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Deciphering the Benson-Bassham-Calvin Cycle
Deciphering the Benson-Bassham-Calvin Cycle 1. A technological revolution for deciphering the cycle Figure 1. Discoverers of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (from left to right): James A. Bassham, Andrew A. Benson and Melvin Calvin. Photo presented to Karl Biel by Andrew A. Benson (September 9, 1988). [Source: Reprinted with permission of Karl Biel] Around 1945, the american chemists A.A. Benson, J.A. Bassham and M. Calvin [1] (Figure 1) tackled the task of identifying the first carbon-containing product of photosynthesis that had escaped all scientific investigation. After the World War II, these researchers had just acquired two new important technological allies in Berkeley, California: ● a radioactive tracer, 14C, which had just been isolated by S. Ruben and M. Kamen in 1941 [2], ● new techniques for the chromatographic separation of the carbon-containing compounds from metabolism, developed a few years earlier in England by R. Martin and A. Synge. [3] These two tools will allow Dr. Calvin and his co-workers to identify the path taken by carbon during the various biochemical reactions for assimilation of the photosynthetic carbon. Encyclopédie de l'environnement 1/4 Généré le 26/09/2021 Figure 2. Diagram of the apparatus used to monitor the incorporation of photosynthetic carbon into the products of photosynthesis . In the centre: device used for the study of CO2 fixation by unicellular algae. [Source Photo © Ernest O. Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory, Photography and Digital Imaging Services: previously unpublished, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. B.B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem & R.L. Jones. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, MD. -
Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966
University of Chicago Library Guide to the James Franck Papers 1882-1966 © 2006 University of Chicago Library Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Descriptive Summary 3 Information on Use 3 Access 3 Citation 3 Biographical Note 4 Scope Note 15 Related Resources 21 Subject Headings 21 INVENTORY 22 Series I: Correspondence 22 Series II: Manuscripts 51 Subseries 1: Physics - work in Germany and Denmark, 1905-1934 51 Subseries 2: Physics - work in United States, 1935-1958 53 Subseries 3: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at Johns Hopkins, 1935-193855 Subseries 4: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis at the University of Chicago,55 1938-48 Subseries 5: Biophysics - work on Photosynthesis after 1948 55 Subseries 6: General Articles and Talks on Science 71 Subseries 7: Papers by other scientists 72 Subseries 8: Notes, memoranda and fragments 76 Subseries 9: Atomic Scientists' Movement, 1944-1953 76 Subseries 10: Franck Memorial Symposium, May 12-13, 1966 79 Series III: Tape Recordings and Photographs 80 Subseries 1: Tape recordings 80 Subseries 2: Hertha Sponer's photograph album, Göttingen, 1920-1933 80 Series IV: Personal Documents and Memorabilia 90 Subseries 1: Documents 90 Subseries 2: Clippings 93 Subseries 3: Biographies and Obituaries 94 Subseries 4: Memorabilia; Scrolls, Certificates, Medals, Mementos 96 Series V: Robert Platzman's Editorial Papers for the "Selected Works of James98 Franck" Series VI: Addenda 103 Subseries 1: Correspondence between James Franck and his nephew and Dr. Heinz104 Kallman Subseries 2: Oversize 105 Descriptive Summary Identifier ICU.SPCL.FRANCK Title Franck, James. Papers Date 1882-1966 Size 20.5 linear feet (29 boxes) Repository Special Collections Research Center University of Chicago Library 1100 East 57th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 U.S.A. -
Signature Redacted
MELVIN CALVIN: NOBEL-WINNING CHEMIST AND SETI SCIENTIST WANNABE By Maria C. Temming B.A. Physics and English Elon University, 2016 SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES/WRITING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SCIENCE WRITING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2017 @ 2017 Maria C. Temming. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: Signature redacted Program in Comparative Meq' dies/ Writing X May 22, 2017 redacted__ Certified ________:Signature_ _ _ _ _ ___ by:__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Marcia Bartusiak Prokssor of the Practi , Graduate Program in Science Writing Thesis Advisor Accepted by: Signature redacted Seth Mnookin Director, Graduate Program in Science Writing MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIES ARCHIVES 2 MELVIN CALVIN: NOBEL-WINNING CHEMIST AND SETI SCIENTIST WANNABE By Maria C. Temming Submitted to the Program in Comparative Media Studies/Writing on May 22, 2017 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Science Writing ABSTRACT Melvin Calvin spent more than a decade answering one longstanding question in biochemistry: how did plants use carbon dioxide to manufacture carbohydrates in photosynthesis? This research earned Calvin a Nobel Prize-an honor that catapulted him to international fame, secured him spots on presidential advisory committees, and got him plenty of textbook mentions. But even though Calvin's claim to fame was his work on photosynthesis, his longest- running passion project was investigating the origins of life in the universe. -
