A Atom Interferometer Observatory and Network (Aion)

O. Buchmueller The AION Project FOR THE EXPLORATION OF ULTRA FOR DARK MATTER AND GRAVITYFOR MATTERANDDARKEXPLORATION ATOM INTERFEROMETER ATOM WORKSHOP ON ON WORKSHOP Oliver Buchmueller, Imperial College London CollegeImperial OliverBuchmueller, MID OBSERVATORYAND - FREQUENCY FREQUENCY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES CERN,JULY22/23 NETWORK (AION) ATOMIC A - LIGHT DARK MATTER AND EXPERIMENTS , 2019 . 1 O. Buchmueller The AION Project WHAT AION IS 2 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • • • • • AION is also a Work Package of the QSFP proposal proposal QSFP of the Package aWork is also AION asa classified provisionally community. the for priority ahigh as STFC and PAAP by selected was project the call, Ideas” “Big the Following communities. these connects thus, and, cosmology to astrophysics over physics particle fundamental ranging areas science several spans project proposed The several from ranging band, frequency mid unexplored, mostly yet as the, in universe early verythe from waves gravitational detecting for pathway a It will provide interactions. fundamental new for searches as well as matter of dark of properties exploration the enable will wide) that world UK (and the in (AION) Network and Observatory Interferometric Atomic generation a next operate and is to construct proposal The What is AION (in a nutshell)? (in is AION What medium scale project. scale medium milliHertz It was It was to a few Hertz. few to a - 3 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • • • a 4 The AION Project isforeseen as for the continuingprogramme: The fourth stagethird and for the km thedetector 100malso anddesign preparesstudies The second stage the expectedperformanceStagein 2. detailedplanresultinginaccurate anof assessment infrastructurefor the 100mdetector systems,magneticvacuum,shielding etc.) The first stage • • - stage programme: Stage 4:spacebaseddetector Stage 3:Terrestrial km - scale. developsexistingtechnology Proposed AIONProgramme builds, commissions andbuilds,commissions exploits - scale detector preparethe groundwork andproduces andthe (Laser L 100m ~ L 1mto ~ 10m L 10 ~ L km ~ 4 - km scale L 4 O. Buchmueller The AION Project . AION . AION . AION . AION Space based version version based Space Beyond AION Operating Commissioning & Construction 100m Baseline for 100m 1 & 10 m Interferometers & Site Development Development & Site Interferometers m 1 &10 - - - - SPACE: Stage 4 [ after AION after 4 [ Stage SPACE: 6 ] 3 [ > yearStage KM: 3 to6] 2 [yearStage 100: 3] 1 to 1 [year Stage 10: AION – A Staged Programme** A Staged - 100 and planning for 1 km & km for 1 planning and 100 **outlinedBigin Ideas proposal - KM ] KM 5 O. Buchmueller The AION Project . AION . AION . AION . AION Space based version version based Space Beyond AION Operating Commissioning & Construction 100m Baseline for 100m 1 & 10 m Interferometers & Site Development Development & Site Interferometers m 1 &10 - - - - SPACE: Stage 4 [ after AION after 4 [ Stage SPACE: 6 ] 3 [ > yearStage KM: 3 to6] 2 [yearStage 100: 3] 1 to 1 [year Stage 10: AION – A Staged Programme** A Staged - 100 and planning for 1 km & km for 1 planning and 100 **outlinedBigin Ideas proposal - KM ] KM 6 O. Buchmueller The AION Project R. Hobson*** Hobson*** R. Gill*** P. Bowden*** W. Lab. PhysicalNational [co Coleman** J. Bowcock** T. Liverpool McCabe** C. Ellis** J. London CollegeKings Sauer* B. M. [co Buchmueller** O. London College Imperial Schneider* U. Gibson** V. Cambridge Y.Singh* M. Kai Bongs* Birmingham *EPSRC; *EPSRC; **STFC, ***NMS Main UK source: funding Tarbutt Holynski * * - coord - coord .]    Many Associates CoreMembers22 Institutes 8 AION Project: Core Team Project: AION .] I. Valenzuela** T. Majewski** P. Lab. AppletonRutherford I. March J. Foot* C. E. Oxford Willmut Shipsey UK Bentine - ** Russell** ** * Liverpool Birmingham RAL Cambridge Oxford ICL, ICL, KCL, NPL 7 O. Buchmueller The AION Project NPL Sheffield, Nottingham, London, Glasgow, Aberdeen, this UK the experimental physics atom ranging feedback communities consulted In preparation institutions UK proposal . . interferometry from . So University The The Strathclyde, Birmingham, Imperial with far, : fundamental as and Open of have support more well support this the have College provided University, proposal College, as than Status Status “Big Ideas Call” to is Sussex, Bristol, relevant received theory across particle 70 also gravitational London, explicit members we Brunel, Kings communities Swansea Oxford, several covers physics, UK very have support Liverpool, Durham, from positive College science broadly fields, wave RAL, over both and for 20 in 8 O. Buchmueller The AION Project http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/AION2019/participants.html More recent update: update: recent More 2019: WorkshopAION March There is clearly a large interest in the the in interest large a is clearly There again about ~70 participants from from participants ~70 about again UK community in in UKcommunity AIONProject! several different areas! several NPL Sheffield, Nottingham, London, Glasgow, Aberdeen, this UK the