Philadelphia2017

A report from April 2017

Philadelphia 2017 The State of the City Contents

About This Report

1 The Big Picture

13 Jobs and the Economy

27 Public Safety

37 Education

47 Housing

57 Government and Transportation

67 Arts and Culture

73 Health and Welfare

83 Sources and Notes

86 Photo Captions and Credits About This Report This is the ninth year that The Pew Charitable Trusts has produced a State of the City report about Philadelphia. The new edition is a mix of old and new indicators and includes results of Pew’s Philadelphia Poll conducted in August 2016. As in years past, the report puts the statistics about the city in context by comparing them with those of other cities, most often nine urban communities chosen for their similarities to Philadelphia in size, makeup, or location. Those nine are Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Houston, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, and Washington.

Staff members Michelle Schmitt, Octavia Howell, Susan Warner, and Katie Martin helped gather much of the data in these pages. Larry Eichel, who directs Pew’s Philadelphia research initiative, wrote the chapter texts and edited the report, along with Elizabeth Lowe, Dan LeDuc, and Carol Hutchinson. Kodi Seaton created the graphics and designed the document. Except where indicated, the photographs were taken by Lexey Swall of the GRAIN photography collective; all were curated by Bronwen Latimer.

About The Pew Charitable Trusts The Pew Charitable Trusts is a nonprofit organization that applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life. Pew’s Philadelphia research initiative provides timely, impartial research and analysis on key issues facing Philadelphia for the benefit of the city’s residents and leaders.

Cover photos: Lexey Swall/GRAIN

Contact: Elizabeth Lowe, communications officer Email: [email protected] Phone: 215.575.4812 Project website: pewtrusts.org/philaresearch

The Pew Charitable Trusts is driven by the power of knowledge to solve today’s most challenging problems. Pew applies a rigorous, analytical approach to improve public policy, inform the public, and invigorate civic life.

The Big Picture

Considering all that has happened in Philadelphia over the past several years, it is difficult to find a single statistical indicator that best captures the state of the city in 2017.

Is it 10 straight years of modest population increases, producing a more diverse and vibrant community? Is it Philadelphia’s solid, if not dynamic, rate of job growth? An unemployment rate that remains stubbornly high, even with the additional jobs? Or a poverty rate that has not dropped in any significant way?

Philadelphians appear to be more comfortable with their city’s increased vitality, despite its long-term problems. When polled by Pew in August 2016, residents were more inclined to see the city as heading in the right direction than at any time in the seven years of the poll’s existence.

1 There are plenty of positive developments to support that view, led by the higher population. Although the cumulative growth in the past 10 years has amounted to little more than 5 percent, Philadelphia’s head count is as large as it has been in nearly a quarter-century.

The recent economic data have been particularly strong. The job market has expanded, adding 40,000 positions in the past five years; in 2016, Philadelphia outperformed the nation as a whole in job growth for the first time since the Great Recession. The rise in median household income for city residents outpaced the nation as well, up more than 5 percent in a single year. The residential construction boom, while slowing, has life in it yet, and home sale prices have risen 38 percent since 2010.

In addition, the city has become safer. Major crimes declined again in 2016, dropping to levels not seen in decades. In the past several years, deaths from homicides, fires, and traffic accidents have been at or near historic lows, and infant mortality has fallen as well.

But the city’s deep and chronic problems remain. Even with the relatively strong economy of the past few years, more than a quarter of city residents still live below the poverty line, and Philadelphia has been unable to shake its title as the poorest of the nation’s 10 largest cities.

Despite the recent job growth, the unemployment rate for city residents was 6.8 percent in 2016, nearly 2 percentage points above the national average and higher than in Chicago, Baltimore, Washington, and Pittsburgh, among others. The percentage of adult Philadelphians not working or looking for work remained at 31 percent, a big number relative to other cities. And with housing costs on the rise, 56 percent of residents were paying 30 percent or more of their incomes for places to live.

2 Another disturbing trend has been the increase in the number of deaths by accidental drug overdoses, which is a national problem as well. City officials said the unofficial total of such fatalities in Philadelphia approached 900 in 2016, nearly triple what it had been a decade ago.

Although the percentage of adult Philadelphians with college degrees grew, the citywide figure remains far below those of other major cities along the East Coast. The public schools are not facing an immediate fiscal crisis, but they are still seen as low-quality by the vast majority of city residents. And City Hall’s long-term ability to address these and other challenges is threatened by the unfunded liability in the pension funds for municipal workers, recently calculated at nearly $6 billion.

Over the past decade, Philadelphia’s growth and revival have been fueled by immigrants and young adults. But that could be changing: Now the nation’s immigration policy is in flux; many local millennials are deciding whether to raise their families in the city or head for the suburbs; and the coming generation of young adults is a little smaller than the current one.

Those choices, combined with the demographic realities, will help determine how much Philadelphia’s near- term future resembles its recent past.

3 Figure 1.1 Portrait of the City

Population 1,567,872 Percentage of adults who are: Total housing units 672,657

Percentage of residents Married 30% Percentage of units listed as: who are:

Never married 52% Male 47% Vacant 14%

Divorced or separated 12% Female 53% Occupied 86%

Widowed 6% Percentage of units built Younger than 20 25% 41% before 1939 Percentage of women who Age 20-34 26% gave birth in previous 12 56% Median monthly rent $952 months who were unmarried

Age 35-54 24% Median household income $41,233 Percentage of units:

Age 55 and older 24% Percentage of households Owned by occupant 53% with annual incomes of:

Black or African-American 41% Rented 47% Less than $35,000 44%

Non-Hispanic white 35% Where residents lived the $35,000 to $74,999 29% previous year:

Hispanic or Latino 14% $75,000 to $99,999 10% Same house 86%

Different house in Asian 7% $100,000 or more 17% 9% Philadelphia

Other Percentage of population 3% 26% Somewhere else in the U.S. 4% below poverty level

Percentage of residents who: Percentage of Abroad 1% households with: Were born in Pennsylvania 67% Percentage of residents 10% No vehicles available 31% without health insurance

Were born in other states 16% Two or more vehicles 26% available Were born in Puerto Rico 3% or a U.S. territory A computer at home 82%

Were foreign-born 13% Broadband internet service 70% Speak a foreign language 22% Percentage of workers at home employed by: Percentage of adult residents who: Private sector 83%

Graduated from college 27% Government agencies 13%

Did not graduate from 17% high school Their own businesses 4%

4 Figure 1.2 Philadelphia Population, 2000-16

1,600,000

1,580,000 1,7,872

1,560,000 1,0,7 1,0,0 1,540,000 1,17,0 1,520,000 1,4,71 1,2,00 1,500,000 1,42,882

1,48,4 1,480,000 1,488,710

1,460,000

1,440,000

1,420,000

1,400,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

According to the Census Bureau, Philadelphia’s population, after declining for more than half a century, bottomed out in 2006 at 1,488,710 and now has risen for 10 years in a row, adding more than 79,000 residents. Since 2012, the annual increases have declined in size each year. The cumulative growth, while modest relative to a number of other large cities, means that Philadelphia has regained most of the population it had lost since 1990. 0 50% © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts 48 4 Figure 1.3 4 Poll45% Results: Where Philadelphia Is Headed 41 42 40 0 50% 48 40% 4 4 Percentage 45% 7 42 40 35%40% 7 7 4 41 Percentage 4 35% 4 7 4 30%30% 20092009 2010 20112011 20122012 20132013 20152015 20162016

In the right direction On the wrong track In the right direction On the wrong track

In August 2016, the date of the most recent Pew Philadelphia Poll, residents were as upbeat about where they thought the city was headed as at any time in the history of the poll, which started in 2009.

5 Figure 1.4 Median Age in Philadelphia and the U.S., 2006-15

40 U.S. Philadelphia 39 7 77 78 38 72 7 7 7 8 37 4

36 U.S.

35 4 7 34 Median age Philadelphia 42 4 33 7 32

30 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

In 2006, the gap between Philadelphia’s median age and that of the nation as a whole was one year. In 2015, the latest year for which data were available, the gap was nearly four years. This change has been due primarily to the increase in the city’s young adult population. Over the past few years, the city’s median age, like the nation’s, has been creeping upward.

6 Figure 1.5 People Who Moved Into Philadelphia, Those Who Moved Out, and All Residents By age

%% %% 1010 % % %% 1717 2121 55 %% %% 3030 33 1313 % % 2828 % %

2222 % % 6565 % % 4949 % % 3636 % %

MovedMoved in in MovedMoved out out AllAll residents residents

0 to 17 18 to 34 35 to 64 65 and over

From 2013 through 2015, the influx of young adults into Philadelphia continued. Nearly two-thirds of all individuals moving to the city during those years were ages 18 to 34, according to census data. Only about half of those who left were in that age group. By comparison, less than a third of all city residents were ages 18 to 34.

Figure 1.6 Births and Deaths in Philadelphia, 2006-15

Births 25,000 2,70 2,8 22,2 2,41 2,01 22,7 2,11 22,018 22,7 21,2

20,000 7,72 8,2 ,28 ,1 ,27 8,00 ,18 8,27 8,4 7,87

15,000 1,1 1,008 14,41 14,2 14,47 Deaths 1,81 14,02 1,1 1,2 14,00

10,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Population change in any locality is the result of several factors. One is the number of people coming and going; another is the gap between births and deaths. In the last several years, the margin by which births outnumbered deaths in Philadelphia has fallen slightly, dropping from a recent peak of 9,275 in 2010 to 7,987 in 2015, the last year for which data were available. The number of births in the city in 2015 was the lowest in a decade.

7 Figure 1.7 Racial and Ethnic Change in Philadelphia, 1990-2015

% 1.5% 0.3 Other % Other % 42.5 52.1 % Non-Hispanic White % Non-Hispanic White 4.9 2.7 Asian Asian 5.6% Hispanic 8.5% Hispanic

% 42.6% 39.3 African-American African-American

1990 2000 1990 2000

2.5% % Other 2.3 % % Other 36.9 35.3 Non-Hispanic White Non-Hispanic White % % 7.2 6.3 Asian Asian

% % 14 12.3 Hispanic Hispanic

42.2% % 41% African-American17 African-American

2010 2015 2010 2015

Since 1990, the ethnic and racial makeup of Philadelphia has changed dramatically. The non-Hispanic white share of the city’s head count has dropped by nearly a third, while the Hispanic and Asian shares have more than doubled. Only the size of the African-American population has remained relatively stable.

