西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报 第 56 卷 第 1 期 Vol. 56 No. 1 JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY 2021 年 2 月 Feb. 2021 ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.1.5 Research article Economics EVALUATION OF COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN MALUKU PROVINCE, INDONESIA 印度尼西亚马鲁库省合作发展政策的评估 Josef Papilaya a, Muhammad Rijal b*, Jeanete Ophilia Papilaya a a Economic Education Study Program, Faculty Teacher Training and Education, Pattimura University Molucas, Indonesia, [email protected], [email protected] b State Institute for Islamic Studies Ambon Molucas, Indonesia, [email protected] Received: November 13, 2020 ▪ Review: December 8, 2020 ▪ Accepted: January 16, 2021 This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) Abstract Cooperatives have characteristics that differ them from business entities or other organizations. For cooperatives to develop well, the Government is expected to encourage cooperatives' development to improve the community's welfare. The method used in this study is a quantitative method employing SEM analysis. The research results show that: 1) the business environment does not significantly influence collaborative business skills; 2) coaching and supporting facilities significantly influence collaborative business skills; 3) coaching, business environment, and the availability of supporting facilities simultaneously affect business skills; 4) coaching, business skills and the availability of supporting facilities exert a significant impact on the development of cooperative businesses; 5) the business environment has no significant effect on the development of cooperative businesses. Keywords: Coaching, Business Environment, Supporting Facilities, Business Development 摘要 合作社具有与业务实体或其他组织不同的特征。 为使合作社良好发展，政府有望鼓励合作 社发展以改善社区福利。 本研究中使用的方法是采用扫描电镜分析的定量方法。 研究结果表明： 1）商业环境对协作商业技能的影响不大； 2）指导和支持设施会大大影响协作业务技能； 3）教 练，业务环境和支持设施的可用性同时影响业务技能； 4）指导，业务技能和支持设施的可用性 对合作企业的发展产生重大影响； 5）商业环境对合作企业的发展没有重大影响。 关键词: 教练，商业环境，辅助设施，业务发展 47 Papilaya et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University/ Vol. 56 No. 1 Feb. 2021 I. INTRODUCTION even with the closure of the business. The According to Law Number 25 of 1992 development of cooperatives is an important concerning cooperatives, they are defined as aspect of improving people's welfare. The business entities consisting of persons or Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium individuals or legal entities by basing their Enterprises (SMEs) targets around 3,000 new activities on the principle of joint operations and cooperatives by 2018. These measures are in line people's economic movement based on kinship. with the closure of 40.013 sick cooperatives over From the above understanding, it is clearly seen the past three years. Minister of Cooperatives and that cooperatives are joint ventures established to SMEs, Anak Agung Gede Ngurah Puspayoga gather economic potential and strength in the revealed that the Government carried out a community to provide a decent level of comprehensive reform of cooperatives in the last livelihood and welfare for members in particular three years. One of them is a rehabilitation and society in general [1], [2]. program. "We have made a database. There are Cooperatives are an alliance of the weak to about 75 thousand healthy cooperatives, we are defend their living needs [3]. They are intended fostering another 75 thousand cooperatives to be to achieve the prosperity of cooperative members' healthy, and approximately 45 thousand life at the cheapest possible cost. Shared needs cooperatives we disperse," he said during a Press take precedence over profits in cooperatives. The Conference in his office, Jakarta, Friday above opinion emphasizes that cooperatives are (5/1/2018). established jointly for the common interests by Meanwhile, Deputy for Institutional Affairs of focusing on meeting the needs and welfare of the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, Meliadi members and not based on profit considerations. Sembiring said that the Government made a Cooperatives help organizations that carry out database, bearing in mind that decades of "business management" in a group that draws the cooperative data in Indonesia have never been concept of helping to help [4], where the business updated. Based on the data as of December 2017, activities are solely aimed at the economy. the number of cooperatives was 153,171 units This understanding shows that each with 26.54 million active cooperative members. cooperative has different characteristics from At the same time, the number of Micro, Small other business entities or organizations. The and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is 59.70 million distinguishing characteristic of cooperatives with units. "We are not trying to disperse, but we want other business entities is the dual aspects of to fix the database, which has not been updated cooperatives, namely the social and economic for decades. It has been updated twice, and, as a aspects [5]. Therefore, in carrying out their result, 40.013 cooperatives are dissolved," said business, each cooperative must implement both Meliadi. According to him, the number of aspects to improve its members' welfare. cooperatives that will be closed or dissolved can Cooperatives are also defined as joint ventures increase. The Ministry of Cooperatives and engaged in the economy of their members who SMEs will again update this data during the are generally of a weak economy and join national coordination meeting this February. "In voluntarily and on the principles of equality of the second month, I want the National rights and obligations, conducting a business to Coordination Meeting to get the database updated meet the needs of their members [6]. again, and the number will definitely increase". Some of the experts' definitions suggest that Some determinants of cooperative success are the cooperative is an economic movement based determined by the following factors: on the principle of kinship that aims to improve 1. The ability to create reasonable market members' welfare [7]. In connection with this, a positions and price controls, among others by a) high spirit and enthusiasm should always support acting together in dealing with the market the construction of cooperatives to realize through concentration of strength from members; democracy in the economy based on Pancasila b) shortening the marketing network; c) and the 1945 Constitution, being a strong pillar of possessing functioning organizational equipment the national economy [8]. At the beginning of such as administrators, Members' Meetings, and cooperatives' establishment in some areas, the Examining Agencies, as well as skilled and development was advanced, but lately, dedicated managers; d) having the ability as a cooperatives experienced ups and downs to the business unit in regulating the quantity and dissolution. quality of goods marketed through warehousing In the next development, cooperatives in activities, careful quality research and so on. Indonesia experienced unfavorable developments, 48 2. The optimal use of available facilities and 2) Does the business environment influence infrastructure to enhance efficiency. collaborative skills in Ambon City, West Seram 3. The influence of cooperatives on members District and Central Maluku Regency? relating to changes in attitudes and behaviors that 3) Do the available supporting facilities are more in line with the demands of influence collaborative skills in Ambon City, environmental changes, including changes in West Seram District and Central Maluku technology, markets, and community dynamics. Regency? Furthermore, the relationships and patterns of 4) Is there a simultaneous influence on collaborative cooperation with other economic implementing coaching policies, the business actors must be harmonious. The nature of the environment, and simultaneous supporting relationship must be mutually beneficial and does facilities on collaborative skills in Ambon City, not cause cooperative dependence on other West Seram District and Central Maluku economic structures, and is based on horizontal Regency? and vertical cooperation between cooperatives 5) Does coaching influence cooperatives' themselves [9]. Development of cooperation with development in Ambon City, West Seram other economic actors is prioritized in developing Regency and Central Maluku? relations with medium-sized entrepreneurs and 6) Does the business environment influence large state-owned companies [10]. the cooperative business development in Ambon With such a position and role of cooperatives City, West Seram Regency and Central Maluku and under the cooperative development program Regency? policies in the reform era, which is focused on 7). Do the available supporting facilities the efforts to establish cooperatives, repositioning influence cooperatives' development in Ambon cooperatives' role is essentially aimed at City, Seram Barat Regency and Central Maluku harmonizing cooperatives' role in accordance Regency? with their basic ideas and principles. In addition 8). Is there a simultaneous influence of to returning to cooperative development goals, coaching, business environment and the available cooperatives' repositioning is programmed to supporting facilities on the development of eliminate problems faced by cooperatives. cooperatives in Ambon City, West Seram Factors that influence the development of Regency and Central Maluku Regency? cooperatives refer to the aspects