西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报

第 56 卷 第 1 期 Vol. 56 No. 1 JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY 2021 年 2 月 Feb. 2021

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.1.5

Research article

Economics

EVALUATION OF COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN MALUKU PROVINCE, INDONESIA

印度尼西亚马鲁库省合作发展政策的评估

Josef Papilaya a, Muhammad Rijal b*, Jeanete Ophilia Papilaya a a Economic Education Study Program, Faculty Teacher Training and Education, Pattimura University Molucas, Indonesia, [email protected], [email protected] b State Institute for Islamic Studies Ambon Molucas, Indonesia, [email protected]

Received: November 13, 2020 ▪ Review: December 8, 2020 ▪ Accepted: January 16, 2021

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract Cooperatives have characteristics that differ them from business entities or other organizations. For cooperatives to develop well, the Government is expected to encourage cooperatives' development to improve the community's welfare. The method used in this study is a quantitative method employing SEM analysis. The research results show that: 1) the business environment does not significantly influence collaborative business skills; 2) coaching and supporting facilities significantly influence collaborative business skills; 3) coaching, business environment, and the availability of supporting facilities simultaneously affect business skills; 4) coaching, business skills and the availability of supporting facilities exert a significant impact on the development of cooperative businesses; 5) the business environment has no significant effect on the development of cooperative businesses.

Keywords: Coaching, Business Environment, Supporting Facilities, Business Development

摘要 合作社具有与业务实体或其他组织不同的特征。 为使合作社良好发展，政府有望鼓励合作 社发展以改善社区福利。 本研究中使用的方法是采用扫描电镜分析的定量方法。 研究结果表明： 1）商业环境对协作商业技能的影响不大； 2）指导和支持设施会大大影响协作业务技能； 3）教 练，业务环境和支持设施的可用性同时影响业务技能； 4）指导，业务技能和支持设施的可用性 对合作企业的发展产生重大影响； 5）商业环境对合作企业的发展没有重大影响。

关键词: 教练，商业环境，辅助设施，业务发展

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I. INTRODUCTION even with the closure of the business. The According to Law Number 25 of 1992 development of cooperatives is an important concerning cooperatives, they are defined as aspect of improving people's welfare. The business entities consisting of persons or Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium individuals or legal entities by basing their Enterprises (SMEs) targets around 3,000 new activities on the principle of joint operations and cooperatives by 2018. These measures are in line people's economic movement based on kinship. with the closure of 40.013 sick cooperatives over From the above understanding, it is clearly seen the past three years. Minister of Cooperatives and that cooperatives are joint ventures established to SMEs, Anak Agung Gede Ngurah Puspayoga gather economic potential and strength in the revealed that the Government carried out a community to provide a decent level of comprehensive reform of cooperatives in the last livelihood and welfare for members in particular three years. One of them is a rehabilitation and society in general [1], [2]. program. "We have made a database. There are Cooperatives are an alliance of the weak to about 75 thousand healthy cooperatives, we are defend their living needs [3]. They are intended fostering another 75 thousand cooperatives to be to achieve the prosperity of cooperative members' healthy, and approximately 45 thousand life at the cheapest possible cost. Shared needs cooperatives we disperse," he said during a Press take precedence over profits in cooperatives. The Conference in his office, Jakarta, Friday above opinion emphasizes that cooperatives are (5/1/2018). established jointly for the common interests by Meanwhile, Deputy for Institutional Affairs of focusing on meeting the needs and welfare of the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, Meliadi members and not based on profit considerations. Sembiring said that the Government made a Cooperatives help organizations that carry out database, bearing in mind that decades of "business management" in a group that draws the cooperative data in Indonesia have never been concept of helping to help [4], where the business updated. Based on the data as of December 2017, activities are solely aimed at the economy. the number of cooperatives was 153,171 units This understanding shows that each with 26.54 million active cooperative members. cooperative has different characteristics from At the same time, the number of Micro, Small other business entities or organizations. The and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is 59.70 million distinguishing characteristic of cooperatives with units. "We are not trying to disperse, but we want other business entities is the dual aspects of to fix the database, which has not been updated cooperatives, namely the social and economic for decades. It has been updated twice, and, as a aspects [5]. Therefore, in carrying out their result, 40.013 cooperatives are dissolved," said business, each cooperative must implement both Meliadi. According to him, the number of aspects to improve its members' welfare. cooperatives that will be closed or dissolved can Cooperatives are also defined as joint ventures increase. The Ministry of Cooperatives and engaged in the economy of their members who SMEs will again update this data during the are generally of a weak economy and join national coordination meeting this February. "In voluntarily and on the principles of equality of the second month, I want the National rights and obligations, conducting a business to Coordination Meeting to get the database updated meet the needs of their members [6]. again, and the number will definitely increase". Some of the experts' definitions suggest that Some determinants of cooperative success are the cooperative is an economic movement based determined by the following factors: on the principle of kinship that aims to improve 1. The ability to create reasonable market members' welfare [7]. In connection with this, a positions and price controls, among others by a) high spirit and enthusiasm should always support acting together in dealing with the market the construction of cooperatives to realize through concentration of strength from members; democracy in the economy based on Pancasila b) shortening the marketing network; c) and the 1945 Constitution, being a strong pillar of possessing functioning organizational equipment the national economy [8]. At the beginning of such as administrators, Members' Meetings, and cooperatives' establishment in some areas, the Examining Agencies, as well as skilled and development was advanced, but lately, dedicated managers; d) having the ability as a cooperatives experienced ups and downs to the business unit in regulating the quantity and dissolution. quality of goods marketed through warehousing In the next development, cooperatives in activities, careful quality research and so on. Indonesia experienced unfavorable developments,

