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Phytonemus Pallidus (Banks) Y Frankliniella Sp. Dañando Fresa Cultivada En Huaral, Lima1

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Phytonemus Pallidus (Banks) Y Frankliniella Sp. Dañando Fresa Cultivada En Huaral, Lima1 Rev. per. Ent. 38:35-38. Diciembre 1995 (Setiembre 1996) Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) y Frankliniella sp. dañando fresa cultivada en Huaral, Lima1 Luis E. Gonzales-Bustamante2 RESUMEN GONZALES-BUSTAMANTE L. 1995. Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) y Frankliniella sp. dañando fresa cultivada en Huaral, Lima. Rev. per. Ent. 38.—Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), importante plaga de fresa a nivel mundial, ha sido registrada recientemente en el valle de Huaral. Este acaro deforma brotes, puede producir muerte de flores, deformación y cuarteado de frutos. Se ha registado también Amblyseius mexicanus (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), un eficiente acaro predator.- Frankliniella sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), es un insecto que también ataca flores y frutos de la fresa; y algunos de sus daños pueden ser confundidos con los de P. pallidus. Se exponen medidas de control para ambas plagas. Palabras clave: Phytonemus pallidus, Frankliniella sp., fresa, valle Huaral, Lima, Perú. SUMMARY GONZALES-BUSTAMANTE L. 1995. Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) and Frankliniella sp. damag- ing strawbeny crops in Huaral, Lima, Perú. Rev. per. Ent. 38.— Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), an important pest of strawberry the world over, has recently been found in Huaral valley, Lima, Perú. This mite deforms shoots and can produce death of flowers, deformation of fruits and fruits spliting. It presents an efficient predator mite, the Phytoseiidae Amblyseius mexicanus (Garman).- Frankliniella sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an insect which attacks flowers and fruits and some of its damages can be confused with those of P. pallidus. Measures to control both pests are given. Key words: Phytonemus pallidus, Frankliniella sp., strawberry, Huaral valley, Lima, Perú. Introducción trado en Nasturtium, Capsicumy una amplia varie­ dad de plantas ornamentales (Lindquist 1986, El cultivo de la fresa en el valle de Huaral Ochoa 1991, Carmona 1992). Según Alien (1959), presenta dos plagas ocasionales no conocidas has­ cada hembra puede poner cerca de 90 huevos y ta el momento: Phytonemus pallidus (Banks) en dos semanas pueden completar su desarrollo (Acariña: Tarsonemidae) y Frankliniella sp. de huevos a adultos; en primavera y verano se (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). reproducen rápidamente, mientras que en invier­ Phytonemus pallidus conocido como "acaro del no se reduce su reproducción. Este mismo autor cyclamen" es originario de climas templados, por menciona que como predatores se presentan lo que cuenta con la capacidad de entrar en ácaros Phytoseiidae (Typhlodromus cucumeris y diapausa en inviernos severos. Es una plaga de la T. reticulatus) que, manejados adecuadamente, fresa a nivel mundial y probablemente ha sido pueden reducir efectivamente a P. pallidus. introducida recientemente al país con material Dorestes (1984), describe los daños de P. vegetal importado, ya sea de fresa, violeta africana pallidus en brotes, flores y frutos de fresa en Vene­ o cyclamen. Inicialmente fue conocido como zuela, e indica que estos daños son sumamente Tarsonemus pallidus Banks, luego como severos. Carmona (1991), señala que los frutos se Steneotarsonemus pallidus (Banks) y finalmente pueden deformar a tal grado que se descarta la como Phytonemus pallidus (Banks), reubicado así producción destinada al mercado internacional. por Lindquist (1986). Es un acaro fitófago polífago Sobre daños de trips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) y ha sido registrado principalmente en fresa en flores de fresa existe poca información. (Fragaria spp.), violeta africana (Saintpaulia Campbell et al. (1967), mencionan que estos in­ ionantha)y cyclamen, aunque también se ha regis- sectos migran de las malezas al cultivo de fresa cuando se inicia la floración, para alimentarse y colocar sus huevos en la base de las flores. Por el daño de alimentación efectuado en distintas par­ tes de la flor pueden causar su caída; y en frutos 1. Presentado en la XXXVII Convención Nacional de pequeños pueden producir un bronceado y fallas Entomología. 5-9 noviembre 1995. Trujillo. Perú. 2. Dpto. Entomología. UNALM. Casilla postal 456. Lima 100. en el crecimiento. Su daño es más intenso duran­ Perú. te los períodos de sequía. 