experimental physics atom ranging feedback communities consulted In preparation institutions UK proposal . . interferometry from . So University The The Strathclyde, Birmingham, Imperial with far, : fundamental as and Open of have support more well support this the have College provided University, proposal College, as than Status Status “Big Ideas Call” to is Sussex, Bristol, relevant received theory across particle 70 also gravitational London, explicit members we Brunel, Kings communities Swansea Oxford, several covers physics, UK very have support Liverpool, Durham, from positive College science broadly fields, wave RAL, over both and for 20 in 9 O. Buchmueller The AION Project https:// If you are interested to follow the the follow to interested are If you AION activity you can subscribe to the the to subscribe can you list: AION Email mailman.ic.ac.uk aion - [email protected] /mailman/ via: via: NPL Sheffield, Nottingham, London, Glasgow, Aberdeen, this UK the experimental physics atom ranging feedback communities consulted In preparation institutions UK proposal . . interferometry listinfo from . So University The The Strathclyde, Birmingham, Imperial with far, : fundamental as and Open of have support more well support this the have College provided / University, aion proposal College, as than to is Sussex, Bristol, relevant received theory across particle 70 also gravitational London, explicit - members we project project Brunel, Kings communities Swansea Oxford, several covers physics, UK very have support Liverpool, Durham, from positive College science broadly fields, wave RAL, over both and for 20 in 10 with “AION”with in title. fundamental please contact: require further information If youlike participate to or 2: PhysicscaseDay 1: Instrumentation Day 2 O. Buchmueller The AION Project - DayWorkshop: - physics at Imperial College London - [email protected] First AION Workshop March 25/26 2019 I. J. Ellis [Theory], J. Coleman, O. Buchmueller [ T. Organised by: Shipsey Bowcock , Coord .], .], 11 O. Buchmueller The AION Project THE PHYSICS THE PHYSICS CASE 12 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Hybrid Hybrid “clock accelerometer” A C ccelerometer lock : measure light travel timetravel light measure A different kind of atom interferometer of atom kind A different : atoms excellent inertial test massestest inertial excellentatoms ➜ remove laser noise with noise laser remove Graham al., et PRL 110 , 171102 (2013). single baseline single 13 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 instate but excitedat different Laser2: π pulse[lowp] Laser1: π/2 pulse[split] “Mirror” periodsthein sequence [Doppler shift to select] [low 3π pulse Laser1: π/2pulse[split] Laser2: π pulse [highp] Each AI spendstime L/c - high/low - high] 14 O. Buchmueller The AION Project NOTE: Much intomorrow’smore talk by Marek GW PHYSICS @ AION • • • • • References: Primordial BlackPrimordial HolesfromThermal Inflation Universe, Formationand Evolutionof BlackPrimordialin HoleBinaries the Early strings, Probingthe pre 1711.03104 ArchaeologyCosmicwith GravitationalStrings,Waves fromCosmic andits Wave Signal, Gravitational On theStrength Maximala First of 1808.08968 1812.01930 - BBN universeBBN gravitationalwith wavesfrom cosmic - 1809.08242 Order PhaseElectroweak Transition , 1903.09598, Lewiki 15 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Gravitational Wave Detection with AtomInterferometry with Wave Detection Gravitational Strain [1/ Hz ] 10 10 10 10 10 10 ------24 23 22 21 20 19 region low

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6 4 LIGO 1000 16 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Detectorssynchronisation in mode sensitivityUltimatebasedfor terrestrialdetectors is achievedby operating 2 (or more) effectiveR (~months) maximizes Mid - - precision: Sky localization Courtesy of Jason Courtesy Jason of Hogan! Long source lifetime source lifetime Long Small wavelength - band advantages λ Sky position determination Skyposition Images: Images: R. Hurt/Caltech λ - JPL; JPL; 2007 Thomson Higher Education R 17 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Ultimate Goal: Establish International Network Establish International Goal: Ultimate or arranged arranged or differently Network could be further extended Illustrative Example: 18 O. Buchmueller The AION Project densityΩ Translate straindimensionless into energy First GW Detection & Fundamental PhysicsDetection &Fundamental GW - Plots Plots provided by Order ElectroweakPhase Transition anditsGravitationalWave Signal GW h 2 in GWs GWs againstinfrequency Marek Lewicki