8 Figure 1.8 The Racial and Ethnic Makeup of Philadelphia

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152

19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19140 19129

19132 19133 19137 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106

19143 19146 19147 Largest racial or ethnic group Asian 19142 19145 Black 19148 Latino White

19153 19112 No race or ethnicity over 50 percent Nonresidential

Even as its population has become increasingly diversified racially and ethnically, Philadelphia remains a largely segregated city. In 84 percent of the city’s 372 residential census tracts, one group—African-Americans, Asians, Hispanics, or non-Hispanic whites—constitutes an absolute majority of the population. There are 58 tracts in which no one group has a majority, and the largest number of those tracts are in the Lower Northeast, with others scattered across the city.

9 Figure 1.9 Percentage of Philadelphia Residents Born Outside the U.S., 1970-2015

15% 11 11 12% 11 9% 4 6%

0% 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015

In the 1970s and 1980s, during the period of Philadelphia’s steepest population decline, the share of its population that was foreign-born fell below 7 percent, the lowest level in the city’s history. The inflow of immigrants since then has helped fuel the city’s recent population growth. At 13.1 percent, the current foreign- born share is the highest since the 1950s.

10 Figure 1.10 Percentage of Philadelphia Residents Born Outside the U.S., 2015 Compared with other cities

After years of lagging behind Houston 0 many other cities and the nation Boston 284 as a whole, Philadelphia is now about average in terms of Chicago 211 attracting and retaining foreign- Phoenix 12 born individuals. Washington 141 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts U.S. 14

Philadelphia 11

Pittsburgh

Baltimore 8

Detroit

Cleveland 4

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Figure 1.11 Top 10 Countries of Origin for Philadelphia’s Immigrants

Philadelphia’s immigrant Country Residents population is highly diverse in

China 24,407 terms of nationality. Chinese- born immigrants, the largest India 15,524 group, represent only 12 percent Dominican Republic 14,861 of the city’s 205,339 foreign- Vietnam 13,823 born residents. In all, 43 percent of Philadelphia immigrants are Mexico 8,385 Asian by birth, while 30 percent Ukraine 8,063 come from the Americas, 17 Haiti 6,820 percent from Europe, and 10

Jamaica 6,565 percent from Africa.

Jobs and the Economy

Although Philadelphia is hardly a boomtown by national standards, its economy enjoyed a relatively good year in 2016.

The median household income reached $41,233—which remained below that of many other cities in the Northeast and Midwest—but the growth rate was stronger than in most. Philadelphia added 15,000 jobs, an increase of 2.2 percent, exceeding the national average. Even so, the unemployment rate for city residents ticked down from 6.9 only to 6.8 percent, remaining far higher than the annualized national figure of 4.9 percent.

As in years past, the education and medical sectors were the mainstays of the economy, accounting for nearly one-third of all jobs. Twelve of the city’s 15 largest private employers were in these categories. The leisure and hospitality sector, as well as professional and business services, have also been expanding in recent years.

13 Figure 2.1 Unemployment Rate, 2006-16

12%

10%

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

City of Philadelphia 6.2% 6.1% 7.1% 9.7% 10.8% 10.8% 10.7% 10.0% 7.8% 6.9% 6.8%

U.S. 4.6% 4.6% 5.8% 9.3% 9.6% 8.9% 8.1% 7.4% 6.2% 5.3% 4.9%

Phila. metro area 4.5% 4.3% 5.3% 8.3% 8.9% 8.6% 8.5% 7.8% 6.2% 5.3% 5%

The unemployment rate in Philadelphia, which was slow to recover after the Great Recession, showed little change on an annualized basis in 2016, although the monthly rates were falling at the end of the year. And the long-standing gap between the city unemployment rate on the one hand and the national and metropolitan rates on the other expanded slightly as those rates declined more sharply than the city’s.

Figure 2.2 Unemployment in Comparable Cities, 2016

Philadelphia had the second- Detroit 10 highest unemployment rate Philadelphia 8 among the cities listed here, Cleveland 7 behind only Detroit, although Chicago Philadelphia’s rate was not appreciably higher than those Baltimore 4 in several other cities. In 2016, Washington 1 unemployment fell by at least half Pittsburgh 4 a percentage point in five of the Phoenix 48 cities—Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Houston 47 Phoenix, and Washington—and Boston changed relatively little in the other five, including Philadelphia. 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

14 Figure 2.3 Job Growth and Decline, 2006-16

3% 21 22 18 1 2% 17 17 17 1 11 12 1 1% 07 0 04 0 0 00 01 0% Percent change -1% 0 07

-2% 1 Philadelphia -3% U.S. -4% 4 -5% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

In 2016, for the first time since the Great Recession of 2008-10, the job market in the city outperformed the country as a whole, expanding by 2.2 percent compared with national growth of 1.7 percent. For the year, Philadelphia had an average of 699,600 jobs, more than at any time since 1991.

15 Figure 2.4 Philadelphia’s Job Growth and Decline by Sector, 2006 and 2016

2016 (Total nonfarm: 699,600) Mining and (400) 2006 (Total nonfarm: 662,500) construction Change: 37,100 Percent change: 5.6% Manufacturing (9,500) 2

Trade, Over the past 10 years, the city transportation, 4,500 has added 37,100 jobs, with much and utilities of the growth coming during the Information (1,100) last three years. The vast majority

Financial of the new jobs have come in the activities (5,000) education and health services Professional and sector, the city’s largest, which business services 11,200 1 accounts for 32 percent of all jobs. Education and 36,200 1 health services The other expanding job categories have been leisure and hospitality; Leisure and 12,800 22 hospitality professional and business services; Other (400) 1 and trade, transportation, and services utilities. The biggest declines have Government (11,300) 10 come in government employment and manufacturing. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts

16 Figure 2.5 Largest Private Employers in Philadelphia

2016 rank 1999 rank

1 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania 1

2 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia 13

3 Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 7

4 Temple University 2

5 American Airlines -

6 Drexel University -

7 Temple University Hospital 14

8 Albert Einstein Medical Center 8

9 Independence Blue Cross 10

10 Thomas Jefferson University -

11 Comcast 15

12 Allied Universal -

13 Pennsylvania Hospital -

14 Hahnemann University Hospital -

15 Aria Health -

Of the 15 largest private employers in Philadelphia, 12 were in the fields of education and health care; the exceptions were American Airlines, Comcast and Allied Universal, formerly known as Allied Barton Security Services. Only eight of those 15 were also in the top 15 in 1999. The companies that dropped off the list in the interim were Tenet Healthcare, PECO Energy, Aramark, First Union National Bank, US Airways, Cigna, and Bell Atlantic.

17 Figure 2.6 Workers Commuting to and From Philadelphia

This map shows the extent of commuting between the suburban Bucks counties and Philadelphia. More County than 40 percent of all commuters 37,529 33,462 into and out of the city are “reverse Montgomery commuters,” city residents who County travel to jobs in the suburbs. 69,741 73,391 The traffic between Philadelphia

17,636 Chester and both Montgomery and 12,082 County 18,750 Burlington Bucks counties is almost equal Delaware 7,486 County County in both directions; among the 59,756 Camden suburban counties, Montgomery 31,661 Gloucester County supplies far and away the largest County 29,960 15,169 10,796 number of jobs for city residents. New Castle 3,000 County About 61 percent of all working 6,832 Philadelphians are employed in 3,061 the city, and about 52 percent of all jobs in the city are held by

Figure 2.7 Percentage of Population Not in the Labor Force, 2015

Detroit 42 Cleveland 47 Baltimore 2 Philadelphia 1 Phoenix 277 Chicago 2 U.S. 244 Houston 24 Pittsburgh 227 Washington 204 Boston 20

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Among the comparison cities, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest percentage of residents ages 16 to 64 who were not in the labor force: people who reported not working at all in the previous 12 months. Many high-poverty cities have a high percentage of working-age adults not in the labor force.

18 Figure 2.8 Median Household Income, 2015

Washington 7,28 Boston 8,2 U.S. ,77 Chicago 0,702 Phoenix 48,42 Houston 48,04 Baltimore 44,1 Pittsburgh 41,2 Philadelphia 41,2 Cleveland 28,81 Detroit 2,80

0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000

In median household income, Philadelphia was eighth among the comparison cities, just behind Pittsburgh and well ahead of Cleveland and Detroit. Over the last two years, Philadelphia’s median income has grown faster in percentage terms than those of all of the comparison cities, with the exception of Washington.

19 Figure 2.9 Median Household Income in Philadelphia

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152

19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19129 19140

19132 19137 19133 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19107 19103 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 < $30,000 19145 19148 $30,000 - $39,999 $40,000 - $49,999 $50,000 - $59,999 < $30,000 19153 $60,000 + $30,000 - $39,999 Insufficient$40,000 - data/nonresidential$49,999 $50,000 - $59,999 $60,000 + Insucient data/nonresidential Philadelphia’s highest-earning neighborhoods—shown in the map by census tract and in the accompanying list by ZIP code—are in Center City and Northwest Philadelphia; its lowest-earning areas are mostly in North and West Philadelphia. These median-household-income numbers represent income data gathered by the Census Bureau from 2011 to 2015, reported in 2015 dollars.

