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Elephant/Human Conflict and Community Development Around the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique

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Elephant/Human Conflict and Community Development Around the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique Elephant/human conflict and community development around the Niassa Reserve, Mozambique F.V. Osborn S. Anstey Mid Zambezi Elephant Project 37 Lewisam Avenue, Chisipite Harare, Zimbabwe Email: [email protected] April 2002 Consultancy for WWF/SARPO Table of Contents Basic objectives ................................................................................................................................. 3 Methods and approach, outputs ......................................................................................................... 3 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 4 1) Background.................................................................................................................................... 4 2) Trip report...................................................................................................................................... 4 3) Key Issues...................................................................................................................................... 5 Map .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Meeting results: Human-elephant conflict programme proposal....................................................... 7 A) Goals and Objectives .........................................................................................................7 B) Activities, Timeframe and Inputs Needed ......................................................................... 8 Phase 1 Identification and Training in Methods....................................................................... 8 Phase 2 Implementation............................................................................................................ 8 C) Action Priorities and Overall Budget............................................................................... 10 Outline of approach used by MZEP................................................................................................. 10 Problems with current responses to crop-raiding..................................................................... 10 People contacted during visit........................................................................................................... 12 References........................................................................................................................................ 12 Appendix 1 General recommendations on human/elephant conflict issues .................................... 13 Appendix 2 Photos........................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix 3 Niassa accounts .............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 1 List of Acronyms WWF World Wide Fund for Nature SARPO Southern African Regional Programme Office PAC Problem Animal Control MZEP Mid Zambezi Elephant Project GOM Government of Mozambique SPFFB Provincial Services for Forestry and Wildlife IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SGDRN Society for the Management and Development of Niassa Reserve HEC Human/elephant conflict 2 Terms of Reference Basic objectives 1) An assessment of the significance and nature (crop damage and human mortality) of elephant- human conflicts in the areas around Niassa Game Reserve to provide a basis for WWF planning and prioritising. 2) An exposure to MZEP methods for reducing elephant conflict and assessment of feasibility for commercial chilli production as a livelihood option for local farmers. Methods and approach, outputs 1 An initial review of reports and literature on elephant conflict in Mozambique and specifically Niassa Province. 2 A field visit to Niassa to discuss current conflict situation with staff of the SGDRN, MFW and WWF. A field assessment of identified high conflict zones. 3 Practical exposure to key groups of MZEP methods of elephant conflict reduction (physical clearing, string fences, chilli use etc). 4 Assessment of feasibility and interest in commercial chilli production. 5 Main Output - Report on assessment and identified ‘next steps’ based on results of 1-4 above. Specific tasks included: • Assessing the level of conflict between elephants and people in the three study villages were WWF is operating. • Give any background to the conflict and why it appears to be increasing and examine how this relates to conflict mitigation. • Demonstrate system developed by MZEP. • Propose training for staff to implement project. • Provide materials to enable farmers to begin mitigation techniques. 3 Introduction 1) Background Loki Osborn of the Mid Zambezi Elephant Project (MZEP) was requested by WWF to undertake a visit to Niassa Game Reserve, northern Mozambique to assess the elephant-human conflict issues there, identify potential solutions based on MZEP experience and suggest options for WWF assistance in regard to the existing WWF Community Programme for Niassa Reserve. The goal of this first visit was to assess the scale of the conflict between elephants and people in and around Niassa Reserve and advise on methods to reduce this conflict. A series of field trips to assess possible interventions are planned and this report outlines the findings from the first trip and suggests a plan of action. WWF/SARPO has identified HEC as a major constraint on development and sustainability of the Niassa Reserve. The conflict between elephants and people in Niassa Province on the whole is of some considerable political tension between the governor of the province and the GOM. The perception across the Province is that elephants are emanating from the reserve and it is the responsibility of those organisations working in the area interested in elephant conservation to solve the problem. Poaching of elephant and all other wildlife is the major threat to these populations. These areas have survived relatively intact through the independence and liberation wars. The recent return of refugees and associated settlement coupled with an active trade to the north means this area is under considerable threat. There has been no intensive survey of the level of conflict in the Province, but PRA’s conducted in pilot villages suggest it is a major concern among farmers. Elephants eat most crops that are grown in this region including maize, rice, bananas groundnuts, mangos and beans. The conflict occurs mainly between November and June but dry season conflict has also been noted. Farmers in this area suffer the normal range of constraints on agricultural production such as poor seed quality, access to chemicals, poor soil conservation, large distance to markets and post- harvest storage. In addition, most farmers reported losses to kudu, baboons, monkeys, wild pigs, porcupine other small mammals. WWF’s role in Niassa is to help understand the needs of the communities surrounding the reserve. Activities include research into fishing, income generation through handicrafts and consultations with traditional leaders. 2) Trip report Monday 8 April – Tuesday 9 April: Travel from Harare via Tete/Malawi to Lichinga, provincial capital of Niassa. Meeting with Antonio Abacar Provincial Head of Wildlife and Forestry and coordination with provincial government re. objectives of trip. Wednesday 10 April – Thursday 11 April: Travel with Abacar and scout from Sanga District to Nipepe District – site of major elephant conflict in southern Niassa. Discussion 4 with District Administrator and demonstration of MZEP methods. Collect Nipepe District scout for more detailed exposure to methods in Niassa Reserve. Friday 12 April: Arrival at Niassa Reserve HQ (Mbatamila) and preliminary discussions with Baldeu Chande (Reserve Adminstrator) and WWF Niassa Team (Costa, Manuel, Naudga) Saturday 13 April: Demonstration and basic training in MZEP methods Sunday 14 April: Meeting to identify priorities, actions, budget etc. Monday 15 – Wednesday 17 April: Return to Harare via Malawi/Tete. 3) Key Issues Elephant-human conflict is a significant problem not only within the Reserve but in 9 of the 15 districts of the province. The elephant population is around 12,000 in the province with a range over around 70,000 sqkm. The major distribution is within the Reserve but considerable movements occur outside the reserve. It is unclear whether these are seasonal movements or whether a significant population is resident outside the Reserve boundaries (ie some conflict areas are 250km beyond the reserve). There are also elephant movements between Niassa province/reserve and Tanzania (eg the Selous-Niassa corridor) and between Niassa and the neighbouring provinces of Cabo Delgado and Nampula. See attached map for details. The key districts experiencing major elephant-human conflict are; Mecula (within Reserve), Nipepe, Maua and Sanga. Elephant-human conflict has become a priority issue for Provincial administration concern (Governor, Agriculture Director, District Administrators) and impacts appear to be rising. For example a recent provincial meeting of Administrators and Chiefs on local government issues was largely hijacked by discussions on elephant crop damage. In Nipepe district it was estimated that 18 tonnes of maize had been lost this year in the fields around the district centre and this had contributed to the recent
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