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6 4 LIGO 1000 19 O. Buchmueller The AION Project The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish Experimental The GW 20 O. Buchmueller The AION Project AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - 100 - 100 - space - - ultimate km - today The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish Experimental The GW 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] scenarios defines choice number interferometer detector List of of basic of the L, . these momentum interrogation sensitivity parameters T int parameters , phase transfers of : time Lengths the noise predominately of projection LMP the  of , . atom The and the 21 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Questionasked today How does Sensitivity Scale in Strain Scale in does SensitivityHow 1E4 1E4 1E11 1E4 1E4 1E6 1E4 1E2 1E6 1E2 1E2 1E6 L [m] LMT NA 22 O. Buchmueller The AION Project to whichLISA andthe LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/ET experimentsarerelatively insensitive. The AION frequencyrangeis idealfor observationsof mergersinvolving IMBHs, Strain Sensitivity & BH Mergers: 2030ish & BHMergers: SensitivityStrain 23 O. Buchmueller The AION Project to whichLISA andthe LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/ET experimentsarerelatively insensitive. The AION frequencyrangeis idealfor observationsof mergersinvolving IMBHs, Strain Sensitivity & BH Mergers: Future& BHMergers: SensitivityStrain 24 O. Buchmueller The AION Project NOTE: Much intomorrow’smore talk by ChrisMcCabe DARK MATTER PHYSICS @AION Y. C. Russel,StadnikMcCabe, and Material from.M. Using Bauer,J. J. March Hogan, https://indico.cern.ch/event/802946/ AION and at workshopImperial: https://indico.cern.ch/event/797031/timetable/ at KCL:on DMworkshop Based - 25 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 26 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: MAGIS/AION MAGIS/AION - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 27 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: MAGIS/AION MAGIS/AION - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 28 variationof fundamentalconstants such O. Buchmueller The AION Project Basedon: DM withscalarcouplingsto matter, Sensitivity for DM with Scalar Scalar Couplingsto Matter DM with for Sensitivity as the electronmass whichcausetime Couplingto e 075020(2018). Arvanitaki etal., PRD 97 Couplingto , AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - 100 - 100 photon - space - - ultimate km - today 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 HiggsPortal b coupling 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] 29 variationof fundamentalconstants such O. Buchmueller The AION Project Basedon: DM withscalarcouplingsto matter, With different configurations the of Atom Interferometer Sensitivity for DM with Scalar Scalar Couplingsto Matter DM with for Sensitivity Axions AION will new be probing territory inULD scalar as the electronmass whichcausetime Couplingto e 075020(2018). Arvanitaki (pseudo it will be also possible it will possible also search be to for etal., PRD [studies are ongoing] [studies are ongoing] - scalar) scalar) and 97 scenarios. scenarios. Couplingto , AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - Vector 100 - 100 photon - space - - ultimate km - today DM candidates! 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 HiggsPortal b coupling 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] 30 O. Buchmueller The AION Project      include:may Examples at are stillstages. exploratory dark matter and GWs, thoughstudiesof such possibilities beyondphysics to otheraspectsof sensitive fundamental Ultra of quantum mechanics andinvariance. Lorentz of quantum mechanics such as foundationsprinciples of Probes physicalbasic darkProbing energy constants. fundamentalinvariations possible Constraining of Probes long neutrinosthe astrophysicalof detecting The possibility - high - precision atom interferometry atom interferometry be alsomay precision Other Fundamental PhysicsFundamental Other - range fifth fifth forces range . . 31 O. Buchmueller The AION Project JANUARY 2019 VISIT TO STANFORD ON 10/11 32 O. Buchmueller The AION Project (Oxford) (Stanford) Chris Foot Hogan Jason Jason (Imperial) Sauer Ben Ben Stanford Visit 10/11 10/11 January2019 Visit Stanford Jon Valenzuela Oliver Tristan (RAL) (Birmingham) Holynski Micheal • • • Outcome: • • • goalsMainof the visit: We had a very fruitful visitto Stanford! MAGIS andMAGIS AION. (laterinof 100m) the programme operationof prototype10mversions We agreedto includethe synchronised nextslide]. designgoalsof the programme[see UK expertisecan helptoachievethe There severalchallengesarewherethe with AIs. activityworkingtowardsthe mid theyveryanothermuch welcome collaboration withtheand UK/AION isStanford/MAGIS veryopento closer between AION andMAGIS. Identifysynergiesgoalsandcommon Strengthenthe US Establishinformationexchangeand review the Stanford work.thereview Stanford - UK collaboration - band 33 O. Buchmueller The AION Project (atomsourcedetail) Sr gradiometerCAD Stanford MAGIS prototypeMAGIS Stanford (M Squared opticsAtom laser TrappedSr atomcloud SolsTiS over summer 2019.over summer It to assembledis supposedbe of prototype the Stanford Labtohost 8 m (BlueMOT) Two assembledSr atomsources ) Sr fountain. 34 O. Buchmueller The AION Project TO BE OXFORD AION - 10: 10 METERSIDE CHOSEN 35 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Beecroft building, encountered. show at RAL (MICE Hall) in case proposed site, with a backup The Beecroft in Oxford is the Oxford Physics - stoppers are 36 Laser Laser lab O. Buchmueller The AION Project AION Void Beecroft building, Oxford PhysicsOxford building,Beecroft 12 m Keel slab Ground Ground level infrastructure Aircon cleanroom cleanroom nearby Bakeout • • Vertical space • • • use reserved for AION Adjacent laser lab • • Ultralow vibration escape escape route. Stairwell is ceiling 14.7m floor to ground floor 12m basement to walls concrete Thick All isolated plant Isolated mains Isolated ± keel slabs 0 . 