20 ZIP Neighborhood Median household income

19106 Center City—Society Hill $101,648 19102 Center City West $86,855 19118 Chestnut Hill $77,763 19130 Fairmount South $71,173 19127 Manayunk $70,556 19147 South Philadelphia—Bella Vista $67,007 19103 Center City West $65,965 19128 Roxborough $61,144 19154 Northeast—Torresdale North $60,031 19119 Mount Airy $54,579 19123 Northern Liberties/Spring Garden $53,295 19114 Northeast—Torresdale South $51,427 19152 Northeast—Rhawnhurst $48,735 19129 East Falls $48,129 19146 South Philadelphia—Schuylkill $48,015 19107 Center City—Washington Square West/Chinatown $47,572 19116 Northeast—Bustleton North/Somerton $46,452 19115 Northeast—Bustleton South $45,949 19150 Northwest—Wadsworth $45,771 19125 Kensington/Fishtown $45,720 19137 Northeast—Bridesburg $45,223 19136 Northeast—Holmesburg $44,912 19111 Northeast—Fox Chase $44,301 19148 South Philadelphia—East $44,098 19153 Eastwick $42,777 19151 Overbrook $42,610 19149 Northeast—Mayfair/Oxford Circle $39,920 19135 Northeast—Tacony $38,154 19145 South Philadelphia—West $37,024 19126 Oak Lane $36,544 19120 Olney $35,413 19138 Germantown East $33,706 19142 Southwest Philadelphia—Paschall/Elmwood $31,191 19122 North Philadelphia—Yorktown $29,815 19143 Southwest Philadelphia—Kingsessing $29,465 19124 Northeast—Frankford $29,334 19141 Logan $28,622 19144 Germantown $27,909 19131 Wynnefield/West Park $27,722 19134 Port Richmond $26,014 19139 West Philadelphia—West Market $24,606 19132 North Philadelphia—West $23,380 19140 Nicetown $21,272 19104 West Philadelphia—University City $20,483 19121 Fairmount North/Brewerytown $17,969 19133 North Philadelphia—East $17,016

21 Figure 2.10 Where Venture Capital Is Invested, 2015

Silicon Valley (CA) 27,422,200,000 New York metro 7,41,000,000 New England ,02,100,000 Los Angeles/Orange counties ,12,100,000 Southeast 2,24,00,000 Midwest 2,22,00,000 Northwest 1,02,00,000 District of Columbia metro 1,472,200,000 San Diego 1,2,00,000 Texas 1,170,800,000 Southwest 0,00,000 Colorado 782,00,000 Philadelphia metro 22,800,000 Other 17,00,000 $0 $10,000,000,000 $20,000,000,000 $30,000,000,000

In 2015, Greater Philadelphia’s share of national venture capital investment amounted to about $623 million. That placed it 13th among the nation’s regions, with the regions defined by the National Venture Capital Association.

Figure 2.11 Patents for Inventions, 2000-15 Metropolitan areas

San Jose, CA 14,47 New York 2,77 San Francisco 8,81 Los Angeles 74,81 Boston 2, Chicago 4,1 San Diego 4,4 Seattle 44,40 Minneapolis-St. Paul 41, Detroit 7,42 Dallas-Fort Worth 4,8 Austin, TX ,7 Philadelphia 2,41 Houston 2,17 Portland, OR 2,717 0 30,000 60,000 90,000 120,000 150,000

While the Philadelphia area ranks seventh in the nation in population, it stood 13th in the number of patents for inventions, so-called “utility” patents, granted from 2000-15. The San Jose, California-area, home to Silicon Valley, had far more than any other region.

22 Figure 2.12 Percentage of Households With Broadband Internet Service, 2015

Boston 81 Washington 78 Pittsburgh 74 Phoenix 74 Chicago 714 Houston 708 Philadelphia 701 Baltimore 7 Cleveland 21 Detroit 0 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

In Philadelphia, 7 out of 10 households have broadband internet subscriptions. This indicator is a new one from the census, and the results, when compared with previous data from other sources, indicate that more and more households have been acquiring high-speed internet access.

23 Figure 2.13 Size of Businesses in Philadelphia, 2014 By number of employees

The vast majority of businesses in Philadelphia, over 84 percent of them, have fewer than 20 % 1.1 % employees—making it similar in that regard to 250 and up 53.6 1-4 other East Coast cities. Compared with some of 1.9% those cities, however, Philadelphia is home to 100-249 fewer firms per capita. It has about 17 for every 3.3% 1,000 residents, while Baltimore has 20, Boston 50-99 9.3% (Suffolk County) 26, and Washington 33. 20-49 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts % 13.1 % 10-19 17.7 5-9

24 Figure 2.14 Ownership of Businesses in the Philadelphia Region, 2014 By race/ethnicity

Of all businesses in the Philadelphia area for which the census could determine ownership, nearly 4 out of 5 were white-owned in 2014, and fewer than 1 in 40 were owned by African-Americans. % 1 The publicly held companies, while less than 8 Other/ Mixed 7.8% percent of the nearly 110,000 businesses included Public 78.8% in the count, accounted for about two-thirds of total payroll—and the white-owned firms for % White 2.4 most of the rest. All other businesses, including Black % 10 those owned by blacks and Asians, represented Asian about 2 percent of payroll. The census did not list Hispanics as a separate category.

Public Safety

Although the incidence of crime in Philadelphia declined to levels not seen since the 1970s, concern about the subject increased in 2016.

In a Pew poll conducted in August, 44 percent of residents listed public safety as the number one problem facing the city, nearly twice as high a percentage as had mentioned it in a similar survey 18 months earlier. The hard statistics, though, showed that the city was getting safer. Homicides dropped slightly, and violent crime as a whole was down as well. So, too, was the number of major crimes, a category that includes burglaries, thefts, and other property offenses.

Public safety has other elements, and the performance on those fronts was mixed. Fire deaths rose to 21, up from 12 the year before, although still low by historical standards. The 76 deaths related to traffic accidents were the fewest in decades.

27 Figure 3.1 Poll Results: The Biggest Problem Facing Philadelphia

By an overwhelming margin, respondents to % 44 Public safety the most recent Pew Philadelphia Poll, taken in August 2016, said public safety was the % Education 20 biggest problem facing the city. This was quite a change from the previous poll, taken % Jobs/economy 14 18 months earlier, when residents listed education as their biggest concern; public % Poverty 10 safety was second at the time, mentioned by only 23 percent of those polled. The % Government/corruption 6 shift in attitude coincided with a rise in the % Taxes homicide rate in Philadelphia, although the 6 rise was not as steep as in some other cities. % Neighborhood revitalization 4 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts

Figure 3.2 Homicides in Philadelphia, 2006-16

500

40 1 400

1 1 24 02 0

300 Number of homicides

280 278

24 248

200 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

For much of 2016, Philadelphia’s homicide total ran ahead of the 2015 number, year-to-date. In the end, though, the final number was down 1 percent at 278, higher than in 2013 and 2014 but well below the annual figures recorded in nearly all of the last 50 years.

28 Figure 3.3 Homicide Rate, 2016 Homicides per 100,000 residents

Among the cities listed here, Baltimore 11 Philadelphia had the seventh Detroit 44 highest homicide rate in 2016, and, as a result of the huge Cleveland increase in murders in Chicago, Chicago 28 Philadelphia was no longer the

Washington 201 most deadly of the 10 largest cities on a per capita basis. Pittsburgh 184 Besides Chicago, three of the Philadelphia 177 other cities—Cleveland, Detroit, and Phoenix—recorded increases Houston 12 in their homicide rates compared Phoenix 4 with 2015. Philadelphia, Boston, and Houston had little Boston change. Rates fell in Pittsburgh, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Washington, and Baltimore.

Figure 3.4 Shooting Victims in Philadelphia, 2006-16

2,000 1,87

1,7

1,471 1,500 1, 1,407 1,1 1,27 1,28 1,280

Number of shootings 1,128 1,047

1,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Although Philadelphia’s homicide total fell slightly in 2016, the number of shooting victims did not. It rose for the second consecutive year and reached the highest level since 2011.

29 Figure 3.5 Philadelphia Homicide Victims, 2015

Figure 3.6 Major Crime in Philadelphia, 2006-16

100,000

8,48 82,217 82,884 80,000 74,48 7,712 77,4 74,47 Total major crimes 70,2 8,81 ,44 4,44

60,000

40,000

22,88 20,7 20,81 18,82 18,28 18,282 17,41 17,004 20,000 1,771 1,02 1,2 Violent crimes

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

For the most part, the numbers of major crimes and violent crimes reported in Philadelphia have been declining for the past decade. And 2016 was no exception. Major crimes were down about 2 percent, while violent crimes fell by nearly 5 percent, with both categories at the lowest levels since the 1970s. Violent crimes are defined as homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Major crimes include those offenses plus burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

30 Figure 3.7 Violent Crime in Philadelphia, 2016 By police district

Total crimes <500 7 500-999 >1,000 8

14 2

1 2

24 22 1 2 1 18 Rank District Neighborhood Total 1 15 Frankford 1,443 17 2 22 North Philadelphia/West 1,347 3 25 Juniata Park/Feltonville 1,261 4 24 Kensington 1,098 12 5 35 Olney 1,018 1 6 19 West Philadelphia 1,006 7 12 Southwest Philadelphia 990 77 8 39 Allegheny West 973 9 18 West Philadelphia 919 10 14 Germantown 779 In 2016, violent crime in Philadelphia decreased 11 2 Oxford Circle 724 the most in some of the highest-crime areas 12 3 South Philadelphia/East 589 and increased in places where violent crime 13 16 West Philadelphia 561 had been less common, including the western 14 26 North Philadelphia/East 509 section of Center City. In percentage terms, 15 17 Point Breeze 450 the biggest one-year drops came in the 14th 16 9 Center City/West 417 police district, which includes Germantown, 17 6 Center City/East 390 and in the 26th, which covers parts of eastern 18 1 South Philadelphia/West 327 North Philadelphia. And there were significant 19 8 Northeast Philadelphia 305 declines in the five districts with the highest 20 7 Bustleton 176 incidence of violent crime. 21 5 Roxborough 99

31 Figure 3.8 Poll Results: Confidence in Philadelphia Police to Treat Blacks and Whites Equally

80% 7 Conﬁdent Not conﬁdent 70% 0 60% 0 2 50% 47 4 40% 7 30% 21 20% 10% 0% All Philadelphians Blacks Whites Hispanics

Overall, Philadelphians expressed a strong level of confidence in their police to treat blacks and whites equally. But the gap among the main racial and ethnic groups was substantial on this topic, with blacks and Hispanics roughly 30 percentage points less confident in the police than whites. The gap was bigger than in the previous Philadelphia Poll.

