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Carrying Capacity Study of Teesta Basin in Sikkim

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CARRYING CAPACITY STUDY OF TEESTA BASIN IN SIKKIM WATER AND POWER CONSULTANCY SERVICES (INDIA) LIMITED (International Consultant In Water Resources Development) 76-C, Institutional Area, Sector-18, Gurgaon, Haryana - 122015 Phone: (91-124) 2399225, 2399881-83,2399885-87,2399890-93, Fax:(91-124) 2397392 Regd.& Corporate Office: Kailash, 5th Floor, K.G.Marg, NewDelhi-110001 Phone: 91-11-3313131-3, Fax: 91-11-3313134, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.wapcos.o PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS • Centre for Inter-disciplinary Studies of Mountain & Hill Environment, University of Delhi, Delhi • Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi • Centre for Himalayan Studies, University of North Bengal, Distt. Darjeeling • Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal, Distt. Darjeeling • Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatti, Coimbatore • Water and Power Consultancy Services (India) Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana • Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sikkim Government College, Gangtok VOLUMES INDEX* Volume – I INTRODUCTORY VOLUME Volume – II LAND ENVIRONMENT - GEOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Volume – III LAND ENVIRONMENT - SOIL Volume – IV WATER ENVIRONMENT Volume – V AIR ENVIRONMENT Volume – VI BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC RESOURCES Volume – VII BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT - FAUNAL ELEMENTS Volume – VIII BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT - FOOD RESOURCES Volume – IX SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Volume – X SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS *For Volume-wise Detailed Index – Refer to the end of the report CISMHE CONTENTS FACTS AT A GLANCE Page No. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1 1.3 METHODOLOGY 4 CHAPTER-2 SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS OF SIKKIM 2.1 LOCATION 8 2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 8 2.2.1 North district 10 2.2.2 South district 10 2.2.3 West district 10 2.2.4 East district 11 2.3 TOPOGRAPHY 11 2.4 THE TEESTA & ITS TRIBUTARIES 12 2.5 SOILS 15 2.6 DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS 16 2.7 DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS 20 CHAPTER-3 HYDRO-METEOROLOGY 3.1 GENERAL 23 3.2 CLIMATE 24 3.3 WATER REGIME 28 3.4 RAINGAUGE NETWORK 29 3.4.1 Present status of rain gauge stations 29 3.4.2 Adequacy of network 30 3.5 RAINFALL FEATURES 33 3.5.1 Normal rainfall 33 3.5.2 Variation in rainfall 34 3.5.3 Number of rainy days 35 3.5.4 Monthly rainfall 36 3.6 CLIMATOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 37 CISMHE 3.6.1 Temperature distribution 37 3.6.2 Relative humidity 38 3.6.3 Wind speed 38 CHAPTER-4 HYDROLOGY 4.1 GENERAL 41 4.2 CATCHMENT AREA 42 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 43 4.3.1 Gauge & discharge network 43 4.3.2 Methodology for measurement of flow 44 4.3.3 Adequacy of network 44 4.3.4 Water availability 45 4.4 FLOOD HYDROLOGY 46 4.4.1 Choice of flow series for flood estimation 46 4.4.2 Data availability 48 4.4.3 Computation of statistical parameters 54 4.4.4 Checking the data 55 4.4.5 Choice of distribution 57 4.4.6 Estimation of flood at various return periods 59 4.5 SEDIMENT LOAD 63 4.5.1 Availability of silt data 63 4.5.2 Method of observation and collection of samples 64 4.5.3 Analysis of sediment data 65 CHAPTER-5 IRRIGATION 5.1 GENERAL 71 5.2 ULTIMATE AND CREATED IRRIGATION POTENTIAL 73 5.3 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF I&CAD SECTOR 75 5.4 CENSUS OF MINOR IRRIGATION (1995-96) 