1 ∘ C stability room room and not a fire 37 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Core site AI - Beecroft 10 5.0m 7.7m 10.0m 14.7m building ↓ Plan view ← Side view , Oxford PhysicsOxford , room Bake Laser Lab Keel slab, Optical Optical table Core site AI - 10 5.4m 38 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Beecroft stairwell:lowestlevel throughfibre and Coresite: feed cables Beecroft building laser lab laser building Beecroft temperature and airflow withlaminar enclosure (interior): lab laser Bake - control installed. installed. control - out roomout nextdoor optical table optical Keelslab Laminar flow Isolated electric supply al Cooling water 39 O. Buchmueller The AION Project from ground up. up. ground from Scaffolding erected Assembly: extruded aluminium support structure support aluminium extruded Assembly: <100 <100 kg. 3.8 m long, vacuum pipe; after hoisting Remove top layer 10 10 m 40 O. Buchmueller The AION Project  • • • similargoalsof km collaborationwithother Europeanandinternational initiatives,which pursue The AION projectis veryinterestedin establishingand synergies close importantmilestoneto finalize a fullproposal. funding The formationof an collaborationAION is wellunderwaywiththe next AION AION foreseenas aprogramme: staged AION to explorethe Mid The AION programmeis drivenbya well timescale. . . . . • Noplans concretefor“Earth the optionto extended for additionalthree towards years AION At onlypresent,the three [AION first sensitivity AION AION interactions newfundamental for searches well as as matter dark of of properties will exploration it enable the addition, In - SPACE. - - KM and KM AION and 3] 1 to [year 10 AION - Frequency Band oftheFrequencyspectrum. GW - scale (andspace)atominterferometeron acomparable - SPACE are the pathway to the future and achieving SPACE achieving ultimate and future the to pathwaythe are Summary - - 100 [year 3 to 6] are part of the QSFPthe of WP3 part are 6] 3 to [year 100 km” orevenare “space”yet. developed - - 10] aresubject of thewith proposal defined andambitiouscase physics defined - 10, AION - 100, AION - 100. - KM and 41 O. Buchmueller The AION Project BACKUP 42 O. Buchmueller The AION Project CONCEPT ATOM INTERFEROMETER 43 O. Buchmueller The AION Project interferometer Light interferometer Atom Atom

Light Beamsplitter Atom interference Atom

http://www.cobolt.se/interferometry.html http://scienceblogs.com/principles/2013/10/22/quantum

Mirror Beamsplitter Light fringes Light Atom fringes Atom - erasure/ 44 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Hybrid Hybrid “clock accelerometer” A C ccelerometer lock : measure light travel timetravel light measure A different kind of atom interferometer of atom kind A different : atoms excellent inertial test massestest inertial excellentatoms ➜ remove laser noise with noise laser remove Graham al., et PRL 110 , 171102 (2013). single baseline single 45 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 46 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 Laser1: π/2pulse[split] Laser2: π pulse [highp] 47 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 “Mirror” [Doppler shift to select] [low 3π pulse Laser1: π/2pulse[split] Laser2: π pulse [highp] - high/low - high] 48 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 Laser2: π pulse[lowp] Laser1: π/2 pulse[split] “Mirror” [Doppler shift to select] [low 3π pulse Laser1: π/2pulse[split] Laser2: π pulse [highp] - high/low - high] 49 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laser1 Source Atom Basic Differential Measurement DifferentialBasic Source Atom Laser2 instate but excitedat different Laser2: π pulse[lowp] Laser1: π/2 pulse[split] “Mirror” periodsthein sequence [Doppler shift to select] [low 3π pulse Laser1: π/2pulse[split] Laser2: π pulse [highp] Each AI spendstime L/c - high/low - high] 50 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Time clock Atom Simple Example: Two Atomic Clocks Atomic Two Example: Simple Phase evolved by atom after time T time after atom evolved by Phase clock Atom 51 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Time clock Atom Simple Example: Two Atomic Clocks Atomic Two Example: Simple clock Atom light light traveltime GW changes 52 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Laserphaseis The phaseof the laseronto isimprintedthe atom. common Laserphasenoise, mechanical noise, platform etc. Phase Noise from the Laser the Phase Noise from to both atoms – rejected in a differentialrejectedinmeasurement. 