Figure 3.9 City Prison Population, 2006-16 Average daily inmate count

10,000 ,22 ,024 8,02 8,82 8, 8,801 8,44 8,271 8,04 8,021 8,000 7,400

6,000

4,000

2,000

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The average daily population of the Philadelphia city jails has fallen significantly in the last several years, from more than 9,000 as recently as 2013 to 7,400 in 2016. Even so, the city’s jail population, on a per capita basis, is one of the highest among the nation’s most populous counties. In 2015, the city received a $3.5 million grant from the MacArthur Foundation to reduce the inmate count by one-third over three years, doing so in ways that do not compromise public safety.

32 Figure 3.10 Traffic Fatalities in Philadelphia, 2006-16

150 12 120 104 107 7 2 8 4 90 87 7

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The general trend for traffic fatalities in Philadelphia has been down in recent years, and the 2016 total was the lowest in decades. Of the 76 people who died, 36 were pedestrians, 28 were driving or riding in cars and trucks, and 12 were on bicycles or motorcycles. In November 2016, Philadelphia hired its first “complete streets” director, giving her the mission of making streets safer and more efficient for all users.

33 Figure 3.11 Fire Deaths in Philadelphia, 2006-16

60 2 50 47 40 0 2 2 30 2 24 21 20 12

10 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Even with an increase from 2015, the number of fire deaths in Philadelphia last year was one of the lowest on record. In at least three years during the 1980s, the city recorded 100 or more fire fatalities.

34 Figure 3.12 Philadelphia Fire Department Activity, 2006-16

350,000

07,8 1,4 All runs 2, 300,000 277, 27, 27,01 27,87 24,12 2,102 28, 22,8 2,40 20,17 24,4 250,000 22,70 21,20 24,1 214,404 21,01 217,000 221,1 21,148

200,000 Emergency medical incidents

150,000

100,000

,4 4,08 ,777 0,228 4,102 47,8 4,20 47,2 4,41 44,8 4,4 50,000 Fire incidents

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

In 2016, 83 percent of all runs by the Philadelphia Fire Department were in response to emergency medical situations, and the number of such responses has grown by more than 44,000 in the past six years. Only 2,634 of the fire incidents to which the department responded turned out to be structure fires.

Education

It was a relatively stable year on the education front in Philadelphia, something of a break from years past.

The School District got through 2016 without a fiscal crisis, a work stoppage, or a change of leadership; William Hite Jr., who became superintendent in 2012, signed on for another five years. Mayor Kenney began to implement his pre-K initiative and the “community school” concept, the idea of using neighborhood schools to deliver support services to the areas they serve. And the public impression of the district, while still overwhelmingly negative, improved a little, according to the Pew poll.

The share of Philadelphians with bachelor’s degrees or higher edged upward, with the biggest gains recorded among the city’s young adults. Head counts rose in charter schools and fell in district-run and Catholic institutions. Among students in the public schools, little progress was made on test scores or graduation rates.

37 Figure 4.1 K-12 Enrollment Trends, 2009-16

180,000

17,074 1,211 160,000 14,07 142, 1,7 140,000 11,8 11,2 10,104 12,48

District-run schools 120,000

100,000

80,000

2,8 ,441 4,70 0,17 60,000 4,88 Charter schools 4,04 40,422 40,000 , 1,27

2,211 Catholic schools 2,884 27,4 20,000 2,84 22,1 22,808 22,4 22,0 1,87

0 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17

Enrollment in Philadelphia’s district-run schools, which had been essentially stable for three years, fell by more than 2,000 in 2016-17. At the same time, the number of students in taxpayer-funded charter schools continued its long-term rise, which has slowed in recent years, and the Catholic schools’ head count fell by 11 percent. Since 2008-09, district-run schools are down 18 percent, charters are up 105 percent, Catholic schools are down 38 percent, and the total number of students in the three types of schools is down 3 percent. Not included in this data are Philadelphia students who attend cyber charters.

38 Figure 4.2 PSSA Scores for Philadelphia Public School Students, 2006-16 Percentage of students considered proficient or advanced

70% Math Reading 60% 50% 0 2 22 00 00

40% 40 477 4 42 40 44 448 42 420 41 40 30% 81 17 20% 1

10% 18 17

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

In 2016, only 18 percent of Philadelphia students who took the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) tests scored proficient or advanced in math, and 31.5 percent did so in reading. The test scores, which have been declining locally since 2012, dropped dramatically in Philadelphia and across the state in 2015, when the exams were overhauled and made much more difficult. The math decline in Philadelphia was less than the statewide average, and the reading drop was slightly more. The PSSAs are given to students in grades three through eight.

39 Figure 4.3 National Assessment of Educational Progress Scores, 2015

Math Reading

1 Charlotte, NC 1 Charlotte, NC 2 Austin, TX 2 Miami-Dade County 3 Hillsborough County, FL (Tampa) 3 Hillsborough County, FL (Tampa) 4 Boston 4 Austin, TX 5 Miami-Dade County 5 Jefferson County, KY (Louisville) 6 Houston 6 Duval County, FL (Jacksonville) 7 San Diego 7 San Diego 8 Duval County, FL (Jacksonville) 8 Boston 9 Jefferson County, KY (Louisville) 9 New York 10 Chicago 10 Chicago 11 Dallas 11 Washington 12 New York 12 Atlanta 13 Washington 13 Houston 14 Albuquerque, NM 14 Albuquerque, NM 15 Atlanta 15 Los Angeles 16 Los Angeles 16 Dallas 17 Philadelphia 17 Philadelphia 18 Fresno, CA 18 Fresno, CA 19 Baltimore 19 Baltimore 20 Cleveland 20 Cleveland 21 Detroit 21 Detroit

On both math and reading, Philadelphia ranked 17th among the 21 large urban districts whose fourth- and eighth- grade students took the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) tests in 2015. Philadelphia’s scores were below the big-city average and were essentially unchanged from 2013, with the exception of a decline in fourth-grade math. These charts reflect the combined fourth- and eighth-grade scores in each subject. The NAEP is the only standardized test given in urban districts across the country.

40 Figure 4.4 High School Graduation Rates, 2006-16 In Philadelphia district-run schools

In four years Class of 2006 2 In five or six years

Class of 2007 1

After rising from 2006 through 2012, the four- Class of 2008 7 year graduation rate in Philadelphia’s district-run Class of 2009 1 high schools has held relatively steady in recent

years, at just under two-third of all students; the Class of 2010 0 4 national four-year rate is 82 percent. Over the Class of 2011 7 same period, the district’s rate of graduation Class of 2012 within six years after students enter ninth grade

has risen to 71 percent. Class of 2013 70

Class of 2015

Class of 2016

0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Figure 4.5 Number of Charter Schools in Philadelphia, 2006-17

100

90 8 8 8 84 8 80 80 74

70 7 1 60

40 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17

School year

The number of charter schools in the city, which rose sharply during the 2000s, has changed little in recent years; the School Reform Commission has allowed few new schools to open, although some are coming next year, and a number of others have closed their doors. As recently as 2002, there were only 39 charter schools in Philadelphia and enrollment was below 20,000 students, which is less than a third of charter enrollment now.

41 Figure 4.6 Student Absenteeism in the School District of Philadelphia, 2015-16 Percentage of students missing at least 10 percent of school days

Although district officials have Kindergarten 1 Grade 1 0 cited progress on student Grade 2 27 attendance, absenteeism Grade 3 2 remains a major problem. In the Grade 4 2 2015-16 school year, nearly one- Grade 5 22 third of students missed at least Grade 6 28 10 percent of all school days; in Grade 7 0 the high schools, the share of Grade 8 28 students missing that much time Grade 9 4 approached one-half. About 42 Grade 10 47 percent of all students in the 44 Grade 11 district missed no more than 5 Grade 12 1 percent of school days, up from All students 2 39 percent in 2014-15. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts

42 Figure 4.7 Poll Results: Grading the Philadelphia Public Schools

78 77 Philadelphians’ assessment of 80% 71 7 the city’s school system has 8 improved marginally in the last 70% 4 Only fair or poor few years, although it is still 60% overwhelmingly negative and significantly lower than it was 50% in 2009.

0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016

43 Figure 4.8 Percentage of College Graduates, 2015 Adults 25 and over

The educational attainment level Washington 7 in Philadelphia, though rising, Boston 4 remained below the national Pittsburgh 41 average and the levels of most Chicago of the comparison cities. The Houston 0 Philadelphia region as a whole fares much better; 36 percent of U.S. 0 the region’s adults are graduates Baltimore 2 of four-year colleges, well above Philadelphia 274 average for metropolitan areas. Phoenix 2 Cleveland 12 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts Detroit 142

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Figure 4.9 Percentage of Residents With Bachelor’s Degrees, 2015 By age

50% While Philadelphia’s overall level of educational Philadelphia U.S. attainment remained low compared with many

40% other cities and the nation as a whole, the numbers

41 have been getting better among younger adults. 30% Of city residents ages 25-34, 41.3 percent had 41 42 bachelor’s degrees, more than 7 points higher 2 28 than the national average and higher than the

20% 28

percentages in many other cities. The share of

18 residents ages 35-44 with bachelor’s degrees rose 187 10% by 5 percentage points from 2013-15.

44 Figure 4.10 Percentage of Philadelphia Residents Age 25 or Older With Bachelor’s or Higher Degree

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152

19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19129 19140

19132 19137 19133 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19107 19103 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 19145 19148 <25 percent

25-49 percent

50-74 percent < 25 percent 19153 75+ percent 25–49 percent Nonresidential50–74 percent 75+ percent Nonresidential

The variation in educational attainment by census tract is extreme in Philadelphia. More than 75 percent of adults have bachelor’s or higher degrees in Chestnut Hill, parts of University City, and neighborhoods in and around Center City. On the other hand, the percentage is below 25 percent in vast stretches of the city, including parts of Southwest, West, and North Philadelphia as well as much of the Northeast.

Housing

The housing market in Philadelphia remained strong in 2016, even as the residential building boom showed signs of slowing down.

Home prices were 38 percent higher than in 2010, and more homes sold than in any year since 2007, before the Great Recession. The number of building permits issued for residential construction, which peaked in 2014, dropped substantially but was still higher than it had been in many recent years.

As sales prices and rents rose, community leaders voiced concern about housing affordability. Census data indicated that 56 percent of residents were paying at least 30 percent of their income in rent, higher than in many other comparable cities. On the whole, though, housing in Philadelphia remained less expensive than in New York, Washington, and Boston.