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2. The optimal use of available facilities and 2) Does the business environment influence infrastructure to enhance efficiency. collaborative skills in Ambon City, West Seram 3. The influence of cooperatives on members District and Central Maluku Regency? relating to changes in attitudes and behaviors that 3) Do the available supporting facilities are more in line with the demands of influence collaborative skills in Ambon City, environmental changes, including changes in West Seram District and Central Maluku technology, markets, and community dynamics. Regency? Furthermore, the relationships and patterns of 4) Is there a simultaneous influence on collaborative cooperation with other economic implementing coaching policies, the business actors must be harmonious. The nature of the environment, and simultaneous supporting relationship must be mutually beneficial and does facilities on collaborative skills in Ambon City, not cause cooperative dependence on other West Seram District and Central Maluku economic structures, and is based on horizontal Regency? and vertical cooperation between cooperatives 5) Does coaching influence cooperatives' themselves [9]. Development of cooperation with development in Ambon City, West Seram other economic actors is prioritized in developing Regency and Central Maluku? relations with medium-sized entrepreneurs and 6) Does the business environment influence large state-owned companies [10]. the cooperative business development in Ambon With such a position and role of cooperatives City, West Seram Regency and Central Maluku and under the cooperative development program Regency? policies in the reform era, which is focused on 7). Do the available supporting facilities the efforts to establish cooperatives, repositioning influence cooperatives' development in Ambon cooperatives' role is essentially aimed at City, Seram Barat Regency and Central Maluku harmonizing cooperatives' role in accordance Regency? with their basic ideas and principles. In addition 8). Is there a simultaneous influence of to returning to cooperative development goals, coaching, business environment and the available cooperatives' repositioning is programmed to supporting facilities on the development of eliminate problems faced by cooperatives. cooperatives in Ambon City, West Seram Factors that influence the development of Regency and Central Maluku Regency? cooperatives refer to the aspects of coaching. The supporting factors for implementing cooperative II. METHODS and SME development strategies include the This type of research is an evaluation existence of the Amangtiwi Association and the technique that is usually carried out in the context Amangtiwi Cooperative that houses SMEs, the of decision making. The goal is to collect data use of cooperative technology, the access to that will be used for decision making [11]. capital from the Cooperative and SME Office. The Government's role in the form of laws and A. Population and Sample regulations is an important factor for realizing Researchers determine a generalization area good cooperative performance. These normative consisting of research objects/subjects with acts are regulated and issued so that the system certain qualities and characteristics, and then can function properly. The Government plays an conclusions are drawn [12]. The population is the important role in fostering Indonesian whole subject of research. Based on the opinion cooperatives. above, the population in this study included Business environment aspects are discussed in management (30 respondents) and members (120 [20]. The members' participation significantly respondents) of six cooperatives, 150 people in influences KPRI Cotton's success, and the total. Each response in each cooperative took 40 business environment greatly affects the success people randomly selected. of KPRI Kapas. The members' participation Also, researchers conducted interviews with exerts a significant impact on the business cooperatives' management because they were environment in the KPRI Cotton District of more aware of the data, especially the data about Susukan Banjarnegar Regency. the financing program, the business environment, Based on the background and constraints and the supporting facilities available. faced above, our research objective is to find out: 1) Is there any influence of coaching on B. Research Approach and Design collaborative skills in Ambon City, Seram This study uses path analysis and structural District, and District of Central Maluku? modeling (SEM) with predetermined construct variables (latent) under study. Variables are

