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Contextualised Language Choice in the Church in Kenya

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Contextualised Language Choice in the Church in Kenya FULLER GRADUATE SCHOOLS School of Intercultural Studies Dissertation Approval Sheet This dissertation entitled CONTEXTUALISED LANGUAGE CHOICE IN THE CHURCH IN KENYA written by John Ommani Luchivia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Intercultural Studies has been read and approved by the following members of the Faculty of Fuller Graduate Schools. R. Daniel Shaw, Mentor Roberta R. King, Committee Member Wilbert R. Shenk, Committee Member November 2012 CONTEXTUALISED LANGUAGE CHOICE IN THE CHURCH IN KENYA By John Ommani Luchivia A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the School of Intercultural Studies FULLER GRADUATE SCHOOLS In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Intercultural Studies November 2012 ABSTRACT Luchivia, John Ommani 2012 “Contextualised Language Choice in the Church in Kenya”. Fuller Graduate Schools, School of Intercultural Studies. Doctor of Intercultural Studies. 168 pages. This dissertation explores the missiological opportunities, challenges and implications of growing multilingualism among people who are fluent in two or more languages. I look at the cognitive value of language and how languages shape people’s world views. World views influence peoples’ perceptions and way of processing and understand information. People’s beliefs are reflected in their character and relationships in the community. Christians want to promote positive community relations in order for people to participate in the mission of God within their community. I survey relevant literature on the role of language and its value, how language fits the plan of God, and its place in His mission to different peoples. I then survey current trends of language use and growing multilingualism, and the language practices within Kenya. I therefore focus on research factors behind language choice and use. Methodologically, I use focus groups, participant observation, and personal interviews in four different socio-linguistic contexts in four different Christian denominations. I thematically analyse and code the data to establish my findings. The findings point to the factors that influence language choice. Factors that determine choice of language go beyond the level of fluency in reading, speaking or understanding. These factors involve attitudes that go very deep in both positive and negative ways. Additionally, people’s language choices are influenced ii by other social factors. The factors include desire to communicate, social cultural pressure, economic advancement, political correctness, reading materials availability, leadership perception on language, institutional policy, religious values and proficiency in any given language. These factors were consistently displayed in all four research locations enabling me to demonstrate reliability of the data and validity of the findings. Understanding how these factors influence people will assist Christians who desire to become good witnesses. To be witnesses, people need to be empowered. For purpose of language choice, all languages should be viewed as being appropriate for ministry. Language is a platform for effective participant contextualisation among the people of God. Through their actions and pronouncements people are able to utilize the multi-lingual environment of Kenya to better engage in mission and spread God’s Word. Mentor: R. Daniel Shaw 348 Words iii ENGLISH LANGUAGE DISCLAIMER I wish to inform the reader that I am writing in English as my third language. The reader may therefore find certain expressions that are a result of my worldview thinking and argument logic. I trust this will not hinder you to understand the point of the dissertation but give you a flavour of English language flexibility. Secondly, I am using UK English standard spelling. I appreciate the editorial assistance I have received from various individuals, but acknowledge that the responsibility for this work is entirely my own. iv DEDICATION To my departed mother; Rhoda Ayuma who practiced teaching her children the commands of God, To my wife Janet and our children Joy, Jed, and Jason who released me to undertake this study. To God is the Glory. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to everyone who helped make this work a reality. Without the support of my family and many dear friends, workmates and scholars, my doctoral studies would not have been completed. Special thanks go to my mentors, Wilbert Shenk, Elizabeth Glanville, Roberta King and Daniel Shaw. I also thank Sherwood Lingenfelter and his wife, Judith Lingenfelter who become my parents and hosts while on c ampus. I thank the all the members of cohort 10; Bettina Gottschlich, Andrew Mkwaila, John Clement, Richard Elofer, Robert Hamd, Rabih Sabra, Ted Vail, Rick McEdward and, George Butron who started with us but did not complete due to ministry demands but stayed in contact. I am grateful to SIL International and Wycliffe Bible Translators, the organisations that took care of my financial costs and to my friends and workmates for their timely advice and moral encouragement. I wish to thank the various church leaders and members of the congregations that I undertook the research among: Presbyterian Church of East Africa in Nairobi, Glory Tabernacle Church in Kilifi, St. Joseph Cathedral Diocese and Sawawa Kenya Assembly church in Kakamega. I am very grateful to my research assistants, Carol and Elkana Kamau, John Magundo, Ayibu Omulanda, Janet Kayume, and Henry Isiongo. Without their help, it would have been impossible for me to make it to all the focus groups. Last but not least, I am grateful to God for the opportunity to be called His child and take part in His work. I am thankful for the people whom He used to shape my life and guide my steps as I walked this road in seeking to recognise our linguistic uniqueness within the unity of the faith. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ii ENGLISH LANGUAGE DISCLAIMER .............................................................. iv DEDICATION .........................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xii LIST OF MAPS ................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION CONSTRUCTING THE RESEARCH ....................................1 Background of Researcher ........................................................................3 Purpose Statement .....................................................................................5 Goal Statement ..........................................................................................5 Significance Statement..............................................................................5 Central Research Issue ..............................................................................6 Research Questions ...................................................................................6 Definitions.................................................................................................7 Delimitations .............................................................................................7 Assumptions ..............................................................................................8 Overview of the Dissertation ....................................................................8 Chapter 1 THE SOCIAL-LINGUISTIC CONTEXT: KENYA IN TRANSITION...............................................................................................10 Country Background ...............................................................................10 Language Politics in Kenya ........................................................13 Code Switching ...........................................................................16 Church Setting and Language use...............................................17 Population Studied ..................................................................................18 Summary .................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS ..................................................20 vii Communication and Transformation ......................................................20 Language and Spiritual Experience ........................................................22 Seeking Fresh Experience with God ...........................................22 Expressing Shared Experience ....................................................23 Language and Identity.............................................................................25 God’s Language ......................................................................................26 Language Shift in Urban Areas ...............................................................28 Diverse Expression .................................................................................29
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