47 48 Figure 5.1 Homeownership Rate, 2015

Philadelphia 2 Phoenix 0 Pittsburgh 47 Detroit 4 Baltimore 448 Chicago 48 Houston 414 Cleveland 412 Washington Boston 41 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Traditionally, Philadelphia has had a much higher homeownership rate than most other older American cities. The city’s rate, which was nearly 60 percent as recently as 2006, fell steadily before, during, and after the Great Recession. But it appears to have stabilized in the last several years, keeping Philadelphia a majority homeowning city.

49 Figure 5.2 Changes in Home Sale Prices, 2010-16

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152 19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19144 19120

19135 19127 19124 19129 19140

19132 19137 19133 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106 19143 19146 19147

19142 19145 19148 Increased 15% or more Increased less than 15% Unchanged 19153 Decreased less than 15% Decreased 15% or more

Over the past six years, the median price for home sales in Philadelphia rose by 38 percent, with a big surge in the past two years, according to data compiled by local real estate economist Kevin Gillen. Many of the areas with the biggest price increases in percentage terms are those that have recently gentrified or are currently gentrifying, including University City, Fishtown, and parts of North and South Philadelphia. Median prices fell or were unchanged in 20 of the city’s 46 residential ZIP codes. Small numbers of sales in some ZIP codes may skew the figures shown here.

50 ZIP 2010 2016 Change from 2010 to 2016 Percentage change 19122 $80,000 $155,000 $75,000 94% 19104 $91,484 $160,000 $68,516 75% 19121 $40,000 $67,700 $27,700 68% 19125 $128,375 $210,000 $81,625 64% 19107 $412,500 $594,950 $182,450 44% 19146 $155,000 $220,000 $65,000 42% 19123 $279,500 $390,000 $110,500 40% 19133 $10,000 $13,920 $3,920 39% 19145 $100,000 $135,000 $35,000 35% 19141 $62,750 $82,000 $19,250 31% 19147 $280,000 $355,000 $75,000 27% 19148 $140,000 $175,000 $35,000 25% 19103 $575,000 $690,000 $115,000 20% 19130 $314,000 $375,000 $61,000 19% 19106 $650,000 $772,500 $122,500 19% 19126 $118,500 $139,000 $20,500 17% 19118 $395,000 $462,000 $67,000 17% 19143 $48,750 $54,350 $5,600 11% 19151 $104,900 $114,250 $9,350 9% 19140 $21,250 $23,000 $1,750 8% 19153 $110,000 $118,825 $8,825 8% 19139 $36,000 $38,000 $2,000 6% 19142 $38,000 $40,000 $2,000 5% 19149 $121,000 $125,000 $4,000 3% 19116 $217,500 $220,000 $2,500 1% 19150 $142,250 $143,250 $1,000 1% 19152 $179,900 $180,000 $100 Unchanged 19127 $210,000 $210,000 $0 Unchanged 19115 $225,900 $225,000 ($900) Unchanged 19144 $80,297 $79,279 ($1,108) -1% 19154 $190,000 $187,500 ($2,500) -1% 19119 $234,950 $230,000 ($4,950) -2% 19136 $132,700 $129,900 ($2,800) -2% 19128 $224,750 $220,000 ($4,750) -2% 19111 $160,000 $155,000 ($5,000) -3% 19129 $218,000 $210,500 ($7,500) -3% 19135 $102,800 $98,500 ($4,300) -4% 19114 $196,500 $185,000 ($11,500) -6% 19137 $130,000 $122,000 ($8,000) -6% 19102 $695,000 $629,000 ($66,000) -9% 19124 $81,000 $73,000 ($8,000) -10% 19134 $45,000 $40,000 ($5,000) -11% 19132 $17,000 $15,000 ($2,000) -12% 19120 $80,000 $70,000 ($10,000) -13% 19138 $75,405 $64,000 ($11,405) -15% 19131 $69,900 $59,000 ($10,900) -16% City median $103,000 $142,000 $39,000 38%

51 Figure 5.3 Sales of Residential Units in Philadelphia, 2006-16

30,000

20,000 2,12 21,78 17,882

10,000 1,4 1,01 14,110 14,21 1,428 1,144 12,28 11,8

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

After hitting a post-recession low in 2011, sales of private residential units in Philadelphia have increased over the past five years. The 2016 total was the highest since 2007, according to data compiled by real estate economist Kevin Gillen.

Figure 5.4 Residential Building Permits Issued, 2006-16

4,000 ,7 ,

3,500 ,17

3,000 2,81 2,17 2,500 2,14 1,72 2,000 1,701 1,2

1,500 47 84 1,000

500 Number of units 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The decline in the number of units for which residential building permits were issued in 2016 suggested that the city’s recent housing construction boom, while still ongoing, was slowing down. The total for the year, though still high by historical standards, was off 20 percent from the peak in 2014.

52 Figure 5.5 Philadelphia Housing Authority Waiting List, 2010-16

90,000

80,000

70,000

60,000 77,4 50,000 8,0

40,000 ,7 7, 30,000 48,7 48,07

20,000 42,88

10,000

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The waiting list for public housing in Philadelphia has declined sharply over the past two years. This has occurred largely because officials at the Philadelphia Housing Authority have removed from the list individuals who could not be contacted. In 2016, the authority provided housing for 32,597 households through the units it manages and the Housing Choice Voucher assistance program.

53 Figure 5.6 Percentage of Residents Paying at Least 30% of Income in Rent

Detroit 44 Philadelphia 4 Boston 41 Baltimore Cleveland 2 Chicago 1 Houston 04 Pittsburgh 0 Phoenix 48 Washington 484 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

This indicator from the census is considered a key measure of housing affordability; the 30 percent standard was created by the federal government decades ago. In some cities, like Philadelphia and Detroit, the percentage of residents paying more than 30 percent of income for rent is primarily a reflection of low incomes. In other places, such as Boston, it is more a reflection of high rents. Philadelphia’s number, while high relative to most of the comparison cities, has dropped several percentage points since 2010.

54 Figure 5.7 Salary Needed to Afford a Median-Priced Home in the Philadelphia Area

Boston 87,7 Washington 81,40 Chicago 2,4 Baltimore ,87 Philadelphia ,422 U.S. 2, Houston 2,27 Phoenix 48,71 Detroit 8,42 Cleveland 4,44 Pittsburgh 2,0 $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000 $100,000

In the Philadelphia area, the salary required to afford payments on a median-priced home—$53,422—is near the national average and fifth among the 10 metropolitan areas that include the comparison cities often cited in this report. This calculation, which comes from the HSH.com mortgage research company, suggests that homes in the Philadelphia region are substantially more affordable than in the Boston and Washington areas and less so than in Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Government and Transportation

In his first year in office, Mayor Kenney took initial steps to renovate Philadelphia’s parks, libraries, and recreation centers, and to address the huge unfunded liability in the city’s pension system.

The multiyear, $600 million Rebuild initiative commanded a lot of attention and support. But the efforts to deal with Philadelphia’s $6 billion pension gap were vital as well. The city and the union representing its blue- collar workers agreed on changes likely to improve the pension situation somewhat; contracts with the other bargaining units were set to expire in mid-2017.

The transportation sector had a rocky year. SEPTA’s Regional Rail division lost ridership after having to remove and repair its Silverliner V cars, reducing the system’s capacity for months, and the agency’s City Transit division endured a brief strike in the fall. Amtrak ridership was up, while the passenger count at Philadelphia International Airport was down.

57 Figure 6.1 City Employees, 2006-16

30,000

29,000

28,000 27,2 27,747 27,1 27,287 27,4 2,8 2,814 27,000 2,0 2,2 2,41 2,72

26,000

25,000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The number of people employed by the city of Philadelphia—which declined during and immediately after the Great Recession—has been rising in the past few years. As of Dec. 31, 2016, the figure was the highest since the same time in 2008. In the first year of Mayor Kenney’s administration, the number of city employees increased by 540, about 2 percent.

Figure 6.2 Funding Level, City of Philadelphia Pension Funds, 2005-15

60% 4 2 0 48 50% 4 47 47 4 4

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

The funding level of Philadelphia’s public-employee pension funds, which stood at 60 percent as recently as 2004, fell to 45 percent in 2015, the most recent year for which data were available. The unfunded liability, calculated at $5.9 billion, is considered one of the city’s primary, long-term fiscal problems. In fiscal year 2017, city government was budgeted to contribute $636 million to its pension funds.

58 Figure 6.3 City Spending by Category Philadelphia general fund budget, fiscal year 2017

Departments and organizations in each city spending category Public safety and employee benefits, which include pensions and health care, Subsidies and payments Art Museum Convention Center accounted for 61 percent of the city’s $4.2 Atwater Kent Museum School District billion budget in 2016-17. Ten years ago, Community College SEPTA these two spending categories accounted Neighborhood-based services for about 52 percent of the budget. Free Library Streets Department—Sanitation 100% Mural Arts Program Streets Department—Transportation Neighborhood-based services Parks & Recreation Department Health and social services Subsidies and payments Office of Housing and Community 90% Department of Human Services Development Debt service Department of Public Health Office of Supportive Housing 7 Office of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disAbility Services Health and social services 80% 7 Central administration Board of Ethics Managing Director’s Office

Board of Revision of Taxes Mayor's Office Central administration 70% City Commissioners Office of Arts & Culture 14 City Controller Office of the Chief Administrative Officer City Council Office of Community Schools and Pre-K 60% Office of Community Empowerment City Planning Commission and Opportunity City Representative Office of Human Resources

City Treasurer Office of Innovation and Technology 50% Civil Service Commission Office of the Inspector General Employee beneﬁts Commerce Department Office of Property Assessment 2 Finance Department Office of Sustainability 40% Fleet Management Procurement Department Historical Commission Public Property Department Human Relations Commission Records Department Labor Relations Register of Wills 30% Law Department Revenue Department Licenses & Inspections Utilities

Employee benefits 20% Employee Disability Pension Contribution Public safety Group Legal & Life Insurance Social Security Payments 2 Health/Medical Unemployment Compensation 10% Public safety District Attorney Police Department Fire Department Prisons First Judicial District Sheriff 0% Legal Services © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts

59 Figure 6.4 City Capital Spending by Category

% % 1 2 8%

Technological upgrades Sustainability/energy efficiency Quality of life/economic development New or improved facility/modernization Deferred maintenance/safety and risk management

49 % 40 %

In addition to its operating budget, the city of Philadelphia was slated to spend more than $1.3 billion on capital projects in the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017. Nearly half of that spending was categorized as deferred maintenance/safety and risk management. The Aviation Department, which runs the city’s two airports, accounted for about 30 percent of the capital budget.

