Oikos OIK-04972

Müller, J., Brandl, R., Brändle, M., Förster, B., de Araujo, B. C., Gossner, M. M., Ladas, A., Wagner, M., Maraun, M., Schall, P., Schmidt, S., Thorn, S. and Seibold, S. 2017. LiDAR-derived canopy structure supports the more- individuals hypothesis for diversity in temperate forests. – Oikos doi: 10.1111/oik.04972

Figure A1. (A) Study area in the Bavarian Forest National Park. Inset: location of the park in Germany. Dots: 20 sampling sites. (B) Arrangement of four sampling plots covered with plastic sheets on each of the 20 sampling sites (80 plots total).

0.8 0.6 0.4 Vertical distribution ratio (VDR)Vertical distributionratio 0.2

25 30 35 40 45

Canopy height [m]

Figure A2. Scatter plot showing the relationship of the vertical distribution ratio and the canopy height (maximal canopy height) on 80 plots with a radius of 4 m.

Figure A3. (A) High correlation of the vertical distribution ratio (VDR) derived from leaf-off (January 2016) and leaf-on (July 2016) airborne LiDAR data collected from the same 80 study plots with a radius of 4 m. The intercept indicates in general higher VDR values in winter, which can be explained by a higher penetration rate in stands without leaves. (B) A comparison of VDR values in multi-layered beech stands with a size of 40 × 40 m collected with a terrestrial laser scanner, based on voxels in the study of Juchheim et al. (2017), shows a similar intercept but lower values of VDR in winter than in summer, i.e. VDR in summer > 0.5. This shows that leaves in higher strata are undersampled compared to the lower strata in multi-layered stands. It should be kept in mind that in terrestrial laser scanning, lower canopy layers tend to shade upper layers because of the ground- based perspective. This is in contrast to airborne laser scanning, where the lower layers, particularly the trunks of trees, play a minor role in reflections owing to the vertical-downward perspective from the helicopter. In summary, the two graphs underline that leaf-off and leaf-on VDR values are highly correlated. The decision whether leaf-on or leaf-off conditions are more suitable depends on the target variable. If the focus is more on leaves, then leaf-on data are more applicable, whereas a focus on branches and trunks will probably favour leaf-off data. In general, both approaches demonstrate the high penetration ability of laser scanning in beech forests, but for studies focusing on the vertical distribution of leaves, high-resolution airborne laser scanning under leaf-on conditions seems most promising in dense and shady beech forests.

Reference

Juchheim, J. et al. 2017. Canopy space filling rather than conventional measures of structural diversity explains productivity of beech stands. – For. Ecol. Manage 395: 19–26.

Table A1. List of all specimens and frequencies (number of plots) identified. Note that only species identified to a unique OTU level (x) were used in the analyses.

No. of Order/Sub-order Species / OTUs Unique OTUs specimens Frequency Araneae Araneidae juv. 31 24 Araneae Opiliones juv. 2 2 Araneae Amaurobius fenestralis x 4 3 Araneae Callobius claustrarius x 5 3 Araneae Coelotes sp. x 1 1 Araneae Anyphaena accentuata x 2 2 Araneae Araniella alpica x 3 2 Araneae Araniella sp. 6 6 Araneae Cyclosa conica x 5 5 Araneae Clubiona caerulescens x 5 4 Araneae Clubiona comta x 8 7 Araneae Clubiona pallidula x 2 2 Araneae Clubiona sp. 87 35 Araneae Clubiona terrestris x 2 2 Araneae Lathys humilis x 3 2 Araneae Harpactea lepida x 2 2 Araneae Gnaphosa sp. x 1 1 Araneae Cryphoeca silvicola x 1 1 Araneae Agyneta conigera x 2 2 Araneae Cinetata gradata x 2 2 Araneae Diplocephalus picinus x 4 4 Araneae Dismodicus elevatus x 3 2 Araneae Entelecara congenera x 3 2 Araneae Entelecara erythropus x 2 2 Araneae Linyphiidae juv. 31 23 Araneae Mermessus trilobatus x 1 1 Araneae Minicia marginella x 1 1 Araneae Neriene peltata x 70 32 Araneae Neriene radiata x 3 1 Araneae Neriene sp. 48 17 Araneae Pityohyphantes phrygianus x 5 4 Araneae Poeciloneta variegata x 1 1 Araneae Tenuiphantes alacris x 3 3 Araneae Tenuiphantes tenebricola x 3 3 Araneae Troxochrus nasutus x 2 2 Araneae Pardosa sp. x 1 1 Araneae Ero furcata x 1 1 Araneae Philodromus aureolus x 3 3 Araneae Philodromus sp. 7 7 Araneae Evarcha falcata x 2 2 Araneae Salticidae juv. 2 2 Araneae Segestria senoculata x 1 1

