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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2018 A Comparative Study on Steganography Digital Images: A Case Study of Scalable Vector (SVG) and Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Images Formats

Abdulgader Almutairi College of Sciences and Arts in ArRass, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract—Today image steganography plays a key role for encompass millions of different colors, with each one being exchanging a secret data through the . However, the represented by a single . optimal choice of images formats for processing steganography is still an open issue; therefore, this research comes into a table. The raster digital images are commonly used for non-line This research conducts a comparative study between Scalable digital images, since they normally involve complicated (SVG) image format and Portable Network composition, thin chromatic gradations, and indefinite lines Graphics (PNG) image format. As results show, SVG image and shapes. The most common spread raster digital images format is more efficient than PNG image format in terms of include Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Windows capacity and scalability before and after processing (BMP), Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), and steganography. As well, SVG image format helps to increase Portable Network Graphics (PNG) images formats [5]-[7]. simplicity and performance for processing steganography, since it is an XML text file. Our comparative study provides significant On the contrary, vector digital images are constructed results between SVG and PNG images, which have not been seen based on mathematical forms that state geometric features like in the previous related studies. rectangles, curves, lines, circles, and polygons. In addition, these components are loaded with gradients, color, blends, and Keywords—Image steganography; data hiding; raster and tints. Besides that, the lines project a stroke merit like various vector images; (SVG) and Portable chunkiness and colors for a solid or dashed line. The vector Network Graphics (PNG) images format digital images are used to construct more organized digital images, such as fonts, logos, letterhead. The most commonly I. INTRODUCTION used vector digital images are Nowadays, steganography is used widely for delivering a (VML) and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images formats secure message among different parties distributed across the [8]-[11]. Therefore, the difference between vector images and world. Steganography is a Greek term, which means a raster images is that the vector images are object based and the concealed writing. Steganography comprises four main others are pixel based. The rest of the paper is organized as categories: video steganography, audio steganography, image follows: Section II starts with literature review. Section III steganography, and text steganography. It has been observed gives comparative study on steganography digital images that image steganography is the most popular steganography between portable network graphics (PNG) and scalable vector type due to images frequencies in the internet, and therefore graphics (SVG) images formats. Results discussion and image steganography type is identified for discussion and analysis is presented in Section IV. And the paper has been review in this research [1]-[4]. summarized in Section V.

A is a numeric form of a two dimensional II. LITERATURE REVIEW image that is made of image components known as . Broadly, digital images are divided into two main types, Usually, pixels are structured in well-arranged array. The namely raster digital images and vector digital images. The columns number of the array defines width of the image, former are that are well-defined through a net of while the rows number of the array defines image height. specific pixels in order to form digital images. The most Broadly, digital images are two types, namely raster digital common spread raster digital images are Joint Photographic images and vector digital images [5]. Experts Group (JPEG), Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), The raster digital images are bitmaps that are defined and Portable Network Graphics (PNG) images formats. The through a grid of specific pixels, which jointly structure the latter are constructed based on mathematical forms that state digital image. It concentrates digital images as a pool of geometric features like rectangles, curves, lines, circles, and uncountable small squares called pixels. Every single pixel is polygons. In addition, these components are loaded with coded in a particular sort. It can be produced by an illustration gradients, color, blends, and tints. Besides that, the lines program or generated from a scanner. Thus, raster images can project a stroke merit like various chunkiness and colors for a

170 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.org (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2018 solid or dashed line. The most commonly used vector digital images are Vector Markup Language (VML) and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) images formats [2], [5]-[8], [10], [11], [15], [16].

