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The Intervention of Plants in the Conflicts Between Buildings and Climate

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The Intervention of Plants in the Conflicts Between Buildings and Climate THE INTERVENTION OF PLANTS IN THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN BUILDINGS AND CLIMATE ─ A CASE STUDY IN SINGAPORE CHEN YU (B. Arch., M.A. (Arch.)) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not come this far without my supervisor, Associate Prof. Wong Nyuk Hien, who guided, encouraged, and supported me not only as a patient teacher but also a great friend. I did benefit a lot from the unrestricted research environment and the tradition of being productive in his team. My appreciation should also extend to my thesis committee members, Dr. Lim Guan Tiong and Dr Liew Soo Chin for their invaluable advices and interests in my research work. It is also my deep gratitude that I can work under many different research projects during the last few years with Dr Tan Puay Yok, Ms Ong Chui Leng, Ms Angelia Sia from National Parks Board (NParks), Mr Wong Wai Ching from Building and Construction Authority (BCA), Mr Wong Siu Tee and Mr Calvin Chung From JTC Corporation, and Ms Tay Bee Choo from Housing and Development Board (HDB). The invaluable experience and the related research findings are of great help in this dissertation writing. Of particular significant is the experimental environment and the plants provided by NParks in its Pasir Panjiang nursery. I am grateful to Ms Boo Chih Min, Dr Tan Puay Yok, and Ms Angelia Sia for their effort in expediting the process. Meanwhile, without the kind help provided by Madam Chua-Tan Boon Gek and Ms Sanisah Rasman on the spot, the tedious field work would exhaust my patience at the very beginning. I also wish to thank my friends, Christabel, Sascha, Yen Ling, Regina, Gregers, Hansong, Phay Ping, Priya, Jiafang, Li Shuo, Liping, Xuchao and many others whom i I could not name due to the constraint of space. My life is really colorful in NUS because of you guys. In particular, my deeply appreciation is given to Yen Ling who helped in proofreading my draft when she got piles of work in hand. Last but not least, my deepest debt is owed to my family which provides a loving and supportive environment for me all the time. No matter where they are, they encourage me in their own ways. My special thank is given to my mother-in-low, for her wisdom and patience in the process of taking care of my son. My parents are always curious to know when I can complete my endless research work. I hope I’ve given them an answer finally. My debt to my wife, Xuhong, is beyond words but I’d still like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for the stunning angel brought by her. This dissertation is dedicated to my son, Bruce, for memorizing his impressive voice of ‘Papa’ in that morning… ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. I TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ III SUMMARY................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Plants versus climate....................................................................................................3 1.2 Plants versus buildings..............................................................................................12 1.3 Climate versus buildings............................................................................................23 1.4 Objectives.......................................................................................................................31 1.5 Scope of work ...............................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................... 34 2.1 Microclimate, buildings and strategically placed plants ...................................34 2.2 Urban climate, city and city green spaces.............................................................44 2.3 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................49 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 51 3.1 Conceptual model ........................................................................................................51 3.2 Background studies ....................................................................................................59 3.3 Final deliverable ...........................................................................................................62 3.4 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................86 CHAPTER 4 BACKGROUND STUDIES I (MACRO SCALE).................................. 88 4.1 Satellite image and meteorological data................................................................88 4.2 Mobile survey ................................................................................................................94 iii 4.3 Park measurement .......................................................................................................99 4.4 Plants in housing developments............................................................................110 4.5 Road trees in industrial area ...................................................................................114 4.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................117 CHAPTER 5 BACKGROUND STUDIES II (MICRO SCALE) ................................ 119 5.1 Rooftop gardens.........................................................................................................119 5.2 Rooftop experiment ...................................................................................................146 5.3 Vertical shading..........................................................................................................154 5.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................161 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION I (HORIZONTAL SETUP) ................ 163 6.1 Thermal performance of plants with different LAIs ..........................................163 6.2 Regression models....................................................................................................179 6.3 Validation......................................................................................................................191 6.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................196 CHAPTER 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION II (VERTICAL SETUP)..................... 197 7.1 Thermal performance of plants with different LAIs ..........................................197 7.2 Regression models....................................................................................................223 7.3 Validation......................................................................................................................231 7.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................235 CHAPTER 8 GREEN SOL- AIR TEMPERATURE AND ITS APPLICATION ........ 238 8.1 The necessities of generating green sol-air temperature................................238 8.2 Case study ...................................................................................................................241 8.3 General application of green sol-air temperature..............................................243 8.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................................276 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION................................................................................... 279 9.1 Garden City movement and its scientific extension.........................................279 9.2 Quantitative findings .................................................................................................283 iv 9.3 General guildlines for creating a 3D tropical garden city................................291 9.4 Limitations and suggestions for future work .....................................................293 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................... 295 APPENDIX 1........................................................................................................... 301 APPENDIX 2........................................................................................................... 307 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 314 v SUMMARY This thesis is an investigation into the intervention of plants in a built environment. Buildings, Climate and Plants are considered the three indispensables in a built environment. Buildings replace the original plants and create urban climates which may trigger many environmental issues. Climate influences
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