49 Papilaya et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol. 56 No. 1 Feb. 2021 categorized into two groups, namely three Regency who were not included in the sample list. independent (exogenous) variables, namely This trial is intended to get a measuring Development (X1), business environment (X2) instrument or tool with the quality that meets the supporting facilities (X3), and two dependent valid and reliable elements. variables, namely skills (Y1) and business 1) Coaching Instruments (X1) development (Y2) as exogenous (bound) variables. Pathway design was used to analyze Table 1. the causal relationships between variables to Coaching variable determine the direct effect [13]. Variable Sub Variable Item Number of Items The following shows the causal relationship Coaching Briefing 1 -8 8 between coaching variables (X1), Business Training 9 – 15 7 environment (X2), Availability of Supporting Motivation 16 – 20 5 Facilities (X3) and the development of Number of items 20 Cooperatives (Y2) through Skills (Y1). Table 2. Coaching variable test results C. Data Collection Technique This study employs primary data, that is, the Item Number rcalculated rtable Information 1 0.712 0.284 Valid data directly taken from the respondents. Data 2 0.529 0.284 Valid collection techniques used were questionnaires 3 0.591 0.284 Valid aimed at respondents. The questionnaire in this 4 0.538 0.284 Valid study uses a Likert scale with five answer 5 0.642 0.284 Valid 6 0.368 0.284 Valid choices: Strongly Agree given a score of 4, Agree 7 0.608 0.284 Valid given a score of 3, Disagree given a score of 2, 8 0.663 0.284 Valid and Strongly Disagree 1, Undecided given a 9 0.694 0.284 Valid score of 0. The data in this study were revealed 10 0.643 0.284 Valid using five questionnaires, namely: Coaching 11 0.530 0.284 Valid 12 0.452 0.284 Valid Variable Questionnaire, Business Environment 13 0.240 0.284 Drop Variable Questionnaire, Supporting Facilities 14 0.489 0.284 Valid Variable Questionnaire, Skill Variable 15 0.419 0.284 Valid Questionnaire, and Development Variable 16 0.712 0.284 Valid 17 0.529 0.284 Valid Questionnaire. 18 0.591 0.284 Valid 19 0.549 0.284 Valid D. Data Analysis Technique 20 0.642 0.284 Valid Data analysis techniques in outline consist of descriptive analysis, testing of measurement The table above shows that 20 items of the models, overall models, structural models, and coaching instrument after being tested and analyzing influence between variables. Three analyzed were compared to rtable or critical value r programs were used in data processing and data with α = 0.05 having degrees of freedom n - 2 = analysis: the EXCEL program, SPSS 15.0 (for 50 - 2 = 48 obtained 0.284. Then 19 valid items, descriptive analysis and linearity testing) and and one invalid item that can be dropped (number Lisrel 8.72 (for measurement model testing, 13) were obtained. overall model testing, structural model testing The reliability test was performed for 19 items, and influence analysis between variables. and the calculation result was obtained 0.89. Thus, the coaching instrument was declared III. RESEARCH RESULTS AND reliable because it had a high correlation coefficient. DISCUSSION 2) Business Environment Instrument (X2)

A. Trial Research Instrument Test Results Table 3. This study deals with the relationship between The business environment instrument coaching, business environment, and supporting Variable Sub Variable Item Number facilities with KUD members' business skills and of items development in Maluku Province. There are five Business Employees 21-28 8 variables in this study, namely: 1) coaching, 2) environment Business Security 29 – 34 6 business environment, 3) supporting facilities, 4) Community 35-40 6 Support skills, and 5) business development. Total 20 A trial was conducted on 50 KUD members in Ambon City, SBB Regency, and Central Maluku

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Table 4. obtained seven valid items mean that no items Business environment variable test results can be dropped or declared invalid.