53 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Clock gradiometer Arvanitaki et al., PRD al., et Arvanitaki PRLal., et Graham suppressed in the gradiometer Laser noise is common the change over time Each interferometer measures Two ways for phase to vary: Excited state phase evolution: 110 97 , 171102, (2013). , 075020 (2018). , Gravitationalwave Dark matter T - mode 54 O. Buchmueller The AION Project MAGIS) COLLABORATION WITH US (VIA 55 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • • • • scientific scientific leadership in this area. kilometres scale) detectors and build the framework for global terrestrial (kilometre This US with an immediate window of scientific opportunity. been endorsed by the community at A collaboration with AION by the MAGIS experiment has already accessible to either AI detector alone. the US, in tandem enables new exciting physics opportunities not The option of operating two AI detectors, one in the UK and one in interferometer on a comparable timescale. 100, which pursues a similar goal of an eventual km collaboration on an international level with the US initiative, MAGIS From the outset this project greatlywould benefit from close - UK collaboration UK collaboration serve will as the International Collaboration International - scale) and satellite Fermilab - based based (thousands of testbed , presenting the UK for full - scale scale atom - scale scale - 56 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Courtesy of Jason Courtesy Jason of Hogan! MAGIS100 57 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Courtesy of Jason Courtesy Jason of Hogan! • foundationwith$10Mio5 years.(£7.7Mio)over • Funding: • • Timeline: The The projectis nowapplyingfor additional DOE funding The projectwaspartly foundedin January 2019 bythe MOORE 2023 2019 - - 2028: km 2028: MAGIS 2023: - scaledetector still [site be chosen] - 100 at MAGIS100 Fermilab (100m) 58 O. Buchmueller The AION Project interferometry (hutch at top) SystemComponents: Atoms sources (three, attached to tube) Laser Laser system for implementing atom ~90 meter vacuum tube (vertical) location hutch Laser MAGIS - 100 Design 100 59 O. Buchmueller The AION Project JANUARY 2019 VISIT TO STANFORD ON 10/11 60 O. Buchmueller The AION Project (Oxford) (Stanford) Chris Foot Hogan Jason Jason (Imperial) Sauer Ben Ben Stanford Visit 10/11 10/11 January2019 Visit Stanford Jon Valenzuela Oliver Tristan (RAL) (Birmingham) Holynski Micheal • • • Outcome: • • • goalsMainof the visit: We had a very fruitful visitto Stanford! MAGIS andMAGIS AION. (laterinof 100m) the programme operationof prototype10mversions We agreedto includethe synchronised nextslide]. designgoalsof the programme[see UK expertisecan helptoachievethe There severalchallengesarewherethe with AIs. activityworkingtowardsthe mid theyveryanothermuch welcome collaboration withtheand UK/AION isStanford/MAGIS veryopento closer between AION andMAGIS. Identifysynergiesgoalsandcommon Strengthenthe US Establishinformationexchangeand review the Stanford work.thereview Stanford - UK collaboration - band 61 O. Buchmueller The AION Project (atomsourcedetail) Sr gradiometerCAD Stanford MAGIS prototypeMAGIS Stanford (M Squared opticsAtom laser TrappedSr atomcloud SolsTiS over summer 2019.over summer It to assembledis supposedbe of prototype the Stanford Labtohost 8 m (BlueMOT) Two assembledSr atomsources ) Sr fountain. 62 O. Buchmueller The AION Project PACKAGES PACKAGES AION FUNDING PROPOSAL: WORK 63 with “AION”with in title. fundamental please contact: require further information If youlike participate to or 2: PhysicscaseDay 1: Instrumentation Day 2 O. Buchmueller The AION Project - DayWorkshop: - physics at Imperial College London - [email protected] First AION Workshop March 25/26 2019 http:// Pleaseregisterat: www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk I. J. Ellis [Theory], J. Coleman, O. Buchmueller [ T. Organised by: Shipsey Bowcock , /AION2019/ Coord .], .], 64 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • WP • WP • • • • WP • • • • WP • Form UK collaboration to design and construct AION1 and AION10 and establish a first UK first a and establish and AION10 AION1 andconstruct to design UK collaboration Form leadership in the field. field. the in leadership AION Prototype building byNetworkAION AION Collaborate withMAGIS case. physics establish the AION towards Work realising consortium. science goals, for collaboration MAGIS in withdevelopments the in performance reach to required technology and develop techniques to UK QTH to Connect MAGIS. withcampaigns measurement AION Commission Build the foundation of a strong and lasting collaboration US. collaboration lasting with and a strong of foundation Build the Support phenomenology for AION physics case. AION forphenomenology Support AION case for physics establishing the work to Contribute AION exploitation of Physics AION for programme physics Establish - - - - MAGIS AION100 Physics AI AION10 [Stage 1]: Work Packages Packages Workin aNutshell 1]: AION10 [Stage - 10 to demonstrate the technology and to establish UK expertise and UK expertise establish and to technology the demonstrate to 10 - 10, compare with AION with compare 10, - 100 including design work for AION for including design work 100 - 100 to contribute to experiment & exploitation experimentto contribute to 100 - 1/10 Network 1/10 - 1 in selected places. in places. selected 1 - 1/10 Network. 