77 5.5 MASTER PLAN FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN SIKKIM (1995) 81 5.6 PRESENT STATUS OF MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES 84 5.7 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 85 CISMHE CHAPTER- 6 LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 6.1 GENERAL 87 6.2 LAND USE PATTERN 88 6.3 TEMPORAL TREND OF LAND USE IN THE STATE 91 6.4 DISTRICT WISE STATUS OF FALLOW LAND 93 6.5 LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 94 6.6 PAST AND PRESENT EFFORTS ON LAND USE MANAGEMENT 97 6.7 SOIL CONSERVATION 98 CHAPTER-7 AGRICULTURE 7.1 GENERAL 103 7.2 AREA UNDER CROPS, DRY AND WASTE LAND 104 7.3 LAND HOLDINGS 108 7.4 CROP CALENDAR 109 7.5 CROPPING PATTERN 111 7.5.1 Existing status 111 7.5.2 Cropping pattern and irrigation intensity 114 7.6 CROP WATER REQUIREMENT 115 7.7 NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT 116 7.7.1 Agro-climatological data 116 7.7.2 Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) 118 7.7.3 Crop coefficient 119 7.7.4 Effective rainfall 119 7.7.5 Net irrigation water requirement 121 7.7.6 Irrigation efficiency 122 7.7.7 Conveyance efficiency 123 7.7.8 Field application efficiency 123 7.7.9 Overall efficiency 124 7.8 GROSS IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT 124 7.9 AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND YIELD 125 7.10 STRATEGIES PROPOSED BY THE STATE FOR ADOPTION DURING TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 129 7.10.1 Crop husbandry 132 7.10.2 Soil and water conservation 135 7.10.3 Financial performance 136 7.11 IMPROVED CULTIVATION PRACTICES 137 CISMHE 7.11.1 Paddy 137 7.11.2 Maize 140 7.11.3 Wheat 144 7.11.4 Pulses: Urd (Black gram) 149 7.11.5 Other pulses 151 7.11.6 Cardamom and ginger 151 7.12 SUMMING UP 155 CHAPTER-8 HORTICULTURE 8.1 GENERAL 160 8.2 HORTICULTURE 161 8.2.1 Present status 162 8.2.2 Tenth plan proposal 163 8.2.3 Infrastructure facilities 170 8.3 FLORICULTURE 174 8.4 MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS 177 8.5 BEEKEEPING 177 8.6 ORGANIC FARMING 177 8.7 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 178 8.7.1 Veterinary services and animal health 178 8.7.2 Cattle development scheme 179 8.7.3 Poultry development 179 8.7.4 Sheep and wool development 180 8.7.5 Piggery development 180 8.7.6 Other live stock development 180 8.7.7 Extension and training 181 8.7.8 Dairy development 181 8.7.9 Centrally sponsored schemes 181 8.8 FISHERIES 182 8.8.1 Trout fish seed production 182 8.8.2 Carps and cat fish seed production 183 8.8.3 Conservation of riverine fishes 183 8.8.4 Propagation of Mahaseer 183 8.8.5 Development of inland fisheries 184 8.8.6 Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) 184 CISMHE CHAPTER 9 DROUGHT- PRONE AREAS IN THE STATE 9.1 GENERAL 186 9.2 RAINFALL 186 9.3 REPORT OF THE SURVEY 188 9.4 PACKAGE OF SCHEMES FORMULATED BY DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE 192 CHAPTER 10 IRRIGATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 10.1 GENERAL 196 10.2 PRESENT STATUS OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT 196 10.3 IDENTIFICATION OF MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES 198 10.3.1 Criteria for identification of new minor Irrigation schemes 198 10.3.3 Diversion / lift schemes 199 10.3.3 Surface water tanks 200 10.4 DESIGN OF CANAL AND RELATED STRUCTURES 201 10.4.1 Design criteria 201 10.5 TYPICAL DESIGN OF MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES 213 10.5.1 Restoration / modernisation of Bathung Khola minor irrigation scheme at village Pastanga- Gaucharan in East District, Sikkim 213 10.5.2 Chalamthang minor irrigation scheme, South Sikkim 217 10.6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEMES 220 10.7 WATER RATES 223 10.8 OPTIMISATION OF IRRIGATION CAPACITY