Item Number rcalculate rtable Information The reliability test was conducted for seven 21 0.709 0.284 Valid items, and the calculation result was 0.78. Thus, 22 0.500 0.284 Valid the supporting facilities instrument was declared 23 0.594 0.284 Valid 24 0.252 0.284 Drop reliable because it had a high level of the 25 0.640 0.284 Valid correlation coefficient. 26 0.384 0.284 Valid 4) Skills Instruments (Y1) 27 0.610 0.284 Valid 28 0.671 0.284 Valid Table 7. 29 0.700 0.284 Valid Skills 30 0.653 0.284 Valid 31 0.558 0.284 Valid Variable Sub Variable Item Number of 32 0.438 0.284 Valid Items 33 0.663 0.284 Valid Skills Skillful at work 48 – 53 6 34 0.488 0.284 Valid On-time at work 54 – 59 6 35 0.411 0.284 Valid Number of items 12 36 0.713 0.284 Valid 37 0.500 0.284 Valid Table 8. 38 0.594 0.284 Valid Skills variable test results 39 0.531 0.284 Valid 40 0.640 0.284 Valid Item Number rcalculate rtable Information 48 0.639 0.284 Valid The table above shows that 20 items of the 49 0.621 0.284 Valid business environment instrument after being 50 0.641 0.284 Valid tested and analyzed were compared to r or 51 0.556 0.284 Valid table 52 0.622 0.284 Valid critical value r with α = 0.05 having degrees of 53 0.429 0.284 Valid freedom n - 2 = 50 - 2 = 48 is 0.284. Then 19 54 0.668 0.284 Valid valid items and one invalid item that can be 55 0.722 0.284 Valid dropped (number 24) were obtained. 56 0.705 0.284 Valid 57 0.665 0.284 Valid A reliability test was performed for 19 items, 58 0.601 0.284 Valid and a calculation result of 0.89 was obtained. 59 0.543 0.284 Valid Thus, the business environment instrument was declared reliable because it had a high level of The table above shows that twelve items of the correlation coefficient. the supporting facilities instrument after being 3) Supporting Facilities Instruments (X3) tested and analyzed can be compared to value r with α = 0.05 having degrees of freedom n - 2 = Table 5. 50 - 2 = 48 is 0.284. The obtained 12 valid items Supporting facilities variables mean that there are no items that can be dropped Variable Sub Variable Item Number or declared invalid. of Items The reliability test was performed for twelve Supporting External 41 – 43 3 facilities Internal 44 – 47 4 items, and the calculation result was 0.85. Thus, Number of items 7 the skill instrument was declared reliable because it had a high level of the correlation coefficient.

Table 6. 5) Business Development Instruments (Y2) Variable test results for business support facilities Table 9. Item Number rcalculate rtable Information Business development instruments 41 0.656 0.284 Valid 42 0.650 0.284 Valid Variable Sub Variable Item Number 43 0.651 0.284 Valid of items 44 0.681 0.284 Valid Business Business Unit 60 -63 4 45 0.646 0.284 Valid Development Growth 46 0.624 0.284 Valid Member 64 – 66 3 47 0.727 0.284 Valid Increase Increase in 67 – 73 7 The table above demonstrates that seven items Business Capital Number of items 14 of the supporting facilities instrument after being tested and analyzed were compared to rtable or Table 10. critical value r with α = 0.05 having degrees of Business development test results freedom n - 2 = 50 - 2 = 48 is 0.284. The Item Number rcalculate rtable Information

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60 0.658 0.284 Valid 61 0.602 0.284 Valid Table 12. 62 0.618 0.284 Valid Variable frequency distribution for strategic policy 63 0.515 0.284 Valid implementation 64 0.659 0.284 Valid 65 0.440 0.284 Valid Interval Category Frequency Percentage 66 0.681 0.284 Valid 32.0-37.4 Very low 16 10.68 67 0.722 0.284 Valid 37.5-42.8 Low 17 11.33 68 0.697 0.284 Valid 42.9-48.2 Middle 32 21.33 69 0.634 0.284 Valid 48.3-53.7 High 44 29.33 70 0.609 0.284 Valid 53.8-59.0 Very high 41 27.33 71 0.505 0.284 Valid Amount 150 100 72 0.267 0.284 Drop 73 0.514 0.284 Valid Table 12 illustrates the high score of

successful implementations of the business The table above demonstrates that 14 items of climate creation policy, making 10.68% in the business development instruments after being very low category, 11.33% in the low category, tested and analyzed were compared to r or table 21.33% in the medium category, 29.33% in the critical value r with α = 0.05 having degrees of high category, and 27.33% in the very high freedom n - 2 = 50 - 2 = 48 is 0.284. This category. These results indicate that the analysis resulted in the obtained 13 valid items percentage of successful implementation of and one invalid item that can be dropped (number strategic policies in creating a business climate in 72). the category of high, very high, medium, low, The reliability test was performed for 13 items. and very low. Thus, the tendency of respondents As a result of the calculation (0.85), the business tends to state that the implementation of strategic development instrument was declared reliable policies to create a business climate is high. because it had a high correlation coefficient level. 3) Implementation of the Strategic Policy for