Amongst the various raster’s digital images type, a Fig. 1. PNG24 image in RGB color model. Portable Network Graphics (PNG) image format is the most TABLE I. BASIC COMPARISONS BETWEEN SVG AND PNG IMAGE widely spread raster digital image, which can be attributed to FORMATS. its exceptional features, which are absent in the others raster SVG Images PNG Images No Property image formats. Hence, PNG image format is nominated in the Format Format current research to conduct a comparative study on 1 Type Vector Image Raster Image steganography digital images. PNG image format is designed Limited to image’s 2 Resolution Unlimited to be exchanged smoothly through network, and to work well pixels in online applications like web browsers. The PNG image Slow, since its Fast, since its file’s 3 Speed file’s size often is format provides integrity checking and transmission errors size is small. detection. PNG image format is a free and open source format, larger which was an alternative to GIF. PNG image format supports Support animation Support animation 4 Animation (ECMAScript, CSS, (MNG and APNG 8-, 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit, and 48-bit images, while GIF and SMIL) images formats) image format supports only 256 colors and a single It can be 5 Compressed It can be compressed transparent color. In addition, PNG image format excels JPEG compressed image format, particularly in case of a big sized image, which Zooming effects Zoomable without 6 Zoomable shadow in the losses compression, which means when compressed, it does degradation not lose any data. The animated images format of PNG is image. Standardized by Standardized by MNG and APNG images formats. PNG image format is 7 Open Standard W3C ISO/IEC. commonly used for graphs, diagrams, and anywhere to display flat colors and lines, not needing scaling up [2], [5]-[8], [10], III. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STEGANOGRAPHY DIGITAL [11], [15], [16]. IMAGES BETWEEN PORTABLE NETWORK GRAPHICS (PNG) AND The RGB (Red, Green and Blue) color model is an SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS (SVG) IMAGES FORMATS essential tool, to edit an image’s pixels in order to hide a This section, presents a comparative study on secret data into PNG image formats. The RGB color model is steganography digital images between PNG and SVG images a collective color model, which collects red, green and blue formats. Firstly, it presents SVG and PNG images format sizes colors together in several means to reproduce a various colors. prior to steganography processing. This is followed by a Fig. 1 presents PNG24 image in RGB color model [6], [17]. discussion on SVG and PNG images format sizes after steganography processing [10]-[15], [18], [19]. Amongst the various vector’s digital images type, a Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) image format is the most A. Comparing SVG and PNG Images Format Sizes before widely spread vector digital image. Hence, SVG image format Steganography Processing is selected in the current research in order to conduct a In order to conduct this comparison, we selected the most comparative study on steganography digital images. SVG commonly used three types of software, namely image format is an open standard and based on Extensible image editing software [20], Visio image editing Markup Language (XML), which is defined in XML text file software [21], and Dia image editing software [22]. using any text editor. It presents the qualities of being Afterwards, we used these three image editing software to searchable, scriptable, compressible, and also can be zoomed create and edit the three famous images namely, Lena image, and indexed. It supports animation and scalability, since its Baboon image, and Pepper image, and to save each image data is saved as a geometric description, instead of the twice; one in SVG image format, and second in PNG image description of each single image pixel in a raster digital image. format. After that, we calculated image size for all saved Table I presents basic comparisons between SVG and PNG images, and the difference in image size between SVG and images format [2], [5]-[8], [10], [11], [15], [16]. PNG image formats. Table II below presents the corresponding findings [5], [6], [7], [17].

TABLE II. A COMPARISON BETWEEN SVG AND PNG IMAGES FORMAT SIZES BEFORE STEGANOGRAPHY PROCESSING

Inkscape Image Editing Software Visio Image Editing Software Dia Image Editing Software Image Name SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. () (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) Lena 562,514 1,275,975 713,461 288,569 841,419 552,850 434 336,087 335,653 Baboon 881,448 1,161,746 280,298 1,083,259 1,322,223 238,964 436 629,707 629,271 Pepper 18,652 645,490 626,838 187,391 1,046,081 858,690 437 102,015 101.578

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B. Comparing SVG and PNG Images Format Sizes after IV. RESULTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Steganography Processing As shown in Table II, SVG image format occupies less In order to perform this comparison, we used OpenStego capacity in comparison with PNG image format, which software, with the purpose to hide a secret data into PNG evidences that SVG image format is more efficient than PNG images format, and notepad text editor software to hide the image format in term of image’s capacity. For instance, the same secret data into SVG images format [23]. This choice size of Lena image when saved in SVG image format using was particularly underpinned by the idea that OpenStego Inkscape software is 562,514 Bytes, while its size is 1,275,975 software manipulates images through GRB color model, Bytes when saved in PNG image format. The difference in which is required for processing PNG images format since size of Lena image between SVG and PNG image formats is they are bitmaps images file, and they are only processed 713,461 Bytes, which acts 55.9% of PNG image’s size. through GRB color model. On the other side, notepad text Likewise, the size of Lena image when saved in SVG image editor software manipulates SVG images format since they are format using Visio software is 288,569 Bytes, while its size is written in XML that is a text and not bitmaps, 841,419 Bytes when saved in PNG image format. The which can be processed through notepad software [1], [24]- difference in size of Lena image between SVG and PNG [29]. The secret data is “My Visa Credit Card number is image formats is thus, 552,850 Bytes, which is 65.7% of PNG 4539962848122779, CCV number is 483, and Expiration Date image’s size. Similarly, the size of Lena image when saved in is 12/17”. First, in the study, a secret data was encrypted using SVG image format using Dia software is 434 Bytes, while its AES cryptographic algorithm, which was then hidden size is 336,087 Bytes when saved in PNG image format. The (embedded) into SVG and PNG images. As stated earlier, difference in size of Lena image between SVG and PNG OpenStego software hid the secret data written inside image formats is thus, 335,653 Bytes, which is 99.8% of PNG word file, into PNG image format, while the image’s size. Equally, the same calculations are applied to all notepad software added XML tag into SVG image format. The other images as shown in Table II above. Overall, the XML tag merely included an external another XML file, difference in size between SVG and PNG image formats which contained the real encrypted secret data as shown in before steganography processing is about 18% - 99.9%. Fig. 2 below. Hence, SVG image format itself was not be Correspondingly, Fig. 3, 4, and 5 below show the sizes of affected when hiding bigger secret data. Besides that, it SVG and PNG image formats and the difference between reflected the simplicity of steganography processing, which is them in Inkscape, Visio, and Dia image editing software easy for SVG images format compared with PNG images respectively. format requiring RGB color model. Moreover, the simplicity of steganography processing usually provides a better 15,00,000 performance [1], [16], [24], [30]. Table III below shows the corresponding sizes of SVG and 10,00,000 PNG images format after steganography processing. 5,00,000

