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Understanding the Council of Jerusalem

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Understanding the Council of Jerusalem Understanding the Council of Jerusalem One of the great controversies in Church history occurred less than 25 years after Jesus ascended back to his Father. The dilemma concerned whether or not a non-Jew, a gentile, seeking to become a Christian, had to comply with Mosaic law. Initially, all the followers of Christ were Jews, they were born Jews, and thus from birth they complied with the laws of Moses, including circumcision. The question that confronted the early Church was, did a non-Jew Christian have to adhere to the practices of Judaism? Did a gentile have to become a Jew before he could become a Christian? Most of the Jews who had converted to Christianity still practiced all the laws of Moses and were of the mind that the non-Jew converts should do the same. Eventually the issue would be resolved at the Council of Jerusalem around the year A.D. 50. Pope Benedict XVI discussed this issue in his general audience on Oct. 1, 2008: “It was a matter of settling the question of whether or not circumcision was compulsory for the gentiles who were adhering to Jesus Christ, the Lord, or whether it was lawful for them not to be bound by Mosaic law, that is, the observance of the norms required in order to be upright, law- abiding people, and especially, not to be bound by those norms that concerned religious purification, clean and unclean foods and the Sabbath.” The stoning death of St. Stephen is depicted in this freso by S. G. Rudl in Prague, Czech Republic. Adobe Stock image Persecution of Christians — First century Following the murder of Christ, anyone who professed to follow his teachings was potentially subject to persecutions by either Romans or Jews. In the mid-first century, these were not organized persecutions but mostly at the local level. For the most part, the Romans tolerated Christians. Only if the Christians upset the status quo, caused quarrels with other non-Christian Jews or openly rejected the pagan beliefs of the Romans were the Christians harassed or worse. Reactions by the Romans at that time did not rise to the level of the persecutions imposed on Christians that began later in the century. It was the traditional Jews who initially took the most offense toward the first Christians. They didn’t believe that the Messiah had come in the person of Jesus and considered the Christians to be troublemakers, spreading teachings that undermined Jewish beliefs. By the early 40s, there is evidence that the Jews used capital punishment, likely with the Roman’s approval, against Christians in Judea. The Jerusalem Sanhedrin stoned to death Stephen, “a man filled with faith and the holy Spirit” (Acts 6:5). Also, King Herod Agrippa I (r. A.D. 41-44) murdered the apostle James the Greater and orchestrated the failed execution of Peter (Acts 12:1-19). As a result, many Christians, or a gentile seeking to become a Christian, could be subject to persecution. This threat increased following the death of Stephen and many people left Jerusalem for other cities and countries. In those locations they told the people about Jesus Christ. Following Pentecost, when the apostles began to spread the Good News of Jesus, the first converts to Christianity were primarily Jews living in Jerusalem and the surrounding area. It was Peter who took on the role of preaching to these Jews, and there was an immediate split among the people, because many had no interest in Jesus, the one who had been condemned by the Jews and executed by the Romans. The apostles, led by Peter, were harassed, jailed and flogged by the Jerusalem Sanhedrin and charged not to speak about Jesus. These actions only emboldened the apostles who were, “rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the name [of Jesus]” (Acts 5:41). The apostles continued to preach both in and outside Jerusalem. Peter evangelizes beyond Jerusalem Peter went to the towns of Lydda and Joppa only a short distance from Jerusalem where he evangelized and performed miracles among the Jews living there “and many came to believe in the Lord” (Acts 9:42). Most all Bible readers know that Peter is considered the apostle to the Jews and St. Paul the apostle to the gentiles, but it was Peter who converted the first gentile to Christianity. Peter was on his way to Caesarea, just north of Joppa, when he stopped to pray and had a vision in which an angel told him to eat foods that Peter and all Jews believed to be unclean. Initially Peter doubted the message, but the angel told him twice more: “What God has made clean; you are not to call profane” (Acts 10:15). While Peter was trying to understand the meaning of the vision, another angel visit was taking place in the house of a Roman soldier, a centurion, stationed in Caesarea. The centurion was Cornelius, a God-fearing man who constantly prayed to the Jewish God. During his vision, Cornelius was told that God had found favor with him and that he should summon Peter to his home. Jesus’ Instructions to the Apostles Jesus initially instructed his apostles and disciples to evangelize only to the Jews. “Do not go into pagan [gentile] territory or enter a Samaritan town. Go rather to the lost sheep of Israel” (Mt 10:5-6). In the Gospel according to Luke, “After this the Lord appointed seventy[-two] others [in addition to the apostles] whom he sent ahead of him in pairs to every town and place he intended to visit” (10:1). Places he would visit were primarily Jewish communities in Judea and Galilee and he wanted the 72 to evangelize to the Jews in those towns. Later, after his resurrection, he would commission the apostles to preach the Good News everywhere. In Matthew Jesus tells them: “Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you and behold, I am with you always, until the end of the age” (28:19-20). According to Mark, “He said to them, ‘Go into the whole world and proclaim the gospel to every creature'” (16:15). Luke also explains the expanded mission of the apostles: Jesus tells them “that repentance, for the forgiveness of sins, would be preached in his name to all the nations, beginning from Jerusalem. You are witnesses of these things” (Luke 24:47-48). Certainly, by these words, Jesus was not limiting the work of the apostles to only the Jew. This expansion of the Gospel to all people, Jew and gentile, was at first not fully understood. Today, all Christians are called to tell the message of Jesus everywhere we can. The Second Vatican Council explains: “Through this holy synod, the Lord renews His invitation to all the laity to come closer to Him every day … to associate themselves with Him in His saving mission. Once again He sends them into every town and place where He will come (cf. Luke 10:1) so that they may show that they are co-workers in the various forms and modes of the one apostolate of the Church, which must be constantly adapted to the new needs of our times” (Apostolicam Actuositatem, No. 33) Members of Cornelius’ staff found Peter and, after listening to their story, Peter entered the house of Cornelius. This was a major step, as Jews did not socialize with non-Jews, they especially did not go into a gentile’s house; moreover, this was not just any gentile’s house but the house of a Roman soldier, a soldier of the occupying army. Peter related to those assembled about his vision saying, “God has shown me that I should not call any person profane or unclean” (Acts 10:28). When Cornelius told Peter of the angelic visit he had, the apostle further understood from his vision that God did not decimate as to who could be a disciple of Christ. God made no distinction between those circumcised and those who were not. In Cornelius’s house, Peter preached about Jesus and, while doing so, said, “in every nation whoever fears him and acts uprightly is accepted by him” (Acts 10:35). In other words, God did not restrict his love only to the people of Israel. “Then while Peter was still speaking these things, the Holy Spirit fell upon all who were listening to the word. The circumcised believers who had accompanied Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy Spirit should have been poured out on the gentiles also. … Then Peter responded, ‘Can anyone withhold the water for baptizing these people who have received the Holy Spirit even as we have?'” (Acts 10:44-47). All those present were baptized and Peter remained with Cornelius and his family for an additional time. At this moment in salvation history, the gates of heaven were opened to not only Cornelius and his household but to all gentiles, to all people. Later in Church history, Cornelius the Centurion was added to the Church list of saints and is celebrated on each Feb. 2. Peter’s actions challenged When Peter returned to Jerusalem, the circumcised Jews challenged him that he had entered the house of and ate with a gentile. It is interesting that the Jews focused on the fact that Peter ate with a gentile but did not mention that he had baptized a gentile.
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