Fong Discovered the Calvin Cycle: Molecular Model of Photosynthesis
Fong Discovered the Calvin Cycle: Molecular Model of Photosynthesis This post records the author Francis K. Fong's finding of the Calvin cycle, or dark reactions in photosynthesis, as a federal tax conspiracy. It is the subject of an investigation reported on NSFfunding.com's Website enabled by the corroboration of Steve C. Beering, former Purdue president and former chairman of the National Science Board. Fig.A. Beering [pictured, center] corroborated [right] that the Calvin cycle is a financially motivated fraud, enabled by Purdue's news release published in Chem. & Eng. News 33, 2809 (July 4, 1955) [left] On May 15, 1995, Beering wrote, Fig.A: "In 1951. Purdue Trustees through Roger Branigin acquired the Lawler tract with federal reimbursement funds paid to Purdue Research Foundation, ("PRF") and improved it with additional federal funding obtained upon Purdue's news release of July 1959 (sic 1955), contrary to fact, that the federally funded Lawrence Radiation Laboratory had demonstrated, in vitro, the dark photosynthetic cycle. [See, Fig.A left] Meanwhile, the Trustees built Purdue's Calumet Extension Center on Woodmar Realty land purchased in bankruptcy proceedings presided over by 7th Circuit Judge Swygert, and incorporated Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation ("PCDF")." Fig.B. Comparision in support of Beering's corroboration that the news story, left, for establishing the dark cycle, reaction (D), left, is contrary to Calvin's original papers on the Berkeley group's experimental proof of reaction (L), right. For a detailed report on Beering's corroboration of the financial impetus for establishing the Calvin cycle, see, the December 13, 2011 post on the origins of the Calvin cycle. -
Andrew A. Benson: Personal Recollections
Photosynth Res (2016) 127:369–378 DOI 10.1007/s11120-015-0186-x HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Andrew A. Benson: personal recollections 1 2 3 4 Arthur Nonomura • George Lorimer • Barry Holtz • Victor Vacquier • 5,6 7 Karl Y. Biel • Govindjee Received: 1 August 2015 / Accepted: 15 August 2015 / Published online: 2 September 2015 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract Andrew A. Benson, one of the greatest and Abbreviations much loved scientists of our century, passed away on PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of January 16, 2015; he was born on September 24, 1917. A Sciences, USA grand celebration of his life was held on February 6, 2015, SIO Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California. Here, we present one of his photographs and UCSD University of California, San Diego key excerpts from what was said then, and soon thereafter. Keywords Benson’s protocol Á Path of carbon Á Photosynthesis Á Radioisotope Andrew (Andy) Alm Benson (1917–2015) was a giant in the field of photosynthesis. It was his research with a number of scientists, especially James A. (Al) Bassham and The publication of these personal recollections coincides with what Melvin Calvin, that solved the path of carbon in photo- would have been Benson’s 98th birthday. These recollections were read and edited by (1) Gerald (Gerry)T. Edwards, who wrote: I find synthesis. Much has been written on him (see e.g., Biel and this a unique tribute for publication in Photosynthesis Research which Fomina 2015; Lichtenthaler et al. 2008, 2015a, b; Bucha- follows on the celebration of the life of Andrew A. -
Trustees, Administration, Faculty (PDF)
Section Six Trustees, Administration, Faculty 540 Trustees, Administration, Faculty OFFICERS Robert B. Chess (2006) Chairman Nektar Therapeutics Kent Kresa, Chairman Lounette M. Dyer (1998) David L. Lee, Vice Chairman Gilad I. Elbaz (2008) Founder Jean-Lou Chameau, President Factual Inc. Edward M. Stolper, Provost William T. Gross (1994) Chairman and Founder Dean W. Currie Idealab Vice President for Business and Frederick J. Hameetman (2006) Finance Chairman Charles Elachi Cal American Vice President and Director, Jet Robert T. Jenkins (2005) Propulsion Laboratory Peter D. Kaufman (2008) Sandra Ell Chairman and CEO Chief Investment Officer Glenair, Inc. Peter D. Hero Jon Faiz Kayyem (2006) Vice President for Managing Partner Development and Alumni Efficacy Capital Ltd. Relations Louise Kirkbride (1995) Sharon E. Patterson Board Member Associate Vice President for State of California Contractors Finance and Treasurer State License Board Anneila I. Sargent Kent Kresa (1994) Vice President for Student Chairman Emeritus Affairs Northrop Grumman Corporation Mary L. Webster Jon B. Kutler (2005) Secretary Chairman and CEO Harry M. Yohalem Admiralty Partners, Inc. General Counsel Louis J. Lavigne Jr. (2009) Management Consultant Lavigne Group David Li Lee (2000) BOARD OF TRUSTEES Managing General Partner Clarity Partners, L.P. York Liao (1997) Trustees Managing Director (with date of first election) Winbridge Company Ltd. Alexander Lidow (1998) Robert C. Bonner (2008) CEO Senior Partner EPC Corporation Sentinel HS Group, L.L.C. Ronald K. Linde (1989) Brigitte M. Bren (2009) Independent Investor John E. Bryson (2005) Chair, The Ronald and Maxine Chairman and CEO (Retired) Linde Foundation Edison International Founder/Former CEO Jean-Lou Chameau (2006) Envirodyne Industries, Inc. -