Figure 6.5 Philadelphia Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections

90%

80% 84

77 70% 74 71 70 728 71 84 60% 4 8 4 71 50% 47

40%

30%

20%

10%

0 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016

Voter turnout in Philadelphia was above 66 percent of registered voters in 2016, a rate that was marginally higher than in 2012 and slightly lower than in 2008. The turnout percentages in this chart would be lower if shown as the share of the voting age population, as opposed to registered voters. More than 77 percent of registered voters in the city are Democrats.

60 Figure 6.6 Average Travel Time to Work, 2015 In minutes

Chicago Philadelphia 1 Baltimore 18 Boston 14 Washington 28 Houston 27 Detroit 2 Phoenix 2 Cleveland 24 Pittsburgh 28 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Among the comparison cities, Philadelphia had a relatively high average travel time to work. The size of a city appears to figure into this statistic; two of the largest cities in this group, Chicago and Philadelphia, had the longest travel times, while the two smallest cities, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, had the shortest.

61 Figure 6.7 Local Mass Transit Ridership One-way rides per year, 2006-16

300M 282,2,000 2,,117 2,2,400

247,47,108 272,0,000 271,818,00 250M

SEPTA City Transit

50M ,40, 4,1,000 ,2,000 ,7,700 7,700,800 0,4,1

SEPTA Regional Rail

0 ,77,000 10,8,000 10,10,000 10,12,00 10,007,2 10,,0 PATCO high-speed line 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Ridership on SEPTA City Transit Division fell for the fourth straight year, down 5.5 percent from the peak recorded in 2012. All of the SEPTA statistics shown here are for the period ending June 30 of each year. So the 2016 numbers for the division do not reflect ridership lost during the six-day strike in November. Nor do the Regional Rail figures reflect the ridership decline in the summer after SEPTA found defects in its Silverliner V rail cars and had to reduce service. Usage of the PATCO high-speed line was the highest since 1999.

Figure 6.8 Percentage of Population Using Public Transit to Travel to Work, 2015

Washington 8 Boston 4 Chicago 28 Philadelphia 22 Baltimore 1 Pittsburgh 17 Cleveland 108 Detroit 8 U.S. 2 Houston 4 Phoenix 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Among the nation’s 25 largest cities, only five recorded a higher percentage of people use public transit to get to work than Philadelphia. Besides Washington, Boston, and Chicago, the other two were New York and San Francisco.

62 Figure 6.9 Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled in Philadelphia, 2006-15

In 2014 and 2015, buoyed by a 2006 relatively strong economy and low

2007 8 fuel costs, the number of vehicle miles driven in Philadelphia rose 2008 after prolonged decline, a decline 2009 8 caused in part by the Great 2010 2 Recession. It has been a goal of the city Office of Sustainability to keep 2011 4 this figure as low as possible. 2012 4

2014 0

2015 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Miles (in billions)

63 Figure 6.10 Airport Passengers, 2006-16 Philadelphia International Airport

Total 35M 1,78,272 1,84,72 0,740,180 0,77,1 0,22,81 0,1,00 30M

27,77,004 27,7,48 25M 2,,7 2,04, 2,202,7 2,,4 Domestic

,8,28 4,041,240 4,20,22 4,48,221 4,7,0 4,11,1 5M

International 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

The number of passengers using Philadelphia International Airport fell by 4 percent in 2016, the first decline since 2012, due partly to an 8 percent drop in international traffic. International travel at the airport had risen steadily throughout the past decade.

Figure 6.11 Amtrak Ridership, Northeast Corridor Change from 2010 to 2015

From 2010 through 2015, Amtrak 22 New York ridership2015 at 30th Street Station

Washington grew by 9 percent, one of the stronger2010 performances among Philadelphia major stations in the Northeast

Corridor. The Boston statistics Boston 0 include all three Amtrak stations Baltimore 7 in that city. Philadelphia has

the third largest ridership in the New Haven, CT national passenger-train system.

2010 Newark, NJ 2015

Providence, RI 1

0 2M 4M 6M 8M 10M 12M

64 Figure 6.12 Number of Philadelphians Who Bicycle to Work

The use of bicycles for commuting has tripled since the beginning of the century. Philadelphia has 2000 2015 over 400 miles of designated bike lanes, and Mayor Kenney has 4,908 promised to add some protected 14,487 lanes in the coming years.

Arts and Culture

Arts and culture contribute to Philadelphia’s quality of life and economic well-being in numerous ways. Residents, particularly newcomers, often cite the variety and sheer volume of cultural activity when listing the city’s great strengths.

In 2016, several attractions in the Historic District—an area central to the city’s identity—had particularly strong years. Attendance at the Liberty Bell Pavilion was up 27 percent, Independence Visitor Center up 16 percent, and Independence Hall up 10 percent, compared with 2014.

Although several studies have suggested that the city might have more cultural organizations than it can sustain long term, there has been no sign that the sector is contracting. In fact, the number of groups appears to be growing.

67 Figure 7.1 Attendance at Selected Historical and Cultural Attractions, 2016

Independence Visitor Center 2,472,7 Liberty Bell Pavilion 2,0,247 Philadelphia Zoo 1,12,8 The Franklin Institute 1,04,744 Philadelphia Museum of Art 77,024 Independence Hall 72,8 National Constitution Center 1,71 Please Touch Museum 480, Eastern State Penitentiary 88, The Barnes Foundation 2,82 Academy of Natural Science 24,780 Christ Church and Burial Grounds 214,021 Betsy Ross House 11,8 Penn Museum 18,21

0 500,000 1M 1.5M 2M 2.5M

2016 was a strong year for many of Philadelphia’s leading historical and cultural attractions, with four of them attracting more than 1 million visitors. Six of the 14 most-visited attractions were in the Historic District, led by the Independence Visitor Center and the Liberty Bell Pavilion. Also near the top of the list were the Philadelphia Zoo and the Franklin Institute, both of which are popular with families.

68 Figure 7.2 Cultural Organizations by Type, 2015

Visual arts Other Of the 729 nonprofit cultural organizations in Philadelphia, Advocacy or the performing arts constitute 22 15 professional associations the largest number, followed 53 81 by multipurpose and historical Historical groups. In this count, groups are organizations classified by the category they Humanities 22 use in reporting to the Internal Libraries, 229 zoos, arboretums,169 Revenue Service. Not listed are Performing arts 31 gardens, and organizations that offer some aquariums cultural programming but do not 45 Media and file with the IRS under one of communications these categories.

69 Figure 7.3 Sources of Income for Philadelphia Arts and Cultural Organizations, 2015

Earned income Contributed income Earned income Contributed income 47% of total income 53% of total income 47% of total income 53% of total income

43% 31% 43% 31% % Admissions, Individuals, % Admissions, Individuals, 13 tickets, % board members 13 tickets, % board members Special events tuitions 31 Special events tuitions 31 and other Other and other Other earned income earned income 15% 15% Earned % Earned % investments* 12 investments* 12 Memberships, Memberships, subscriptions % % subscriptions % % % % 11 22 % % % 11 22 % 2 5 All Foundations 5 2 5 All Foundations 5 Advertising Fees government Corporations Advertising Fees government Corporations and sponsorships and sponsorships 5% 5% 5% 5% Rentals Sales and concessions Rentals Sales and concessions

In 2015, the last year for which these numbers were available, contributed income accounted for 53 percent of the sector’s total revenue, and earned income about 47 percent. Of the contributed funding, donations from individuals and trustees accounted for slightly more than $3 out of every $10; “other” includes money from special fundraising events, parent organizations, and in-kind contributions. Of the earned income, admissions, tickets, and tuition made up the largest portion (43 percent) while investments accounted for 15 percent, a strong performance by historical standards. Investment income does not include unrealized increases in the value of investments.

Figure 7.4 Attendance at Philadelphia’s Arts and Culture Venues, 2015

Total attendance Paid attendance Free attendance 21,566,235 8 2 8,208,840 13,357,395

0 5M 10M 15M 20M 25M

In 2015, the vast majority of total attendance at the city’s arts and culture venues was free of charge.

70 Figure 7.5 Cultural Organizations by Type

●●

● 19116

●

● 19154 ● 19115

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19114 ● ● 19150 19118● ● 19111 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19152 ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● 19128 ● 19138 ●191●26 ● ●19119 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19136 ● ● ● 19149 ● ●● 19141 ● ● ●●●●● ● 19120 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 19144 ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19127 ●● 19124 19135 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19140 ● 19129● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19132 19133 ●● 19137 ●● ● ● ● ● 19134 ●● ● ● ● ● ● 19131 ● ● ● 19121● ●● ● ● ● ● ● 19122 ●● ● ● ● 19125 ● ● ● ● ● 19151 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 19104 ● ●●● ● ● ● ● 19130●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●●● 19123●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● 19139 ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●●●191●02●●● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●●●●● ●● ●●● ● ● ● ●●●●● ●●●●●● ●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● 191●●0●3●●●●●● ●●19106●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●19107●●●●●●●●●●● ●● ● ●●●●●●●●●●● ●●● ● ● ●●● ●●●●● ●●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● 19143 ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● 19146 ●● ●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● 19147 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● 19142 19145 Museums, visual arts, and multipurpose 19148 ● ● Historical and humanities ● Performing arts Libraries, zoos, arboretums, gardens, and aquariums 19153 ● 19112 Advocacy, media, and communications (and other)

As in years past, nonprofit cultural organizations were concentrated in and around Center City. There also were clusters in the University City area of West Philadelphia and in the Germantown section of Northwest Philadelphia.

Health and Welfare

Poverty is one of Philadelphia’s most enduring, pervasive, and seemingly intractable problems.