1/10 - 1 Network and perform synchronised and perform Network 1 - 100 in a tower or a shaft and shaft a or a towerin 100 - 100 and beyond.and 100 65 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • WP • WP • • • • WP • • • WP • andleadership in the field. PrototypeAI10 demonstrate to the technologyand toestablish UK expertise first UK Network AI byAI1 buildingLiverpoolinandselected otherplaces. Form UKcollaborationto designandconstructAI1 and AI10establish and a Collaborate with MAGIS CollaborateMAGIS to withcontributeto experiment& exploitation andestablish the physics case. Work towardsincludingAI100 design workfor AI100atower inor a shaft AI10Commission withshortbaseline andcomparewith AI1 Network. AION10 [Stage 1]: Work Packages Packages Workin aNutshell 1]: AION10 [Stage Buildthe foundationof anda strong lastingcollaboration withUS. Supportphenomenology both AIgeneral for in andAION case.physics Contributeto workestablishingthe physicsfor caseandAI100 beyond. Physicsexploitationof AI1/10 Network Establishprogrammephysicsfor AI1/A10 Network. - - - - MAGIS AION100 Physics AI Pathway to technologyand expertise and will form This will giveus the path into the future (next bid) This will giveus MAGIS and US Collaboration This will This will give physicsus & phenomenology a first network of AI’s in the UK. 66 O. Buchmueller The AION Project MAGIS WP AION10 [Stage 1]: Main WP ConnectionsWP Main 1]: AION10 [Stage - WP - AI Physics AION100 WP WP - - 67 O. Buchmueller The AION Project MAGIS WP AION10 [Stage 1]: Main WP ConnectionsWP Main 1]: AION10 [Stage - WP WP - - AION AION - - RD 10 Physics AION WP WP 100 - - - 68 O. Buchmueller The AION Project MAGIS WP AION10 [Stage 1]: Main WP ConnectionsWP Main 1]: AION10 [Stage - WP WP - - AION AION - - RD 10 Physics AION WP WP 100 - - - 69 O. Buchmueller The AION Project current AION/MAGIS What are thechallenges? What - 100 AION/MAGIS 5/6 year AION/MAGIS AION/MAGIS AION/MAGIS - space - - 100 100 with current 100current with(2019) technology AION/MAGIS - km AION/MAGIS - 100 (5to 6 year) - km The UKcommunity could playan lunch lunch and it willrequire effort and important role to accomplish this path path forward this won’t be a free required to be sensitive to Mid parameters to accomplish this goal! Although there is a clear Magnitude awayin sensitivity accelerate the schedule and minimize the risk of failure goal, which, in turn, can Need to push the basic Still Still several orders of band GW physics! ingenuity! 70 - O. Buchmueller The AION Project current AION/MAGIS What are thechallenges? What - 100 AION/MAGIS 5/6 year AION/MAGIS AION/MAGIS AION/MAGIS - space - - 100 100 with current 100current with(2019) technology AION/MAGIS - km AION/MAGIS - 100 (5to 6 year) - km The UKcommunity could playan lunch lunch and it willrequire effort and important role to accomplish this path path forward this won’t be a free required to be sensitive to Mid parameters to accomplish this goal! Although there is a clear Magnitude awayin sensitivity accelerate the schedule and minimize the risk of failure goal, which, in turn, can Need to push the basic Still Still several orders of band GW physics! ingenuity! 71 - O. Buchmueller The AION Project remainlasernoiseimmune LargeMomentum Transfer (LMT): Sequentialsingle Graham, LMT beamsplitter et al. LMT and Resonant Pulse LMTand Sequences , PRL(2013) (N = 3) (N Graham, Resonant sequence (Q = 4) = (Qsequence Resonant - photontransitions et al. , PRD (2016), PRD 72 O. Buchmueller The AION Project matter waveinterferometer largeseparation(>0.5 meter) Longduration(2 seconds), Large space of momentum 90 photonsworth to to multiple laser pulses of momentum World record - time area atom interferometry area atom time Kovachy wavepacket et al.,et 54 cm 54 Nature separation due 2015 max separation wavepacket 73 O. Buchmueller The AION Project matter waveinterferometer largeseparation(>0.5 meter) Longduration(2 seconds), Large space of momentum 90 photonsworth Birmingham (MikeBirminghamal) et the istaking leadhere for AION to to multiple laser pulses of momentum World record - time area atom interferometry area atom time Kovachy wavepacket et al.,et 54 cm 54 Nature separation due 2015 max separation wavepacket 74 O. Buchmueller The AION Project AION PHYSICS CASE 75 O. Buchmueller The AION Project GW PHYSICS @ AION • • • • • References: Primordial BlackPrimordial HolesfromThermal Inflation Universe, Formationand Evolutionof BlackPrimordialin HoleBinaries the Early strings, Probingthe pre 1711.03104 ArchaeologyCosmicwith GravitationalStrings,Waves fromCosmic andits Wave Signal, Gravitational On theStrength Maximala First of 1808.08968 1812.01930 - BBN universeBBN gravitationalwith wavesfrom cosmic - 1809.08242 Order PhaseElectroweak Transition , 1903.09598, 76 O. Buchmueller The AION Project AION: Pathway to the GW Mid GW the to Pathway AION: Experimental GW ExperimentalGW Landscape - (Frequency) Band (Frequency) 77 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • • • Mid SearchUltra for astronomy) forlocalization:predictskyOptimalwhen and where events willoccur(formulti Detect - band science band AION: Pathway to the GW Mid GW the to Pathway AION: sources BEFORE they reachtheyBEFORE sources Experimental GW ExperimentalGW Landscape - light dark matter in a similar frequencymattersimilarin dark a mass][i.e. light the high frequencyband [LIGO,ET] decihertz Mid - band to to hertz - (Frequency) Band (Frequency) range Mid NOT covered - Bandcurrently - messenger 78 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Gravitational Wave Detection with AtomInterferometry with Wave Detection Gravitational Strain [1/ Hz ] 10 10 10 10 10 10 ------24 23 22 21 20 19 region low