0 Lena Baboon Pepper SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) Size Diff. (Bytes) Fig. 2. XML Tag includes an Encrypted Data in SVG Image Format. Fig. 3. SVG and PNG image sizes in Inkscape image editing software.

TABLE III. A COMPARISON BETWEEN SVG AND PNG IMAGES FORMAT SIZES AFTER STEGANOGRAPHY PROCESSING

Inkscape Image Editing Software Visio Image Editing Software Dia Image Editing Software Image Name SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. SVG Size PNG Size Size Diff. (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes) (Bytes)

Lena 562,628 1,825,337 1,262,709 288,681 845,107 556,426 554 343,282 342,728

Baboon 881,562 1,372,420 490,858 1,083,371 1,323,995 240,624 556 753,170 752,614

Pepper 18,766 1,184,195 1,165,429 187,503 1,067,848 880,345 557 139,943 139,386

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20,00,000 20,00,000

10,00,000 15,00,000 10,00,000 0 Lena 5,00,000 Baboon Pepper 0 Lena SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) Baboon Pepper Size Diff. (Bytes) SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) Fig. 4. SVG and PNG image sizes in Visio image editing software. Size Diff. (Bytes)

4000000 Fig. 6. SVG and PNG image sizes in Inkscape image editing software after steganography processing. 3000000 2000000 15,00,000 1000000 0 10,00,000 Lena Baboon Pepper 5,00,000

SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) 0 Lena Size Diff. (Bytes) Baboon Pepper

Fig. 5. SVG and PNG image sizes in Dia image editing software. SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) In addition, Table III above shows that SVG image format Size Diff. (Bytes) occupies less capacity than PNG image format after steganography processing, which evidences that SVG image Fig. 7. SVG and PNG image sizes in Visio image editing software after format is more efficient than PNG image format as regards steganography processing. image’s capacity. For example, the size of Lena image that is saved in SVG image format using Inkscape software after steganography processing is 562,628 Bytes, while its size is 800000 1,825,337 Bytes when saved in PNG image format. The difference in size of Lena image between SVG and PNG 600000 image formats is 1,262,709 Bytes, which acts 69.2% of PNG 400000 image’s size. Similarly, the size of Lena image that is saved in SVG image format using Visio software after steganography 200000 processing is 288,681 Bytes, while its size is 845,107 Bytes 0 when saved in PNG image format. The difference in size of Lena Lena image between SVG and PNG image formats is thus, Baboon 556,426 Bytes, which is 65.8% of PNG image’s size. In the Pepper same way, the size of Lena image that is saved in SVG image format using Dia software after steganography processing is SVG Size (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) 554 Bytes, while its size is 343,282 Bytes when it is saved in PNG image format. The difference in size of Lena image Size Diff. (Bytes) between SVG and PNG image formats is thus 342,728 Bytes, which is 99.6% of PNG image’s size. Likewise, identical Fig. 8. SVG and PNG image sizes in Dia image editing software after calculations are applied to all other images as shown in steganography processing. Table III above. Overall, the difference in size between SVG In addition, the following Tables IV, V, and VI evidence and PNG image formats after steganography processing is that SVG image format occupies less capacity in comparison about 18.2% - 99.9%. Correspondingly, Fig. 6, 7, and 8 show to PNG image format after steganography processing. Thus, it the sizes of SVG and PNG image formats and the difference can be inferred that SVG image format is more efficient than between them in Inkscape, Visio, and Dia image editing PNG image format in term of image’s capacity. software respectively after steganography processing.