Andrew A. Benson, 1917 – 2015
Andrew A. Benson, 1917–2015 Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler, Bob B. Buchanan, Roland Douce & Govindjee Photosynthesis Research Official Journal of the International Society of Photosynthesis Research ISSN 0166-8595 Volume 124 Number 2 Photosynth Res (2015) 124:131-135 DOI 10.1007/s11120-015-0119-8 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Photosynth Res (2015) 124:131–135 DOI 10.1007/s11120-015-0119-8 TRIBUTE Andrew A. Benson, 1917–2015 1 2 3 4 Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler • Bob B. Buchanan • Roland Douce • Govindjee Published online: 1 April 2015 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract On January 16, 2015, Professor Andrew Alm Benson (called Andy by his friends) died on January 16, Benson, one of the leading plant biochemists of the 2015, in La Jolla, California; he was born in Modesto, twentieth century, died in La Jolla, California, at the age of California, on September 24, 1917; his father was a physi- 97; he was born on September 24, 1917. -
March/April 2015 • Volume 42, Number 2
March/April 2015 • Volume 42, Number 2 p. 7 p. 11 p. 25 Plant Biology 2015 ASPB Members Obituaries Minisymposia showcase Elected to 2014 Class • Andrew Benson the best of plant science of AAAS Fellows • André E. Läuchli THE NEWSLETTER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT BIOLOGISTS President’s Letter See You in Democracy Rules Minneapolis! JULIAN SCHROEDER University of California, San Diego July 26–30! SPB’s annual elections on the ballot. A second candi- will be opening soon, date for each elected position Aand the entire ASPB on the Executive Committee Minisymposia Showcase membership will once again be is identified by the Society’s making important decisions for Nominations Committee, the Best of Plant Science our Society’s future. Democracy which is made up of the im- and continuous evolution are mediate past president, the When You Want More what have made ASPB a strong president, and the president- Than Science! organization that serves the elect, and your nominations needs of our members and the are important in making this Child Care and Career plant science community more decision. Julian Schroeder Center Information generally. Voting is online and In addition to the elected easy; just watch for e-mails and postings on positions on the Executive Committee, you COVERAGE STARTS ASPB’s home page later in April announcing will also be voting for up to three corre- ON PAGE 7 that the ballot is available. It will be up to you sponding members that were nominated to elect ASPB’s next president-elect, who will by the membership and put forward for succeed present president-elect Rick Dixon. -
04-08-1911 Melvin Calvin.Indd
This Day in History… April 8, 1911 Birth of Melvin Calvin Biochemist Melvin Calvin was born on April 8, 1911, in St. Paul, Minnesota. He earned the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discover of the Calvin cycle – the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic molecules during photosynthesis. Calvin’s family moved to Detroit when he was young and ran a small grocery store. He worked at the store when he wasn’t in school and grew interested in the different products they sold. Calvin wondered what things were made of and developed an interest in chemistry. A high school teacher once criticized him for not gathering all the data before arriving at his answers, and said he’d never make a scientist. Years later, Calvin addressed the comments in his This stamp includes 1992 autobiography. He wrote, “It’s no trick to get part of the carbon cycle the right answer when you have all the data. The real plus chemical structures and symbols relating to creative trick is to get the right answer when you have photosynthesis. only half of the data in hand and half of it is wrong and you don’t know which half is wrong.” Calvin went on to attend Michigan College of Science and Technology where he was the school’s first chemistry major. He then earned his Ph.D. from the University Calvin won the Nobel Prize in of Minnesota in 1935. After graduation, Calvin spent two years in England studying Chemistry in 1961. with Michael Polanyi. While there, he grew interested in photochemistry (studying the chemical effects of light), which sent him on the path to study chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and artificial photosynthetic membrane models. -
Benson Interview Transcript Final Added Title Final Corrections Jw