Creating Business Support Facilities B. Description of Variable Frequency The frequency distribution of the variable Distribution implementation of supporting facilities creation 1) Description of the Variable Frequency of policies can be seen in table 13. Guiding Policy Implementation The frequency distribution of coaching Table 13. variables can be seen in table 11. Variable frequency distribution for strategic policy implementation Table 11. Interval Category Frequency Percentage Variable frequency distribution for guiding policy 20.0-22.4 Very low 41 27.33 implementation 22.5-24.10 Low 20 13.33 Interval Category Frequency Percentage 24.11-26.20 Middle 18 12 46-53.6 Very low 12 8 26.21-32.0 High 36 24 53.9-61.6 Low 21 14 32.1-34.0 Very high 35 23.34 61.7-64.9 Middle 40 26,67 Amount 200 150 100 69.5-77.2 High 32 21,33 77.3-85.0 Very high 45 30 Table 13 illustrates the score for the Amount 150 100 successful implementation of the business climate creation policy, making 27.33 % in the Based on the above table 11, the score of the very low category, 13.3% in the low category, success rate for implementing the business 12% in the medium category, 24% in the high climate creation policy makes 8% in the very low category, and 23.34% in the very high category. category, 14% in the low category, 26.67% in the These results indicate that the success rate of medium category, 21.33% in the high category, implementing strategic policies to create business and 30% in the very high category. These results support facilities in the category is very high, indicate that the successful implementation of high, medium, low, and very low. Thus, it is strategic policies in the training program is known that in general, the tendency of already very high, at 30%. It was included in the respondents tends to state that the very high category. implementation of strategic policies to create 2) Evaluation of the Strategic Policy for business support facilities achieved is very low. Creating a Business Environment 4) Skills The frequency distribution of the variables The results of subsequent studies presented implementing the policy of creating a cooperative frequency distribution data with five categories. business environment can be seen in table 12.

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Table 14 shows the tendency of spreading the development must be carried out intact both from frequency scores for the implementation success the Office of Cooperatives and Small and level. Medium Enterprises and cooperatives' management to synergize with the cooperative Table 14. business development programs themselves [15]. Variable frequency distribution for skills But in reality, the cooperatives chosen as the Interval Category Frequency Percentage sample in this study did not show their 28,0-33,4 Very low 16 10.67 development well. As noted, in particular, the 33.5 - 38.8 Low 24 16 "USPEK" Unit Cooperative in the village of 38,9-44,2 Middle 38 25,33 Uraur, West Seram Regency, was not working as 44.9 - 52.10 High 49 32,67 52.20 – 59 Very high 23 15,33 it should. In plain view, this cooperative is only a Amount 200 100 building with no business activities. The Office of Cooperatives for Small and Medium Based on the table, the score of the skills Enterprises responsible for coaching seems to development success rate makes 10.67 % in the have never done any business coaching for very low category, 16% in the low category, cooperatives [16]. 25.33% in the medium category, 32.67 % in the Likewise, the cooperative in Alang village high category, and 15.33% in the very high operates similarly as the Super cooperative in category. These results indicate the success rates Liliboy village. Indeed, there are activities with a of Small Business skills in the medium, high, and shop business, but the Pertok business prepares very high categories. Thus, the tendency of daily basic necessities and keeps its management respondents tends to state that the activities only on Sundays. They calculated how implementation of strategic policies supporting much money came in during the week, and the business facilities achieved is moderate. daily business activities were still apparent. 5) The Development of Small Industries in the However, based on the results of interviews with Handicraft Industry cooperatives' management, they stated that so far, Table 15 presents the frequency distribution the process of coaching towards cooperatives by results for further processed data. the Office of Cooperatives of Small and Medium Enterprises in Central Maluku district never Table 15. ended. Annual Meeting activities are always Variable frequency distribution for cooperative development carried out. As stated, the Office of Small and Interval Category Frequency Percentage Medium Enterprises Cooperatives' management 44.0-52.2 Very low 10 6.67 was present in opening the Annual Member 52.3-60.4 Low 14 9.33 Meetings only to open the meeting because they 60.5 – 68.4 Middle 44 29.33 are responsible for giving directions at the end of 68.5-68.6 High 39 26.34 the year Membership Meeting. It can be seen 68.9-85.0 Very high 38 25.33 Amount 150 100 from the committee's statement that they only came to open the annual member meeting, but the The table illustrates the success rate score of rest never existed. This disappointment was implementing the business climate creation conveyed by the governing body of the "SUPER" policy, making 6.67% in the very low category, village unit cooperative in the village of Allang. 9.33% in the low category, 29.33% in the For "SENYUM" Sipan Lending Kiperation in medium category, 26.34 % in the high category, Hutumury village, attention on the part of the and 25.33% in the very high category. These Ambon City Kiperation and Small and Medium results indicate the successful implementation of Enterprises Agency was quite good. Because how policies and the impact on the cooperative many coaching programs are carried out directly businesses' development in the very high, high, by the Ambon City Koperasu and Small Medium medium, low, and very low categories. Thus, the Enterprises Agency. It works well. When the respondents tend to state that the implementation researchers visited the Smiles cooperative for of business development policies in the medium data collection, officers from the Office of category. Cooperative Small and Medium Enterprises Cooperative also met in the context of a meeting C. Effect of Coaching on the Development of with the Smiles cooperative in Hutumury village. Cooperative Businesses This cooperative already has its own business The process of cooperative business entity. There are many coaching processes development in each region is very influential for carried out by the Ambon City Cooperative and cooperatives' development [14]. The SME Office.