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TABLE IV. SVG AND PNG IMAGES SIZE DIFFERENCE BEFORE AND AFTER STEGANOGRAPHY PROCESSING

Image Name Before/After Steganography Processing Inkscape Image Editing Software SVG Size (Bytes) SVG Diff. (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) PNG Diff. (Bytes) Before 562,514 1,275,975 Lena 114 549,362 After 562,628 1,825,337 Before 881,448 1,161,746 Baboon 114 210,674 After 881,562 1,372,420 Before 18,652 645,490 Pepper 114 538,705 After 18,766 1,184,195

TABLE V. SVG AND PNG IMAGES SIZE DIFFERENCE BEFORE AND AFTER STEGANOGRAPHY PROCESSING

Before/After Image Visio Image Editing Software Steganography Name Processing SVG Size (Bytes) SVG Diff. (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) PNG Diff. (Bytes) Before 288,569 841,419 Lena 112 3,688 After 288,681 845,107 Before 1,083,259 1,322,223 Baboon 112 1,772 After 1,083,371 1,323,995 Before 187,391 1,046,081 Pepper 112 21,767 After 187,503 1,067,848

TABLE VI. SVG AND PNG IMAGES SIZE DIFFERENCE BEFORE AND AFTER STEGANOGRAPHY PROCESSING

Before/After Dia Image Editing Software Image Steganography Name Processing SVG Size (Bytes) SVG Diff. (Bytes) PNG Size (Bytes) PNG Diff. (Bytes)

Before 434 336,087 Lena 120 7,195 After 554 343,282 Before 436 629,707 Baboon 120 123,463 After 556 753,170 Before 437 102,015 Pepper 120 37,928 After 557 139,943 is 12/17” into SVG images format yields a fixed growth of Table IV present the sizes of images that are saved in SVG image’s size, which is 112 Bytes for all SVG images format, and PNG formats using Inkscape image editing software while it yields a variable image’s size growth for PNG images before and after steganography processing. Thus, hiding the format. This merit is achieved due to saving a secret data secret data “My Visa Credit Card number is outside SVG images format, and hence it provides a 4539962848122779, CCV number is 483, and Expiration Date scalability. However, when the secret data is saved inside is 12/17” into SVG images format yields a fixed growth of PNG images format, it shows an increase in their sizes. image’s size, which is 114 Bytes for all SVG images format, while it yields a variable image’s size growth for PNG images Finally, Table VI shows sizes of images that are saved in format. This merit is achieved due to saving of the secret data SVG and PNG formats using Dia image editing software outside SVG images format, and hence it provides a before and after steganography processing. Thus, hiding our scalability. However, the secret data is when saved inside secret data “My Visa Credit Card number is PNG images format, shows an increase in their sizes. 4539962848122779, CCV number is 483, and Expiration Date is 12/17” into SVG images format yields a fixed growth of In addition, Table V present the sizes of images that are image’s size, which is 120 Bytes for all SVG images format, saved in SVG and PNG formats using Visio image editing while it yields a variable image’s size growth for PNG images software before and after steganography processing. Thus, format. This merit is achieved due to saving the secret data hiding our secret data “My Visa Credit Card number is outside SVG images format, and hence it provides a 4539962848122779, CCV number is 483, and Expiration Date

174 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.org (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2018 scalability. However, when the secret data is saved inside [10] . Seel-audom, W. Naiyapo, and V. Chouvatut, “A search for PNG images format, it shows an increase in their sizes. geometric-shape objects in a vector image: Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) file format,” in 2017 9th International Conference on Knowledge and Smart Technology (KST), 2017, pp. 305–310. V. CONCLUSION [11] R. M. Mathis, “Constraint scalable vector graphics, accessibility and the The current research has been conducted with the purpose semantic Web,” in Proceedings. IEEE SoutheastCon, 2005., 2005, pp. to draw a comparative study on steganography digital images. 588–593. It focuses on a nominated raster image, namely Portable [12] D. M. Cabrita and W. Godoy, “PNG Optimization Techniques Applied Network Graphics (PNG), and a nominated vector image, to Lossless Web Images,” IEEE Lat. 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