A ATOM INTERFEROMETER OBSERVATORY AND NETWORK O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller (AION) FOR THE EXPLORATION OF ULTRA-LIGHT DARK MATTER AND MID-FREQUENCY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES. WORKSHOP ON ATOMIC EXPERIMENTS FOR DARK MATTER AND GRAVITY EXPLORATION CERN, JULY 22/23, 2019 Oliver Buchmueller, Imperial College London 1 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller WHAT IS AION 2 What is AION (in a nutshell)? • The proposal is to construct and operate a next generation Atomic Interferometric Observatory and Network (AION) in the UK (and world wide) that will enable the exploration of properties of dark matter as well as searches for new fundamental interactions. • It will provide a pathway for detecting gravitational waves from O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller the very early universe in the, as yet mostly unexplored, mid- frequency band, ranging from several milliHertz to a few Hertz. • The proposed project spans several science areas ranging fundamental particle physics over astrophysics to cosmology and, thus, connects these communities. • Following the “Big Ideas” call, the project was selected by PAAP and STFC as a high priority for the community. It was provisionally classified as a medium scale project. • AION is also a Work Package of the QSFP proposal 3 Proposed AION Programme The AION Project is foreseen as a 4-stage programme: • The first stage develops existing technology (Laser systems, vacuum, magnetic shielding etc.) and the L ~ 1m to 10m infrastructure for the 100m detector and produces L O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller detailed plan resulting in an accurate assessment of the expected performance in Stage 2. L ~ 100m • The second stage builds, commissions and exploits the 100m detector and also prepares design studies for the km-scale. • The third and fourth stage prepare the groundwork for the continuing programme: L ~ km-scale • Stage 3: Terrestrial km-scale detector L ~ 104 km • Stage 4: space based detector 4 AION – A Staged Programme** AION-10: Stage 1 [year 1 to 3] . 1 & 10 m Interferometers & Site Development for 100m Baseline AION-100: Stage 2 [year 3 to 6] O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller . 100m Construction & Commissioning AION-KM: Stage 3 [ > year 6 ] . Operating AION-100 and planning for 1 km & Beyond AION-SPACE: Stage 4 [ after AION-KM ] . Space based version **outlined in Big Ideas proposal 5 AION – A Staged Programme** AION-10: Stage 1 [year 1 to 3] . 1 & 10 m Interferometers & Site Development for 100m Baseline AION-100: Stage 2 [year 3 to 6] O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller . 100m Construction & Commissioning AION-KM: Stage 3 [ > year 6 ] . Operating AION-100 and planning for 1 km & Beyond AION-SPACE: Stage 4 [ after AION-KM ] . Space based version **outlined in Big Ideas proposal 6 AION Project: Core Team Birmingham Kai Bongs* UK M. Holynski* Y. Singh* 8 Institutes Cambridge 22 Core Members V. Gibson** Many Associates U. Schneider* Imperial College London O. Buchmueller** [co-coord.] M. Tarbutt* O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller Liverpool B. Sauer* Cambridge Kings College London Birmingham J. Ellis** Oxford C. McCabe** Oxford Liverpool E. Bentine* T. Bowcock** C. Foot* J. March-Russell** J. Coleman** [co-coord.] RAL ICL, KCL, NPL National Physical Lab. I. Shipsey** W. Bowden*** Rutherford Appleton Lab. P. Gill*** P. Majewski** R. Hobson*** T. Valenzuela** I. Willmut** Main UK funding source: *EPSRC; **STFC, ***NMS 7 Status “Big Ideas Call” In preparation of this proposal we have broadly consulted with the relevant UK science communities and have received very positive feedback. The support is across several fields, ranging from fundamental particle physics, over atom interferometry to gravitational wave physics. The support also covers both experimental as well as theory communities in the UK. So far, more than 70 members from 20 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller UK institutions have provided explicit support for this proposal: Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bristol, Brunel, Durham, Glasgow, Imperial College, Kings College London, University College London, Liverpool, Nottingham, Open University, Oxford, RAL, Sheffield, Strathclyde, Sussex, Swansea and NPL 8 Status “Big Ideas Call” In preparation of this proposal we have broadly consulted with the relevant UK science More recent update: AION Workshopcommunities and Marchhave received 2019:very positive feedback. The support is across several fields, http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/AION2019/participants.htmlranging from fundamental particle physics, over atom interferometry to gravitational wave again about ~70 participantsphysics. The fromsupport also covers both experimental as well as theory communities in the UK. So far, more than 70 members from 20 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller several different areas! UK institutions have provided explicit support for this proposal: