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CHAPTER 18 The Occupational History of the Stave Watershed Duncan McLaren Cordillera Archaeology Introduction and Background represented in the sample. Also, a number of spear points Archaeological investigations have been undertaken in the with attributes not commonly found in components for the Stave Watershed since 1996. This has been funded by BC defined local cultural historical sequence were found. These Hydro, who currently operates Stave and Hayward spear points seemed to have common affinities with Reservoirs in the watershed. The majority of this work has Pleistocene/Holocene transition artifacts from areas to the been conducted in the reservoir shoreline fluctuation zones. east and south of the Fraser Valley, in particular, the All aspects of this research have been undertaken in Western Stemmed Tradition (Bryan 1980; Carlson 1996; collaboration with the Kwantlen First Nation. Represen- Jenkins 2012). Based on these observations, it was tatives from the Katzie, Semiahmoo, Sts’ailes, and Matsqui concluded that the Stave drainage has been repeatedly and First Nations have also participated. Research results intensively inhabited and used over at least the last 10,000 summarized here have been presented over the years in years (McLaren et al. 1997), thus providing a unique long- technical reports, publications, and other documents term historical perspective of land-use and occupancy. (Eldridge and McLaren 1998; Fedje et al. 2011; Gray et al. Two separate stylistic analyses of bifaces from surface 2010; Mackie et al. 2011; McLaren 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, collections were undertaken to further assess the likelihood 2005, 2006; McLaren et al. 1997, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2011, that these items represent evidence of long-term habitation. 2014; McLaren and Maxwell 1998; McLaren and Owens Primary analysis methods employed were seriation 2000; McLaren and Steffen 2008, Ryder 1998a; Ryder (McLaren 2003) and cross-dating (McLaren and Steffen 1998b). 2008). Results of both analyses added support to our suspicions that materials from surface lithic scatters date to different time periods. In some cases, it was possible to Pitt Lake provide relative dates to different surface scatters based on the diagnostic types of projectile points and other artifacts found. Alouette Lake Stave Lake In 2002 a subsurface testing program was initiated to determine the nature and integrity of subsurface cultural deposits at different sites. Radiocarbon dating was employed for contexts where archaeological materials were found in situ. While these proved to be valuable for assessing relative Maple Ridge Hayward Lake significance values of each site for management purposes, they also provided an additional line of evidence to support N the hypothesis of the long-term occupation and land use of Mission Fraser River the drainage area. In addition to the program of evaluative Figure 1. Location of Stave and Hayward Lakes and testing, detailed systematic excavations were undertaken in adjacent landmarks. Google Earth Image, 2016. 2009 at the Ruskin Dam Site (DhRo 59), near the mouth of the Stave River, where stratified cultural deposits indicate The first objective of field research was to conduct occupation spanning over the last 7000 years (Gray et al. detailed archaeological site inventory in the shoreline 2010) (Chapters 13 and 14). fluctuation zones of both reservoirs (Figure 1). During Aside from the general cultural resource management visual inspections, numerous lithics were found as lag goals of the investigations, one overarching research deposits (McLaren et al. 1997; McLaren and Maxwell question has been pursued since the first field season: what 1998). Shovel testing has also been employed to find sites. evidence is there for repeated occupation of the Stave To date 88 archaeological sites have been found and Drainage for the last 10,000 years? This chapter presents recorded in and around the reservoirs and over 20,000 and discusses the evidence for this from excavations, artifacts have been collected and analyzed. Based on the radiocarbon dating, artifacts found in surface scatters, stylistic attributes of the artifacts found during the first field stylistic and technological analyses, and the place of these season, it was noted that objects attributable to all known collections in the regional cultural historical sequence. cultural historical eras defined for the region were Archaeology of the Lower Fraser River Region Edited by Mike K. Rousseau, pp. 149-158 Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University, 2017 Conven- Subsurface Testing and Radiocarbon Dating Associated tional 14C Cal BP Sample # Site Material Cultural BP Age & Old-Young A total of 101 radiocarbon dates from in situ cultural Material SD deposits at 28 archaeological sites have been used to assess Beta DhRo 3290+/-40 3613-3407 Charcoal Debitage the chronometric age of organic materials found in 178581 11 Beta DhRo Projectile 3470+/-40 3841-3637 Sclerotia association with lithic assemblages (Table 1). In many cases 204764 11 point base Wk DhRo attempts were made to gather samples adjacent to in situ 4331+/-41 5033-4836 Sclerotia Debitage 19448 11 artifacts or features. Plant macro-fossils were preferentially Beta DhRo 5370+/-40 6280-6005 Charcoal Debitage chosen for dating where possible, however, in most cases, 178580 11 CAM DhRo Microblade 5920+/-50 6882-6650 Charcoal charcoal was the only dateable material found. In some S57054 11 core Wk DhRo 9075+/-45 10371-10176 Charcoal Debitage instances, sclerotia were selected for dating. 