UTILIZATION 224 10.9 PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN THE STATE OF SIKKIM 227 10.9.1 Steps involved in introducing PIM 228 10.9.2 Activities involved in introducing PIM 229 10.9.3 Status of PIM in the state 231 CHAPTER 11 CARRYING CAPACITY – PERSPECTIVE PLANNING CISMHE 11.1 GENERAL 235 11.2 PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 237 11.3 PROJECTION OF NET SOWN AREA, GROSS CROPPED AREA AND IRRIGATED AREA 237 11.4 DOMESTIC WATER REQUIREMENT 241 11.5 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT 243 11.6 TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT 244 11.7 AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION 244 11.7.1 Yield and production 247 11.7.2 Per capita food grain availability 250 CHAPTER 12 FINDINGS AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS 12.1 SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS 250 12.2 HYDROMETEOROLOGY 250 12.3 HYDROLOGY 252 12.4 IRRIGATION 253 12.5 LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 255 12.6 AGRICULTURE 256 12.7 HORTICULTURE AND OTHER ALLIED AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES 259 12.8 DROUGHT PRONE AREAS 261 12.9 LAND SLIDES AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT 261 12.10 IRRIGATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT – PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 262 12.11 CARRYING CAPACITY – PERSPECTIVE PLANNING 263 PLATES ANNEXURES 3.1 – 5.7 CISMHE LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Major tributaries of Teesta river Table 3.1 Details of raingauge stations in Teesta basin in Sikkim Table 3.2 Minimum density of raingauge network recommended by WMO Table 3.3 Month-wise normal rainfall for Sikkim as a whole Table 3.4 Altitude vs. Coefficient of variation Table 3.5 District-wise monthly mean temperature & relative humidity (%) Table 3.6 Monthly mean wind speed Table 4.1 Details of snow-covered and rainfed area Table 4.2 Details of G&D sites in Teesta basin in Sikkim Table 4.3 Average annual runoff of Teesta river at various sites Table 4.4 Comparison of recurrence interval for AM and POT series Table 4.5(a) Details of annual flood series at Kanitar site Table 4.5(b) Details of annual flood series at Coronation bridge Table 4.6(a) Values of statistical parameters at Kanitar site Table 4.6(b) Values of statistical parameters at Coronation bridge Table 4.7(a) Return period flood by Gumbels method at Kanitar site Table 4.7(b) Return period flood by Gumbels method at Coronation bridge Table 4.8(a) Return period flood by Log Pearson Type-III distribution at Kanitar site Table 4.8(b) Return period flood by Log Pearson Type-III distribution at Coronation bridge Table 4.9(a) Comparison of various return year floods at Kanitar site Table 4.9(b) Comparison of various return year floods at Coronation bridge Table 4.10 Availability of silt data of river Teesta at various sites Table 4.11 Year-wise percentage sediment load with respect to runoff Table 4.12 Month-wise average percentage of sediment load with respect to runoff Table 4.13 Average monsoon sediment load and runoff per sq km of catchment area Table 4.14 Distribution of coarse, medium & fine sediment load in various years at different GD&S stations Table 4.15 Sediment rate at various sites Table 4.16 Silt rate recommended for nearby projects CISMHE Table 5.1 Ultimate irrigation potential and potential created and utilized up to VIIIth Plan (1992-97) Table 5.2 Target of minor irrigation potential and actual achievement during IX and X Plans period Table 5.3 District-wise break-up of irrigation potential during Xth Plan Table 5.4 Financial progress up to end of Ninth FYP (1997-2002) Table 5.5 Financial targets for Xth FYP & APs Table 5.6 Status of M.I.
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