At nearly 26 percent, the poverty rate is the highest among the nation’s 10 largest cities, seventh highest among the 52 cities with at least 350,000 residents. Most disturbing to officials is how little the figure has dropped in the relatively good national economy of the last few years.

In terms of health, there was some good news for the city: The percentage of residents without insurance coverage fell below 10 percent; the number of births to teenage mothers was half what it had been a decade ago; and infant deaths dropped to an historic low. On the other hand, a third of adult Philadelphians were obese and 22 percent were smokers; both rates are well above the national averages.

73 Figure 8.1 Poverty and Deep Poverty in Philadelphia, 2006-15

30% 284 For the last decade, Philadelphia 2 27 2 2 28 has had the highest poverty rate 21 2 25% 28 241 of the nation’s 10 largest cities, Poverty rate with the rate declining slowly from a peak of 28.4 percent in 20% 2011. Throughout the period, well over 40 percent of the city’s poor 15% 1 11 12 12 122 12 122 have been living in “deep poverty,” 118 111 111 meaning their incomes were no 10% Deep poverty rate more than half of the federal poverty limit. In 2016, a family 5% of four was living in poverty if its income was $24,300 or less, in deep poverty at $12,150 or less. 0% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 © 2017 The Pew Charitable Trusts

Figure 8.2 Poverty Rate, 2015

Detroit 8 Cleveland 47 Philadelphia 28 Pittsburgh 2 Baltimore 22 Phoenix 22 Houston 212 Chicago 20 Boston 20 Washington 1 U.S. 18 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

In the last few years, the national poverty rate has fallen substantially—but not in Philadelphia, where it has remained close to 26 percent. The local poverty rate in 2015 was roughly 18 percent for whites, 31 percent for African-Americans, 38 percent for children, and 39 percent for Hispanics.

74 Figure 8.3 Percentage of Philadelphians Living Below the Federal Poverty Line

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152

19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19140 19129

19132 19133 19137 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 19145 19148 < 15 percent 15–29 percent 30–44<15 percent percent 45+15-29 percent percent 19153 19112 Nonresidential 30-44 percent 45+ percent Nonresidential

Poverty in Philadelphia is widespread, with the highest concentrations found primarily in parts of North and West Philadelphia. In most of the city’s residential ZIP codes, the rate is over 20 percent.

75 Figure 8.4 Profile of People Experiencing Homelessness in Philadelphia, 2016

100% Non-Hispanic Sheltered 1 Black 88 80% 80 Adults 71 Family 60% Men members 8 Individuals Women 40% 42 44 Children 2 20% Un- White sheltered

Trans- 1 Other Hispanic 12 Asian gender 4 1 1 0% Age Sex Household Race Ethnicity Location

In January 2016, Philadelphia officials undertook a one-night count of people staying in emergency shelters, in transitional housing, in temporary drop-in centers, and on the street. The data showed that Philadelphia had 6,112 homeless people. That was the largest number since 2012 but below the recent peak of 6,871 recorded in 2008.

76 Figure 8.5 Life Expectancy at Birth in Philadelphia

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152 19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19129 19140

19132 19137 19133 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 19145 19148 68-71 72-75 76-79 19153 19112 80 and over Nonresidential

Depending on where a child is born in Philadelphia, the variation in life expectancy can be as much as 20 years. Life expectancy is 88 years in ZIP code 19106 in Center City and only 68 in ZIP code 19132 in North Philadelphia, according to the Center on Society and Health at Virginia Commonwealth University. Generally, life expectancy in the city correlates with income, with the longest expectancies in wealthier areas and the shortest in areas with low household incomes. Citywide, life expectancy at birth is just under 76 years; it is 81 years in Montgomery and Chester counties. The national figure is about 79.

77 Figure 8.6 Infant Mortality in Philadelphia, 2005-14

282 28 300 2 2 2 248 2 Total deaths 21 20 200 177

100

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

In 2014, the last year for which numbers were available, 7.9 of every 1,000 children born to Philadelphia parents, 177 in all, died before reaching their first birthdays, the lowest figure in many years. The national rate was 6.1 deaths per 1,000 births. In the city, two-thirds of the infants who died were African-American, and only 1 in 7 was white.

Figure 8.7 Births to Teenage Mothers in Philadelphia, 2005-14 Ages 15-19 From the recent peak in 2007 4,000 ,0 ,20 through 2014, the last year ,474 ,42 ,270 for which data were available, ,012 the number of children born to 3,000 2,721 teenage mothers in Philadelphia 2,0 declined by more than half. Over

2,000 the same period, the national number fell as well, although not 2,000 1,78 as sharply. In Philadelphia, the drop has been steepest among younger teens, those ages 15-17. 1,000

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

78 Figure 8.8 Unintentional Drug Overdose Deaths in Philadelphia, 2006-15

800 700 11 2 600 4 1 500 4 4 42 427 1 400

300

200

100

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Drug overdose deaths took center stage in Philadelphia in 2016, and the data in this graphic show why. From 2010 to 2015, the annual number of such fatalities rose by 78 percent, and the official 2016 totals, not available for this report, were expected to be in the range of 900. In 2015, 67 percent of those who died were white and 72 percent were male. Thirty percent of the victims used opioids, 22 percent benzodiazepines, 21 percent barbiturates, and 11 percent antidepressants. In the last several years, the number of unintentional overdoses has far exceeded the number of homicides and suicides in the city combined.

Figure 8.9 Residents Without Health Insurance, 2015

Houston 22 Phoenix 148 Chicago 10 Detroit 101 Philadelphia 7 Cleveland U.S. 4 Baltimore 7 Pittsburgh 4 Washington 8 Boston 8 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

With the Affordable Care Act fully in effect, there has been a decline in the percentage of individuals without health insurance in Philadelphia and other cities. In Philadelphia, the percentage dropped by more than 5 points from 2013 to 2015, tracking what happened nationally.

79 Figure 8.10 Adult Smoking in Philadelphia, 2015

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152 19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144

19135 19127 19124 19129 19140

19132 19137 19133 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 Less than 10 percent 19145 19148 10-19 percent 20-29 percent 30 percent and up 19153 19112 Nonresidential Insufficient data

The incidence of smoking varies widely across the city. In 2015, more than 30 percent of adults in 11 ZIP codes identified themselves as smokers; many of those areas are in lower-income and working-class sections of the city. The citywide smoking rate for adults was 22 percent, according to the Community Health Management Corp.’s Community Health Database, the source of these numbers. The national rate is about 17 percent.

80 Figure 8.11 Obesity in Philadelphia, 2000-15

35% One in 3 adult Philadelphians qualified as obese in 2015; in 2000, only 1 in 4 did. 30% These numbers come from the Community 2 2 Health Data Base, a survey conducted every 2

25% 28 28

few years by Public Health Management 2

2 Corp. In the survey, respondents were asked 20% to give their height and weight. Based on that information, the researchers calculated 15% whether individuals were obese. The

10% statewide rate is 30 percent.

0% 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015

81 Figure 8.12 Consumption of Sugary Drinks in Philadelphia Percentage of adults consuming at least one per day

19116

19154 19115

19150 19114 19118 19111 19152

19138 19126 19119 19128 19136 19141 19149 19120 19144 19127 19135 19124 19140 19129

19132 19133 19137 19134 19131 19121 19122 19125 19151 19130 19123 19139 19104 19102 19103 19107 19106

19143 19146 19147

19142 Less than 20 percent 19145 19148 20-29 percent 30-39 percent 40+ percent 19153 19112 Insufficient data/nonresidential

In Philadelphia, about 3 in 10 adults report consuming at least one sugary drink per day. The figure varies widely from one neighborhood to another. The ZIP codes where consumption is high tend to be low-income areas, while those where consumption is low tend to have higher household incomes. A number of cities, including Philadelphia, have sought to raise funds and/or reduce consumption by imposing special taxes on sugary drinks and other beverages. In the Public Health Management Corp. survey that produced this data, respondents were asked to exclude diet drinks and 100 percent juice in giving their answers.

82 Sources and Notes The Big Picture 1.1 U.S. Census Bureau (2016 population estimates); U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.2 Census Bureau (intercensal estimates, 2000-10, http://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/intercensal-2000- 2010-counties.html; census population estimates, 2011-16, www.census.gov/popest). 1.3 The Pew Philadelphia Poll, 2016. 1.4 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.5 U.S. Census Bureau, Public Use Microdata Sample, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, 2013-15, accessed using IPUMS-USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org. 1.6 Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics and Research, “Birth, Death, and Other Vital Statistics,” http://www. statistics.health.pa.gov/HealthStatistics/VitalStatistics/Pages/default.aspx#.WCoYrfMo670. 1.7 U.S. Census Bureau, 1990, 2000, and 2010 decennial censuses; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015. All sources but the 1990 count are available at http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.8 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, five-year estimate, 2011-15, http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.9 U.S. Census Bureau, “Nativity of the Population for the 50 Largest Urban Places: 1870 to 1990,” http://www.census.gov/population/ www/documentation/twps0029/tab19.html; U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 and 2010 decennial censuses and American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2005 and 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.10 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 1.11 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. Jobs and the Economy 2.1 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics—local data from Local Area Unemployment Statistics and national data from Current Population Survey, http://www.bls.gov/data. 2.2 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/data. 2.3 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/data. 2.4 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics, http://www.bls.gov/data. 2.5 Data for 1999 from Philadelphia Planning Commission, “City Stats: General Economic and Demographic Data,” http://www.phila. gov/pdfs/citystats.pdf. Data for 2016 from Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Center for Workforce Information and Analysis, “Top 50 Employers: Philadelphia County,” http://www.workstats.dli.pa.gov/Documents/Top%2050/Philadelphia_County_ Top_50.pdf. 2.6 U.S. Census Bureau, “OnTheMap” (2014), http://onthemap.ces.census.gov. 2.7 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 2.8 U.S. Census Bureau, “OnTheMap” (2014), http://onthemap.ces.census.gov. 2.9 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, five-year estimate, 2011-15, http://factfinder.census.gov. 2.10 National Venture Capital Association, http://www.nvca.org. 2.11 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Patenting in Technology Classes, Breakout by Origin, U.S. Metropolitan and Micropolitan Areas,” https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/cls_cbsa/allcbsa_gd.htm. 2.12 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 2.13 U.S. Census Bureau, “County Business Patterns by Employment Class Size: 2014 Business Patterns,” http://factfinder.census.gov. 2.14 U.S. Census Bureau, “2014 Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs,” http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/ productview.xhtml?pid=ASE_2014_00CSA01&prodType=table.