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6 4 LIGO 1000 79 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Detectorssynchronisation in mode sensitivityUltimatebasedfor terrestrialdetectors is achievedby operating 2 (or more) effectiveR (~months) maximizes Mid - - precision: Sky localization Courtesy of Jason Courtesy Jason of Hogan! Long source lifetime source lifetime Long Small wavelength - band advantages λ Sky position determination Skyposition Images: Images: R. Hurt/Caltech λ - JPL; JPL; 2007 Thomson Higher Education R 80 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Ultimate Goal: Establish International Network Establish International Goal: Ultimate or arranged arranged or differently Network could be further extended Illustrative Example: 81 O. Buchmueller The AION Project densityΩ Translate straindimensionless into energy First GW Detection & Fundamental PhysicsDetection &Fundamental GW - Plots Plots provided by Order ElectroweakPhase Transition anditsGravitationalWave Signal GW h 2 in GWs GWs againstinfrequency Marek Lewicki

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6 4 LIGO 1000 82 O. Buchmueller The AION Project The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish Experimental The GW 83 O. Buchmueller The AION Project The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish Experimental The GW 84 O. Buchmueller The AION Project AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - 100 - 100 - space - - ultimate km - today The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish Experimental The GW 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] scenarios defines choice number interferometer detector List of of basic of the L, . these momentum interrogation sensitivity parameters T int parameters , phase transfers of : time Lengths the noise predominately of projection LMP the  of , . atom The and the 85 O. Buchmueller The AION Project • • AstrophysicalSources Cosmological Sources • • • hiddensector interactions. sectors,effective fieldtheories withhigher transitionsinUniverse. the earlyExamplesincludeextended electroweak Manyof extensionsthe Standardfirst Model(SM) predict rolesin the assemblyofSMBHs. observational evidencefor IMBHs, andtheyare thoughtto haveplayed key the range100to 10 It is expectedthatintermediate between10 to containsuper havemasses up to severaltens ofsolar masses.galaxies Manyareknown The Black Holes(BH)whosediscoveredmergerswere by LIGO andVirgo • • Cosmic String ModelCosmic Extendedelectroweakmodel withZ' a massive boson GW Physics: A Few Physics:Few Examples A GW 6 andbillionsof solar masses. - massive blackholesmassive(SMBHs) within masses the range 5 solarmassesalso must exist[6]. There is some - mass black holesin(IMBHs) withmasses mass - dimensional operatorsdimensionaland - order phase 86 O. Buchmueller The AION Project to whichLISA andthe LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/ET experimentsarerelatively insensitive. The AION frequencyrangeis idealfor observationsof mergersinvolving IMBHs, Strain Sensitivity & BH Mergers: 2030ish & BHMergers: SensitivityStrain 87 O. Buchmueller The AION Project detecting GWs detectingGWs from the mergers of IMBHs at signal masses Sensitivityof AION levels≥ 5, which extendsto redshifts1.5 BHswith of for ∼ 10 Strain Sensitivity & BHMergers SensitivityStrain 4 - solarmasses. to - noise (SNR) noise - 100m for AION AION andotherwith experiments Comparisonof the sensitivitiesof threshold= 8.SNR 88 O. Buchmueller The AION Project to whichLISA andthe LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/ET experimentsarerelatively insensitive. The AION frequencyrangeis idealfor observationsof mergersinvolving IMBHs, Strain Sensitivity & BH Mergers: Future& BHMergers: SensitivityStrain 89 O. Buchmueller The AION Project 1kmstage. Signal a massiveZ' bosoncompared various experimentalwith sensitivities.Right panel: Exampleof the spectrum GW inscale a classical Manyof extensionsthe Standardfirst Model(SM) predict - to - Example: noise ratiothe parameterplane (SNR) in of thenoise same modelfor the AION Cosmological GW Sources: Z’ Model GW Cosmological Extendedelectroweakmodel witha massive boson Z' inUniverse. the early - invariant extension invariantof thewith SM - order phasetransitions 90 - O. Buchmueller The AION Project distinguishable of This strings shows The spectrum Other freedom impact way possible that themselves we stretching probing or of could Cosmological GW Sources: Cosmic Strings GW Cosmological including even features cosmological but probe the across more also plateau in the both the significant the on change GW sources SM the ranges in evolution background processes a wide in cosmological to of the which range GW number of such . the the