources have been quoted, then: a) Their words have been rewritten but the general information attributed to them has been referenced. b) Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source is detailed and referenced in the thesis. Signed…………………………………………………… Date……………………………………………………… III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My gratitude to my wife Yvonne for your encouragement and quiet strength and support. I know that you have sacrificed much for this study to be realized. -
FUGITIVE QUEENS: Amakhosikazi and the Continuous Evolution Of
FUGITIVE QUEENS: Amakhosikazi and the Continuous Evolution of Gender and Power in KwaZulu-Natal (1816-1889) by CAELLAGH D. MORRISSEY A THESIS Presented to the Department of History and International Studies and the Robert D. Clark Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science December 2015 An Abstract of the Thesis of Caellagh Morrissey for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Department of History and International Studies to be taken December 2015 Title: Fugitive Queens: Amakhosikazi and the Evolution of Gender and Power in KwaZulu-Natal (1816-1889) Professor Lindsay F. Braun Amakhosikazi (elite women) played a vital role within the social, economic, and political reality of the Zulu pre-colonial state. However, histories have largely categorized them as accessory to the lives of powerful men. Through close readings of oral traditions, travelogues, and government documentation, this paper discusses the spaces in which the amakhosikazi exhibited power, and tracks changes in the social position of queen mothers, as well as some members of related groups of elite women, from the early years of the Zulu chiefdom in the 1750s up until the 1887 annexation by Britain and their crucial intervention in royal matters in 1889. The amakhosika=i can be seen operating in a complex social space wherein individual women accessed power through association to political clans, biological and economic reproduction, manipulation, and spiritual influence. Women's access to male power sources changed through both internal political shifts and external pressures. but generally increased in the first half of the 1800s, and the declined over time and with the fracturing of Zulu hegemony. -
Relief of the Siege of Fort Port Natal
RELIEF OF THE SIEGE OF FORT PORT NATAL Researched and written by Udo Richard AVERWEG Saturday 24th June 2017 marked the 175th anniversary of the arrival of the schooner Conch to the Bay of Natal (now known as Durban harbour). The ship’s arrival from Algoa Bay (now known as Port Elizabeth) on 24th June 1842, was instrumental in raising the month-long siege of the British garrison at Fort Port Natal (now known as The Old Fort, Durban). (Entrance plaque to present day Old Fort, Durban) In 1824 there was a settlement on the northern side of the Bay of Natal under the leadership of British Lt F G Farewell (1784 – 1829). Lt Farewell had established Port Natal as a place for ships travelling to India to stop and also to trade with the Zulus for ivory. With the arrival of migrant Voortrekkers (Afrikaner Boers, mainly of Dutch descent) from the Cape Colony at Port Natal, they sought to set up the Natalia Republiek with an independent port of entry, free from British control. At the Battle of Congella on 23rd/24th May 1842, these insurgent Boers had conquered the Port Natal trading settlement. However, the governor of the Cape Colony wanted to take military repossession of Port Natal and prevent the Afrikaner Boers establishing an independent republic on the coast and with a harbour through which access to the interior could easily be gained. P a g e 1 | 6 After the Battle of Congella, the besieged British force of ‘Redcoats’ (as the Boers termed the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot1), under the command of Capt Thomas Charlton Smith (1794 – 1883) at Fort Port Natal, was in a perilous state: their food was running out and they were subsisting on biscuit crumbs and a handful of rice. -
The Battle of Congella
REMEMBERING DURBAN’S HISTORICAL TAPESTRY – THE BATTLE OF CONGELLA Researched and written by Udo Richard AVERWEG Tuesday 23rd May 2017 marks an important date in Durban’s historical tapestry – it is the dodransbicentennial (175th) anniversary of the commencement of the Battle of Congella in the greater city of Durban. From a military historical perspective, the Congella battle site was actually named after former Zulu barracks (known as an ikhanda), called kwaKhangela. This was established by King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (ca. 1787 – 1828) to keep a watchful eye on the nearby British traders at Port Natal - the full name of the place was kwaKhangela amaNkengane (‘place of watching over vagabonds’). Shortly after the Battle of Blood River (isiZulu: iMpi yaseNcome) on 16th December 1838, Natalia Republiek was established by the migrant Voortrekkers (Afrikaner Boers, mainly of Dutch descent). It stretched from the Tugela River to the north to present day Port St Johns at the UMzimvubu River to the south. The Natalia Republiek was seeking an independent port of entry, free from British control by conquering the Port Natal trading settlement, which had been settled by mostly British traders on the modern-day site of Durban. However, the governor of the Cape Province, Maj Gen Sir George Thomas Napier KCB (1784 - 1855), stated that his intention was to take military possession of Port Natal and prevent the Afrikaner Boers establishing an independent republic upon the coast with a harbour through which access to the interior could be gained. The Battle of Congella began on 23rd May 1842 between British troops from the Cape Colony and the Afrikaner Boer forces of the Natalia Republiek.