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Guidelines include: Based on data analysis obtained g = 0.14 with a. Training for Karaharaha and KSP t = 1.70, when t <1.96, then t is not significant, management in Ambon city. and Ho is accepted. Conclusion: The business b. Training for making financial reports environment does not significantly influence with a financial opening system through the cooperatives' business skills in Ambon City, Cooperative Accounting System West Seram Regency and Central Maluku c. Finding capital assistance for Regency. cooperatives. The results of this study do not comply with d. Fostering cooperatives specially to previous research. The results show that the manage their financial management. creation of KUMKM business climate, e. Providing briefings to members of the entrepreneurship development, competitive cooperative at a member meeting. advantage, and micro-scale business f. Providing coaching for cooperatives empowerment significantly influence the must pay taxes for the State from the results of development of KUMKM in Nunukan Regency their business and others. with a significance level of 0.000. The coefficient of determination (R2 of 47.20% and the D. Effect of the Business Environment on remaining 53.40% is explained by other factors Cooperative Business Development not included in this study. T-test results The cooperative business environment is very (partially), namely: Creation of the SME influential for cooperative development [17]. We Business Climate, Entrepreneurship encountered the following results during our visit Development and Competitive Advantages for to the "USPEK" cooperative in the village of SMEs, and Empowerment The Micro Scale Uraur. The cooperative was not progressing Business significantly influences the because of a lack of coaching and business development of KUMKM with the value of environment factors: the humanitarian conflict Fcalculated = 20.892 and Ftable = 2.76 [19]. Likewise, that occurred in 1999 in Maluku. Several savings the results of research raised by Khasanah Setiaji, and loan businesses were established in the in his journal, The Influence of Member village of Uraur, and the community prefers to Participation and the Business Environment on obtain loans there. This fact is also an obstacle the Success of the Cooperative Employees of the for further KUD "USPEK" development, and Republic of Indonesia (KPKI) District of also members of the cooperative "USPEK" paid Susukan Banjarnegara District, show that there is no attention to developing their business. a significant influence of the business Therefore, the "USPEK" cooperative is no longer environment on the success of KPRI Cotton. The developing. It was also found that the cooperative participation of members and the business is close to Kairatu sub-district. Many businesses environment also significantly influence the have developed because all community needs can success of KPRI Kapas Susukan District be obtained in the Kairatu and Gemba villages, Banjarnegara District [20, 21]. making it easy for the community to fulfill all the needs in both villages. The business environment E. Effect of Supporting Facilities on is not supported from the business aspect. It Cooperative Development becomes an obstacle for the cooperative's Cooperatives need supporting facilities for management and members to maintain this cooperative development efforts. However, there cooperative and coaching from the Office of are no relevant research results on the Cooperatives and SMEs in West Bargain cooperative "USPEK" in the village of Uraur and Regency. "SMILE" in the village of Alang. Formerly the Unlike the KSP in the Hutumury Village, the "SMILE" cooperative in Alang village had a business environment is very supportive of the "MOBIL" land transportation facility that served community to participate in maintaining the community's transportation in the Alang cooperation as a business entity that can help the village. Still, along with the development of surrounding community because cooperatives transportation access expansion by the Central contribute to society by lending money for Maluku Regency and Ambon City, where the various needs, for example, the education needs road facilities were already quite good, this also of school children and students and even other contributed to affect the cooperatives' activities. urgent needs. The business environment is very Most cooperative and community members good in this cooperative because it is supported choose to shop in the city of Ambon, especially by employees with good experience [18]. The in the nearest supermarket where supplies of same thing applies to KUD. basic necessities are replenished every day