signals of universe as LIGO/ET, frequencies of modifications the degrees are QCD . cosmic AION/MAGIS, phase of can such freedom give strings transition as us . early LISA as a These significant predicted and and matter typically BSM SKA domination, in amount scenarios experiments the give Standard of a predicting information which very are Model broad sensitive would new not and frequency all degrees . only clearly leave on 91 O. Buchmueller The AION Project DARK MATTER PHYSICS @AION Y. C. Russel,StadnikMcCabe, and Material from.M. Using Bauer,J. J. March Hogan, https://indico.cern.ch/event/802946/ AION and at workshopImperial: https://indico.cern.ch/event/797031/timetable/ at KCL:on DMworkshop Based - 92 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 93 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: MAGIS/AION MAGIS/AION - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 94 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Example:Ultra coherenteffects of entirefield, not singleparticles. Veylightmatter darkandgravitational detection wave similar whendetecting The Landscape ofUltra The Landscape - LightDark Matter: MAGIS/AION MAGIS/AION - Light Dark Matter Detection Dark Matter Light Diagramfrom taken P. Graham’s talk at HEPFront 2018 95 O. Buchmueller The AION Project as with an energydensityof Ultra - light spin0 particleslightare acoherently expectedto form oscillatingclassicalfield Ultra - Light Spin Light - 0 Dark Matter 0 Dark 96 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Δ E = h ν e g Ultra - Atomic spectroscopy(clocks) Light Spin Light δ ( ν 1 / ν 2 ) ∝ cos - ( m 0 Dark Matter 0 Dark φ t ) 10 - 23 eV < m φ < 10 - 16 eV 97 O. Buchmueller The AION Project ν Δ E = h ν L e g Ultra δΦ - Laserinterferometry (cavities) Atomic spectroscopy(clocks) Light Spin Light δ ( ∝ ν 1 / δ ν ( 2 ν ) L ∝ ) ∝ cos cos - ( m 0 Dark Matter 0 Dark ( φ m t ) φ t ) 10 10 - - 20 23 eV < eV < m m φ φ < 10 < 10 - - 15 16 eV eV 98 O. Buchmueller The AION Project ν e g Δ E 2 T = h g ν e L e g Ultra δΦ - Laserinterferometry (cavities) Atomic spectroscopy(clocks) Light Spin Light δ F ( ∝ ν ( t 1 Atom interferometry ) / δ ν ∝ ( 2 ν ) p L ∝ φ ) ∝ sin( cos cos m - ( m 0 Dark Matter 0 Dark φ ( t φ m ) t ) φ t ) 10 10 10 - - - 23 20 23 eV < eV < eV < m m m φ φ φ < 10 < 10 < 10 - - - 16 15 16 eV eV eV 99 Courtesy of Courtesy of O. Buchmueller The AION Project ν e g Yevgeny Stadnik Δ E 2 T = h g ν e L ! e g Ultra δΦ ( δΦ 10 T - Laserinterferometry (cavities) Atomic spectroscopy(clocks) Light Spin Light δ , F - L 17 ( ∝ ) = max. for 2 ν ( t 1 eV < Atom interferometry ) / δ ν ∝ ( 2 ν ) p L ∝ φ ) m ∝ sin( cos φ < < 10 cos m - ( m 0 Dark Matter 0 Dark π φ ( t φ m - / ) 15 m t ) φ φ t eV ) ~ 2 T 10 10 10 - - - 23 20 23 eV < eV < eV < e g m m m g φ φ φ e < 10 < 10 < 10 - - - 16 15 16 eV eV eV 100 O. Buchmueller The AION Project Courtesy of Jason Courtesy Jason of Hogan! Ultralight DM coupling causes time dilaton Dark matter Dark coupling field DM scalar DM Ultralight scalar matter dark scalar Ultralight acts as a backgroundfield(e.g., mass~10 - varying atomic energy levels: Time coupling Electron coupling Photon - 15 eV) oscillation induced DM density DM mass + … QCD e.g., 101 variationof fundamentalconstants such O. Buchmueller The AION Project Basedon: DM withscalarcouplingsto matter, Sensitivity for DM with Scalar Scalar Couplingsto Matter DM with for Sensitivity as the electronmass whichcausetime Couplingto e 075020(2018). Arvanitaki etal., PRD 97 Couplingto , AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - 100 - 100 photon - space - - ultimate km - today 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 HiggsPortal b coupling 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] 102 variationof fundamentalconstants such O. Buchmueller The AION Project Basedon: DM withscalarcouplingsto matter, With different configurations the of Atom Interferometer Sensitivity for DM with Scalar Scalar Couplingsto Matter DM with for Sensitivity Axions AION will new be probing territory inULD scalar as the electronmass whichcausetime Couplingto e 075020(2018). Arvanitaki (pseudo it will be also possible it will possible also search be to for etal., PRD [studies are ongoing] [studies are ongoing] - scalar) scalar) and 97 scenarios. scenarios. Couplingto , AION AION AION Sensitivity AION Scenario - Vector 100 - 100 photon - space - - ultimate km - today DM candidates! 4.4x10 2000 100 100 [m] L 7 HiggsPortal b coupling 300 T 1.4 1.4 [s] 5 int 0.3 x10 [1/√Hz] 10 10 10 Φ - - - 5 5 3 - 5 <1000 40000 40000 LMP 100 [#] 103 O. Buchmueller The AION Project      include:may Examples at are stillstages. exploratory dark matter and GWs, thoughstudiesof such possibilities beyondphysics to otheraspectsof sensitive fundamental Ultra of quantum mechanics andinvariance. Lorentz of quantum mechanics such as foundationsprinciples of Probes physicalbasic darkProbing energy constants. fundamentalinvariations possible Constraining of Probes long neutrinosthe astrophysicalof detecting The possibility - high - precision atom interferometry atom interferometry be alsomay precision Other Fundamental PhysicsFundamental Other - range fifth fifth forces range . . 104