There is clearly a largeAberdeen, interestBirmingham, in theBristol, Brunel, Durham, Glasgow, Imperial College, Kings College UK community in AIONLondon, UniversityProject!College London, Liverpool, Nottingham, Open University, Oxford, RAL, Sheffield, Strathclyde, Sussex, Swansea and NPL 9 In preparation of this proposal we have broadly If you are interested to followconsulted thewith AIONthe relevantactivityUK science communities and have received very positive you can subscribe to thefeedback AION. The Emailsupport is acrosslist: several fields, ranging from fundamental particle physics, over [email protected] interferometry to gravitational wave physics. The support also covers both experimental as well as theory communities in the UK. So far, more than 70 members from 20 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller via: UK institutions have provided explicit support for https://mailman.ic.ac.uk/mailman/this proposallistinfo: /aion-project Aberdeen, Birmingham, Bristol, Brunel, Durham, Glasgow, Imperial College, Kings College London, University College London, Liverpool, Nottingham, Open University, Oxford, RAL, Sheffield, Strathclyde, Sussex, Swansea and NPL 10 First AION Workshop at Imperial College London March 25/26 2019 Organised by: T. Bowcock, O. Buchmueller [Coord.], J. Coleman, J. Ellis [Theory], O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller I. Shipsey 2-Day Workshop: Day 1: Instrumentation Day 2: Physics case If you like to participate or require further information please contact: [email protected] with “AION” in title. 11 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller THE PHYSICS CASE 12 A different kind of atom interferometer Hybrid “clock accelerometer” Graham et al., PRL 110, 171102 (2013). O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller Clock: measure light travel time ➜ remove laser noise with single baseline Accelerometer: atoms excellent inertial test masses 13 Basic Differential Measurement Laser 1: π/2 pulse [split] Laser 2: π pulse [low p] “Mirror” O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller 3π pulse [low-high/low-high] [Doppler shift to select] Laser 2: π pulse [high p] Laser 1: π/2 pulse [split] Laser 1 Laser 2 Each AI spends time L/c Atom Atom in excited state but at different Source Source periods in the sequence 14 References: • On the Maximal Strength of a First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and its Gravitational Wave Signal, 1809.08242 • Cosmic Archaeology with Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Strings, 1711.03104 • Probing the pre-BBN universe with gravitational waves from cosmic strings, 1808.08968 O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller • Formation and Evolution of Primordial Black Hole Binaries in the Early Universe, 1812.01930 • Primordial Black Holes from Thermal Inflation, 1903.09598 GW PHYSICS @ AION NOTE: Much more in tomorrow’s talk by Marek Lewiki 15 Gravitational Wave Detection with Atom Interferometry high-frequency 10- 19 LISA region MAGIS/AION-4K 10- 20 ] z H - 21 pc G 10 0 M W O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller / 2 1 D 50 1 W 9 [ - 1 D MAGIS/AION-Space GW 4 n W c i 1 p 51 a M 2 r 00 2 t 6 10- 22 S 2 S - N NS GGN 10- 23 Advanced LIGO low-frequency mid-frequency ET- D 10- 24 region region 0.001 0.010 0.100 1 10 100 1000 Frequency [Hz] 16 Sky position determination Sky localization Images: R. Hurt/Caltech-JPL; 2007 Thomson Higher Education precision: Mid-band advantages λ - Small wavelength λ O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller - Long source lifetime (~months) maximizes effective R R Courtesy of Jason Hogan! Ultimate sensitivity for terrestrial based detectors is achieved by operating 2 (or more) Detectors in synchronisation mode 17 Ultimate Goal: Establish International Network O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller Illustrative Example: Network could be further extended or arranged differently 18 GW Detection & Fundamental Physics - Example First-Order Electroweak Phase Transition and its Gravitational Wave Signal arXiv:1809.08242 10- 19 LISA John Ellis, Marek Lewicki, MAGIS/AION-4K José Miguel No 10- 20 ] What is is the GW signal z H - 21 pc Gof electroweak phase 10 0 M W O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller / 2 1 D 50 1 W transition9 in various [ - 1 D MAGIS/AION-Space GW 4 n W c i 1 p 5theories1 beyond a M 2 r 00 2 t 6 10- 22 S 2 S - N the Standard Model. NS GGN 10- 23 Plots provided by Marek Lewicki Advanced LIGO ET- D 10- 24 Translate strain into dimensionless energy 0.0012 0.010 0.100 1 10 100 1000 density ΩGWh in GWs against frequency Frequency [Hz] 19 The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller 20 The GW Experimental Landscape: 2030ish O. Buchmueller The AION AION The Project O. Buchmueller Sensitivity L Tint Φ LMP List of basic parameters: Lengths of the Scenario [m] [s] [1/√Hz] [#] detector L, interrogation time of the atom -3 AION-100-today 100 1.4 10 100 interferometer Tint , phase noise , and AION-100-ultimate 100 1.4 10-5 40000 number of momentum transfers LMP.