35 36 REVISTA PERUANA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA Vol. 38 El objetivo del presente trabajo es de propor­ hialina, tornándose a un ámbar cuando madu­ cionar información acerca de estas dos plagas de ran. La hembra es alargada, algo más grande que la fresa, referente a daños y su importancia, ene­ el macho y algo aplanada dorsoventralmente. migos naturales, control y algunos datos de biolo­ Los huevos son colocados en flores, frutos jóve­ gía y morfología. nes y brotes, siempre buscando los lugares más protegidos; en flores y frutos los huevos son colocados debajo del cáliz. Cuando son puestos Materiales y métodos en grandes cantidades es fácil observarlos con una lupa de buen aumento. En el valle de Huaral, durante la campaña 1995 se realizaron visitas semanales a campos de Daños en brotes.- Se presentan retorcimientos, fresa variedad "holandesa". Se realizó el segui­ deformaciones, pobre desarrollo y un típico broncea­ miento de las poblaciones de Phytonemus pallidusy do del envés; a consecuencia de ello las plantas se Frankliniella sp., utilizando una lupa de 18X e hilo quedan achaparradas. Esta infestación ocurre en la rafia para marcar flores y frutos. De esta manera se base de la planta y progresivamente van siendo ataca­ pudo observar la evolución del daño producido dos otros órganos jóvenes que emergen de este lugar, en flores hasta la formación y crecimiento del como son los botones florales. fruto, así como el desarrollo de frutos pequeños que habían sido infestados. Daños en flores.- Los pistilos se observan algo bronceados y retorcidos, los pétalos levemente defor­ La identificación de P. pallidus fue confirma­ mes (fig. 7) y con una tonalidad rosada. Los ácaros da en laboratorio, por la comparación de las succionan la savia, dañan la superficie de los futuros muestras con esquemas pertenecientes al DR. aquenios (fig. 8) y según la intensidad de ataque, las ERBERT LINQUIST (autoridad mundial en ácaros flores pueden morir o continuar con su desarrollo Tarsonemidos), material que fue proporcionado llegando a cuajar el fruto, pero mostrando posterior­ por el DR. CARLOS FLECHTMANN de Brasil (carta 06/ mente diversos grados de deformación. 09/95). Amblyseius mexicanus (Garman) (Phytoseiidae) fue identificado por el DR. GILBERTO Daños en frutos.- Cuando la flor infestada es GIL DE MORAES de EMBRAPA, Brasil (carta 13/01/ polinizada y se inicia el crecimiento del nuevo fruto, 95). Las muestras de trips fueron identificadas los aquenios empiezan a crecer (fig. 9) pero también a como Frankliniella sp. por el DR. MENANIJRO ORTIZ separarse de tal manera que la superficie de la futura de la Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima. pulpa queda totalmente accesible a la infestación de los ácaros, los cuales pican y succionan la savia de esta superficie y posteriormente se produce un bronceado Resultados y discusión (fig. 10). Los frutos pequeños atacados conforme se desarrollan, van deformándose en grado variable Phytonemus pallidus (Acari: Tarsonemidae) (fig. 11), y si el daño fue muy severo los frutos se Identificación.-lnicialmente se determinó que cuartean (fig. 12). Los frutos con daños leves pueden el acaro correspondía a la familia Tarsonemidae, tener cuarteaduras imperceptibles a simple vista, que por el diminuto tamaño, el cuerpo brillante y la favorecen el ingreso de hongos fitopatógenos como modificación del cuarto par de patas que en los Bolrylis cinérea y especialmente Hhyzopus sp. que re­ quiere de heridas para su penetración. machos es engrosado y en las hembras adelgaza­ do. Posteriormente se hicieron montajes de los Es importante no estimar el grado de ácaros en placas porta y cubre objetos para infestación presente en relación al porcentaje de observarlos a 400 X y compararlos con los esque­ frutos deformados o cuarteados, debido a que mas E. LINDQUIST. Como se muestra en la figura 1, estos daños son producidos por múltiples agentes la característica particular de P. pcdlidus es la bióticos y abióticos, por ejemplo el chinche Nysius presencia de una expansión circular del lado sp., trips, deficiente polinización y falta de Boro. interno del fémur IV. Otros ácaros del género Estas dos últimas deficiencias producen el cuar­ Steneotarsonemus también muestran una expan­ teado de los frutos, debido a la presencia de sión similar pero no redondeada y además nin­ aquenios desarrollados y no desarrollados que guno de ellos ataca fresa. originan un crecimiento desproporcional en las diferentes zonas del fruto. Algunos datos de morfología y biología.-hos adul­ Por lo expuesto, se debe evaluar las poblacio­ tos son ácaros sumamente pequeños, miden nes de P. pallidus debajo del cáliz de flores y 0.25mm de longitud (figs. 2, 4, 5), lo que hace frutos pequeños, utilizando lupa de 18X o más necesario utilizar lupas de más de 18X. Los hue­ aumentos. vos son ovalados y blanquecinos, puestos en gru­ pos de tamaño variable y relativamente grandes, Enemigos naturales.- Se ha constatado que el de alrededor de un tercio a un medio del volu­ acaro predator Amblyseius mexicanus (Garman) men de la hembra adulta (fig. 3). Las larvas (Acari: Phytoseiidae) se alimenta activamente de blanco-hialinas y hexápodas, mudan para pasar Phytonemus pallidus. Este predator es favorecido al estado quiescente de deutoninfa, del que final­ por temperaturas primaverales, sin embargo es mente emergen los adultos. Los adultos jóvenes frecuente
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