Interview Transcript A Conversation with Andrew Benson “Reflections on the Discovery of the Calvin-Benson Cycle” Interview conducted by Bob B. Buchanan Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego June 26-27, 2012 The video was first shown in a seminar on July 27, 2012 at the Calvin Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, to mark the departure of the Energy Biosciences Institute to a new building. The transcript has been posted on You Tube (http://youtu.be/GfQQJ2vR_xE). [00:10] BUCHANAN: I’m at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, with Andrew Benson, where he is an emeritus professor of biology. We are in an office Dr. Benson has occupied since he arrived at Scripps in 1962. In today’s interview, Andy, I would like to discuss your career, focusing on research that led to the discovery of the Calvin-Benson cycle in photosynthesis, a pathway essential to the growth of all plants. This work was done in collaboration with the late Melvin Calvin in the Chemistry Department at Berkeley. Andy, for today’s purposes, we will start early in your life with your arrival as a freshman at Berkeley. Andy, you arrived in Berkeley in 1935 as a young chemistry major. Why did chemistry interest you? 1 [00:59] BENSON: Because in high school I had an excellent -- a very interesting chemistry teacher. He had been on the football team of Stanford University. And he was a big guy. And everyone was afraid of him. (laughs). But he had -- did some tricks that really fooled everybody. -
The Importance of the Photosynthetic Gibbs Effect in the Elucidation of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham Cycle
Biochemical Society Transactions (2018) 46 131–140 https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20170245 Review Article The importance of the photosynthetic Gibbs effect in the elucidation of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle Oliver Ebenhöh1,2 and Stephanie Spelberg2 1 2 Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, CEPLAS, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Downloaded from http://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-pdf/46/1/131/433167/bst-2017-0245c.pdf by guest on 08 May 2021 Düsseldorf, Germany Correspondence: Oliver Ebenhöh ([email protected]) The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, or Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, is now contained in every standard biochemistry textbook. Although the cycle was already proposed in 1954, it is still the subject of intense research, and even the structure of the cycle, i.e. the exact series of reactions, is still under debate. The controversy about the cycle’s structure was fuelled by the findings of Gibbs and Kandler in 1956 and 1957, 14 when they observed that radioactive CO2 was dynamically incorporated in hexoses in a very atypical and asymmetrical way, a phenomenon later termed the ‘photosynthetic Gibbs effect’. Now, it is widely accepted that the photosynthetic Gibbs effect is not in contradiction to the reaction scheme proposed by CBB, but the arguments given have been largely qualitative and hand-waving. To fully appreciate the controversy and to understand the difficulties in interpreting the Gibbs effect, it is illustrative to illuminate the history of the discovery of the CBB cycle. We here give an account of central scientific advances and discoveries, which were essential prerequisites for the elucidation of the cycle. -
Following the Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis: a Personal Story
Photosynthesis Research 73: 29–49, 2002. 31 © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Personal perspective Following the path of carbon in photosynthesis: a personal story Andrew A. Benson Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA (e-mail: [email protected]; fax: +1-858-534-7313) Received 14 September 2001; accepted in revised form 16 December 2001 Key words: James Bassham, Melvin Calvin, Martin Kamen, Jacques Mayaudon, phosphoglyceric acid, radioactive carbon-14, ribulose diphosphate (now called ribulose bisphosphate), Samuel Ruben, Hiroshi Tamiya Abstract Chronological recognition of the intermediates and mechanisms involved in photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation is delineated. Sam Ruben and Martin Kamen’s development of application of radioactive carbon for the study of carbon dioxide fixation provided impetus and techniques for following the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Discovery The identity of the primary carboxylation enzyme and its identity with the major protein of photo- synthetic tissues (‘Fraction 1’ protein of Sam Wildman) is reviewed. Memories are dimmed by sixty years of exciting discoveries exploration in newer fields [see Benson 2002 (Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 1–25), for research and perspectives beyond the early Berkeley days]. Formaldehyde theory for CO2 assimilation and physiologists. Its authoritative proponent, Adolph von Baeyer, and the absence of an equally feasible As I was born (1917), Richard Willstätter and Arthur mechanism sustained it. Robert Emerson (1929), too, Stoll were recording their detailed investigations of had devoted thought and experiments to the ideas of chlorophyll’s involvement in absorption of CO2 and E.C.C. Baly (Baly et al. 1927; Baly and Hood 1929; their search for photochemical production of form- see the book published in 1940), who had adopted the aldehyde (see Willstätter and Stoll [1918]: ‘Unter- formaldehyde concept.