19449 11 Wk DhRo 1345+/-34 1312-1184 Sclerotia Debitage Table 1. Radiocarbon Ages from Cultural Bearing 19453 14 Wk DhRo 1565+/-32 1533-1387 Sclerotia Debitage Deposits in the Stave Watershed. Calibrations have 19452 14 Wk DhRo been calculated using a two sigma standard deviation 6056+/-37 7000-6795 Sclerotia Debitage 19450 14 and the Intercal 13 curve. Beta DhRo Plant Micro- 3670+/-40 4143-3889 Conven- 315162 16 material debitage 14 Associated tional C Cal BP Charred Sample # Site Material Cultural Beta DhRo Micro- BP Age & Old-Young 6360+/-50 7418-7176 plant Material 298936 16 debitage SD material Beta DhRn Beta DhRo Large flake 2970+/-30 3229-3007 Charcoal Debitage 10210+/-40 12086-11760 Charcoal 355422 11 245383 16 tool Beta DhRn Beta DhRo Large flake 3070+/-30 3363-3184 Charcoal Hearth 10290+/-50 12381-11829 Charcoal 355423 11 249280 16 tool Beta DhRn Biface Above 4790+/-50 5608-5328 Charcoal Beta DhRo 191868 11 preform 300+/-30 460-296 Charcoal cultural Beta DhRn Micro- 328082 25 5560+/-40 6410-6288 Charcoal deposits 178579 11 debitage Beta DhRo Pit house Wk DhRn Seeds and Micro- 1090+/-30 1057-937 Charcoal 8990+/-46 10240-9928 328083 25 floor 19454 16 charcoal debitage Beta DhRo Pit house Beta DhRn Beneath 4460+/-30 5285-4970 Charcoal 5560+/-40 6410-6288 Seeds 328084 25 floor 355418 18 flake Wk DhRo Quartz Beta DhRn Beneath 358+/-45 499-313 Sclerotia 9780+/-40 11251-11162 Charcoal 19442 26 Crystal 355417 18 flake Beta DhRo Beta DhRn Beneath 2530+/-40 2748-2489 Charcoal Hearth 9920+/-50 11602-11225 Charcoal 110058 26 355419 18 flake Beta DhRo Quartz Beta DhRn Beneath 2710+/-40 2878-2751 Sclerotia 10020+/-50 11752-11292 Charcoal 214393 26 Crystal 355416 18 flake Beta DhRo Wk DhRn 4000+/-40 4779-4318 Sclerotia Core 3098+/-56 3445-3168 Sclerotia Debitage 214394 26 19456 21 BGS DhRo Ground Wk DhRn 287+/-40 466-154 Charcoal 8702+/-43 9884-9544 Sclerotia Debitage 2546 28 stone 19455 21 DhRo Hearth Beta DhRn BGS2547 316+/-40 480-300 Charcoal 2550+/-40 2755-2491 Charcoal Debitage 28 feature 226978 29 Charred DAMS DhRo Beta DhRn 276+/-25 430-157 plant Hearth 2650+/-40 2846-2737 Charcoal Debitage 9882 29 245385 29 material Beta DhRn Beta DhRo Ground 5800+/-50 6730-6487 Charcoal Debitage 290+/-40 466-155 Charcoal 226977 29 178582 29 stone Beta DhRn Micro- Charred 8590+/-40 9656-9493 Charcoal DAMS DhRo 204766 29 debitage 330+/-27 469-308 plant Hearth 9884 29 Beta DhRn Micro- material 8950+/-50 10224-9914 Charcoal Charred 194838 29 debitage DAMS DhRo Beta DhRn 558+/-23 635-526 plant House floor 9190+/-50 10495-10242 Charcoal Debitage 9885 29 245384 29 material Beta DhRn Wk DhRo 9220+/-40 10500-10258 Charcoal Hearth 719+/-32 724-567 Charcoal Hearth 191869 29 19459 35 Beta DhRn Wk DhRo 9250+/-60 10569-10257 Charcoal Hearth 840+/-32 892-686 Charcoal Hearth 194839 29 19458 35 Beta DhRn Biface BG DhRo 10150+/-40 12021-11621 Charcoal 310+/-40 477-297 Charcoal Hearth 226980 29 preform S2548 4 Beta DhRn Biface Beta DhRo 10370+/-40 12404-12051 Charcoal 620+/-40 662-545 Charcoal Hearth 241999 29 preform 204763 4 Charred Corner- DAM DhRo Cultural BGS DhRn notched 686+/-27 681-563 plant 760+/-140 951-516 Charcoal S9883 4 stratum 2511 40 projectile material Beta DhRo point 820+/-40 892-673 Charcoal Hearth Water 204762 4 DAM DhRo Split cedar Charred 821+/-23 781-688 logged DAMS DhRo S9880 1 root 939+/-29 923-792 plant Hearth deposits 9878 4 Beta DhRo Cradle material 840+/-30 891-686 wood BGS DhRo 365591 1 basket 2506+/-40 2743-2440 Charcoal Hearth DAM DhRo Charred Preserved 2549 4 935+/-23 918-794 Charred S9879 1 plant wood DAMS DhRo Wk DhRo Labret and 802+/-24 758-678 plant Hearth 2949+/-34 3210-2997 Charcoal 9881 40 19445 10 hearth material Wk DhRo Pit house Beta DhRo 3004+/-39 3338-3068 Charcoal 890+/-40 916-730 Charcoal Hearth 19444 10 rim - top 165886 40 Wk DhRo Pit house Beta DhRo 3230+/-35 3558-3379 Charcoal 1830+/-40 1870-1629 Charcoal Hearth 19446 10 rim - bottom 165887 41 Wk DhRo Hearth Beta DhRo 3234+/-43 3562-3379 Charcoal 60+/-40 265-0 Charcoal Cairn cyst 19447 10 feature 284091 43 Beta DhRo 1160+/-30 1176-983 Charcoal Hearth 365502 43 Continued… 150 | McLaren Table 1 Continued. Conven- Associated archaeological sequences.
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