54 because the distance traveled to the city is close Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and Central and easy to reach. These factors also affect Maluku Regency. cooperative development activities. 8) The availability of supporting facilities significantly affects business development in F. Cooperative Business Development Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and Central Village Unit Cooperatives that were sampled Maluku Regency. Business environment, in the study recently showed that business available supporting facilities, and business skills development had not provided significant significantly affect business development in developments. The development of the business Ambon City, West Seram Regency and Maluku aspect does not show a prominent achievement. Regency. This is conditioned by many challenges faced. Among others, there is more open access to REFERENCES transportation to the city center; therefore, many members of the cooperative and even the local people do not shop at the cooperative concerned. [1] ZEULI K., FRESHWATER D., The rather advanced development only occurred MARKLEY D., and BARKLEY D. (2004) at the Kopertai KSP Smile Hutumuri village, Cooperatives in Rural Community where the number of assets available up to the Development: A New Framework for 2016 financial year was Rp 2,908,102,619. As for Analysis. Journal of the Community the "SUPER KUD" Village Cooperative Unit in Development Society, 35(2), pp. 17–35. the Liliboy village, the remaining results of [2] RIBAŠAUSKIENE E., ŠUMYLE D., operations amounted to Rp 72,508,815 in 2016. VOLKOV A., BALEŽENTIS T., Statistical analysis results show that based on STREIMIKIENE D., and MORKUNAS M. data analysis obtained Ho = 0.22 with t = 4.46 (2019) Evaluating public policy support for because t> 1.96; thus, t is significant and Ho is agricultural cooperatives. Sustainability, rejected. It can be concluded that coaching has a significant effect on business development in 11(14), Article Id 3769; Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and Central https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143769 Maluku Regency. [3] MARWA N. and AZIAKPONO M. (2015) Financial sustainability of Tanzanian IV. CONCLUSION saving and credit cooperatives. International Based on the discussion above, the following Journal of Social Economics, 42(10), pp. conclusions can be drawn: 870-887. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06- 1) Coaching has a significant effect on 2014-0127. collaborative business skills in Ambon City, [4] COCCORESE P. and FERRI G. West Seram Regency, and Central Maluku (2020) Are mergers among cooperative Regency. banks worth a dime? Evidence on efficiency 2) The business environment does not effects of M&As in Italy. Economic significantly influence cooperatives' business Modelling, 84(April), pp. 147–164. skills in Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and [5] EBRAHIM M. S. (2009) Can an Central Maluku Regency. 3) The availability of supporting facilities Islamic model of housing finance cooperative significantly influences cooperatives' business elevate the economic status of the skills in Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and underprivileged? Journal of Economic Central Maluku Regency. Behavior & Organization, 72(3), pp. 864– 4) Guidance, business environment, 883, supporting facilities significantly influence https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.08.002. collaborative business skills. [6] KING M. F. and GUTBERLET J. 5) Coaching has a significant effect on (2013) Contribution of cooperative sector business development in Ambon City, West recycling to greenhouse gas emissions Seram Regency, and Central Maluku Regency. reduction: A case study of Ribeirão Pires, 6) The effort environment has no significant Brazil. Waste Management, 33(12), pp. impact on business development in Ambon City, West Seram Regency, and Central Maluku 2771–2780. Regency. [7] ARIYARATNE C. B., 7) Provision of business support facilities has FEATHERSTONE A. M., and a significant effect on business development in LANGEMEIER M. R.. (2006) What

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