83 Public Safety 3.1 The Pew Philadelphia Poll, 2016. 3.2 Philadelphia Police Department, ”Crime Mapper,” https://www.phillypolice.com/crime-maps-stats/. 3.3 Police departments in all 10 cities; population numbers used to make calculations drawn from Census Bureau estimates of city population. 3.4 Philadelphia Police Department. 3.5 Philadelphia Police Department. 3.6 Philadelphia Police Department (figures for 2015 and 2016 available at https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B-oNK20OF0P_ bEwxdURCbnlzbzg). 3.7 Philadelphia Police Department. 3.8 The Pew Philadelphia Poll, 2016. 3.9 Philadelphia Prison System. 3.10 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, “Pennsylvania Crash Facts and Statistics” annual reports, 2006-15, http://www. penndot.gov/TravelInPA/Safety/Pages/Crash-Facts-and-Statistics.aspx; Bicycle Coalition of Greater Philadelphia, 2016, http:// bicyclecoalition.org/trackingfatalities. 3.11 Philadelphia Fire Department. 3.12 Philadelphia Fire Department. Education 4.1 Enrollment data for district-run and charter schools are from the School District of Philadelphia, and Catholic school enrollment data are from the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Numbers for district-run schools do not include pre-K students or institutional placement students who attend nondistrict schools. 4.2 School District of Philadelphia. 4.3 NAEP test results available at https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2015/#?grade=4. 4.4 School District of Philadelphia. 4.5 School District of Philadelphia. 4.6 School District of Philadelphia. 4.7 The Pew Philadelphia Poll, 2016. 4.8 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 4.9 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 4.10 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, five-year estimates, 2011-15, http://factfinder.census.gov. Housing 5.1 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 5.2 Data from Kevin Gillen, Senior Research Fellow at the Lindy Institute for Urban Innovation, Drexel University. 5.3 Data from Kevin Gillen, Senior Research Fellow at the Lindy Institute for Urban Innovation, Drexel University. 5.4 U.S. Census Bureau, “Building Permits Survey,” www.census.gov/construction/bps. The bureau uses data supplied by the Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections. 5.5 Philadelphia Housing Authority’s Policy, Research, and Enterprise Planning Office. 5.6 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, available at http://factfinder.census.gov. 5.7 HSH.com, “The Salary You Must Earn to Buy a Home in 27 Metros,” http://www.hsh.com/finance/mortgage/salary-home-buying- 25-cities.html. Data are for the third quarter of 2016 and are updated periodically.

84 Government and Transportation 6.1 City of Philadelphia, Office of the Director of Finance, Quarterly City Manager’s Reports for Dec. 31 of each year, www.phila.gov/ finance/reports-Quarterly.html. 6.2 City of Philadelphia, Municipal Retirement System, Actuarial Valuation Report as of July 1, 2015 (2016), http://www.phila.gov/ pensions/PDF/PHILARBP_2015%20AVR_032516s.pdf. 6.3 City of Philadelphia, Department of Finance, The Mayor’s Operating Budget in Brief for Fiscal Year 2017, as Approved by the Council (June 2016), http://www.phila.gov/finance/pdfs/FY17FinalBudgetinBriefAdopted.pdf. Placement of departments and agencies within categories was determined by Pew. 6.4 City of Philadelphia, Department of Finance, “Recommended Six-Year Capital Program for Fiscal Years 2017-2022, July 1st through June 30th” (2016), p. 23, http://www.phila.gov/finance/pdfs/PhiladelphiaCapitalBudgetBookFY1722.pdf. 6.5 Data for 1968-2012 from city of Philadelphia, office of Al Schmidt, city commissioner, “Voter Registration and Voter Turnout in Philadelphia, 1936 to 2013,” https://www.scribd.com/document/245636747/Voter-Registration-and-Voter-Turnout-in-Philadelphia- 1936-to-2013-Final. Data for 2016 from http://www.phillyelectionresults.com/Citywide_Election_Results.html. 6.6 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 6.7 City transit and regional rail data from SEPTA; high-speed line data from Delaware River Port Authority . 6.8 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 6.9 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 6.10 Philadelphia International Airport, Aviation Activity Reports, http://www.phl.org/Pages/Business/ReportsPlans/activityReports. aspx. 6.11 Amtrak (2010 data, https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/527/443/Amtrak%20Northeast%20Corridor%2010.pdf; 2015 data, https:// www.amtrak.com/ccurl/998/601/Amtrak-National-Fact-Sheet-FY2015,0.pdf). 6.12 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. Arts and Culture 7.1 PKF Consulting Hospitality Snapshot. Data are self-reported by the individual attraction. 7.2 National Center for Charitable Statistics, IRS Business Master Files (Exempt Organizations) 2016, provided by DataArts, an organization that provides the nonprofit arts and cultural sector with data and resources in order to strengthen its vitality, performance, and public impact. Cultural organizations are defined as having the following National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities codes: A, A01, A02, A03, A05, A11, A12, A19, A20, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A40, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, A56, A57, A60, A61, A62, A63, A65, A68, A69, A6A, A6B, A6C, A6E, A70, A7XZ, A80, A82, A84, A90, A99, A99Z, B70, C36, C41, C42, and D50. 7.3 Data Arts. For more information on DataArts, see http://culturaldata.org/. 7.4 DataArts. 7.5 DataArts. Health and Welfare 8.1 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, http://factfinder.census.gov. 8.2 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimates, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 8.3 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, five-year estimate, 2011-15, http://factfinder.census.gov. 8.4 City of Philadelphia, “Point-in-Time Count: PA-500 Philadelphia CoC,” Jan. 27, 2016, http://www.phila.gov/osh/PDF/ Philadelphia%20CoC%20-%20%202016%20Homeless%20Point%20in%20Time%20Count%20-%20All%20Households.pdf. 8.5 Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, available at http://societyhealth.vcu.edu/media/society-health/ pdf/LE-Map-Philly-Methods.pdf. 8.6 Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics and Research, “Resident Infant Deaths by Age, Sex, Race and County,” http://www.statistics.health.pa.gov/HealthStatistics/VitalStatistics/DeathStatistics/Documents/Death_ InfantAgeSexRace_Cnty_2010_2014.pdf.

85 8.7 Pennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Health Statistics and Research, “Birth Statistics,” http://www.statistics.health.pa.gov/ HealthStatistics/VitalStatistics/BirthStatistics/Pages/default.aspx#.WCZBT_Mo670. 8.8 Philadelphia Department of Public Health. 8.9 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, one-year estimate, 2015, http://factfinder.census.gov. 8.10 Data from survey conducted for the Community Health Data Base of Public Health Management Corp. and made available to Pew. 8.11 Data from survey conducted for the Community Health Data Base of Public Health Management Corp. and made available to Pew. 8.12 Data from survey conducted for the 2015 Community Health Data Base of Public Health Management Corp. and made available to Pew.

Photo Captions and Credits Except where indicated, photographs were taken by Lexey Swall of the GRAIN photography collective.

Page 1 The new Comcast Tower (second building from left) is scheduled to be finished in 2017 as the Philadelphia skyline continues to change and grow. Page 2 A redesigned subway entrance at Dilworth Park, on the west side of City Hall. Page 3 A basketball game at the Capitolo Playground in the Passyunk Square neighborhood. Page 6 A view of the city skyline behind Capitolo Playground in the Passyunk Square neighborhood. Page 10 Produce at the Ninth Street Market in South Philadelphia. Page 13 An employee at Honeygrow on 16th Street, near Rittenhouse Square. Page 15 Shoppers at the Hung Vuong Supermarket on Washington Avenue in South Philadelphia. Page 16 Capuccio’s Meats in the Ninth Street Market. Page 19 A bartender at Elbow Lane, the bar beneath Harp & Crown restaurant on Sansom Street. Page 23 A web developer works at Indy Hall, a co-working space in Old City. Page 24 Construction of the dual-branded W and Element Hotels at the corner of 15th and Chestnut Streets. Page 25 Inside Metro Mens Clothing store on East Passyunk Avenue. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 27 A truck from the Philadelphia Fire Department’s Engine 43 station returns from a call, at 21st and Market Streets. Page 33 Philadelphia police on Chestnut Street. Page 34 Philadelphia Fire Department Engine 43 firehouse, at 21st and Market Streets. Page 35 A woman crosses the street in Northern Liberties. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 37 Students between classes at the Academy at Palumbo High School. Page 39 Students practice guitar at Academy at Palumbo High School. Page 42 Students at Community College of Philadelphia. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 43 Students outside of South Philadelphia High School. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 47 Two neighbors talk on the front stoops of their houses in South Philadelphia. Page 48 Homeowners Louise and Reggie Bundy, in their North Philadelphia neighborhood near Temple University. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 49 A view of new construction in Northern Liberties. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 53 New housing in North Philadelphia near Temple University. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 54 New construction in Northern Liberties. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 55 Homes in the Wynnefield neighborhood of West Philadelphia. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 57 A SEPTA trolley moves westbound underground from 22nd Street to 15th Street.

86 Page 61 A SEPTA bus is seen through the window of Indy Hall, a co-working space in Old City. Page 63 A man crosses the street by City Hall. Page 65 A cyclist on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Credit: Katye Martens/The Pew Charitable Trusts Page 67 “Suspension of Conflicts,” by French choreographer Boris Charmatz, co-presented by Drexel University’s Westphal College of Media Arts & Design and FringeArts. Credit: Jacques-Jean Tiziou Page 68 Nichole Canuso Dance Company. Credit: Peggy Woolsey Page 69 A family explores “The Architecture of Francis Kéré: Building for Community,” part of “Creative Africa” at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Credit: Tim Tiebout Page 73 A mother brings her daughter for a checkup at the Esperanza Health Center in North Philadelphia. Page 76 Lunch is served at Broad Street Ministry. Page 81 A view of City Hall at night from the Avenue of the Arts.

87 pewtrusts.org Philadelphia Washington