Araneae Micrommata virescens x 1 1 Araneae Metellina mengei x 5 3 Araneae Metellina sp. 75 28 Araneae Tetragnatha sp. 16 11 Araneae Enoplognatha ovata x 23 12 Araneae Paidiscura pallens x 17 11 Araneae Parasteatoda lunata x 3 3 Araneae Platnickina tincta x 6 6 Araneae Robertus lividus x 2 2 Araneae Theridiidae juv. 9 8 Araneae Theridion boesenbergi x 2 1 Araneae Theridion mystaceum x 1 1 Araneae Theridion varians x 3 3 Araneae Diaea dorsata x 10 8 Araneae Xysticus sp. x 2 2 Araneae Zora spinimana x 1 1 Astigmata Astigmata x 1 1 Cicada Acericerus heydenii x 2 2 Cicada Alebra spec. x 5 5 Cicada Alnetoidia alneti x 2 2 Cicada Colobotettix morbillosus x 4 4 Cicada Edwardsiana flavescens x 1424 62 Cicada Empoasca vitis x 17 13 Cicada Errhomenus brachypterus x 3 3 Cicada Eurhadina concinna x 44 20 Cicada Evacanthus interruptus x 7 2 Cicada Fagocyba cruenta x 1300 67 Cicada Oncopsis flavicollis x 7 4 Cicada Perotettix pictus x 4 3 Cicada Pithyotettix abietinus x 64 10 Cicada Zygina spec. x 2 2 Cicada Hyledelphax elegantula x 2 1 Cicada Issus muscaeformis x 12 6 Coleoptera Euglenes pygmaeus x 2 2 Coleoptera Gonodera luperus x 2 2 Coleoptera Anobium emarginatum x 7 7 Coleoptera Anobium punctatum x 19 10 Coleoptera Dryophilus pusillus x 16 4 Coleoptera Ernobius abietinus x 13 4 Coleoptera Ernobius abietis x 2 2 Coleoptera Hedobia imperialis x 12 10 Coleoptera Ptilinus pectinicornis x 2 2 Coleoptera Xestobium plumbeum x 2 2 Coleoptera Brachytarsus nebulosus x 1 1 Coleoptera Byturus tomentosus x 1 1 Coleoptera Absidia rufotestacea x 61 35 Coleoptera Absidia schoenherri x 20 10

Coleoptera Cantharis pagana x 2 2 Coleoptera Cantharis pellucida x 3 3 Coleoptera Malthinus biguttatus x 2 2 Coleoptera Malthodes brevicollis x 199 27 Coleoptera Malthodes fuscus x 1 1 Coleoptera Malthodes hexacanthus x 519 58 Coleoptera Malthodes spec. 1 1 Coleoptera Metacantharis discoidea x 6 5 Coleoptera Metacantharis haemorrhoidalis x 1 1 Coleoptera Podabrus alpinus x 3 2 Coleoptera Rhagonycha gallica x 22 12 Coleoptera Rhagonycha lignosa x 28 16 Coleoptera Dromius agilis x 3 3 Coleoptera Dromius fenestratus x 4 4 Coleoptera Harpalus aeneus x 1 1 Coleoptera Alosterna tabacicolor x 1 1 Coleoptera Molorchus minor x 1 1 Coleoptera Obrium brunneum x 6 5 Coleoptera Cerylon ferrugineum x 2 2 Coleoptera Cerylon histeroides x 1 1 Coleoptera Aphthona euphorbiae x 1 1 Coleoptera Chaetocnema laevicollis x 1 1 Coleoptera Gonioctena quinquepunctata x 1 1 Coleoptera Phyllotreta undulata x 3 2 Coleoptera Cis bidentatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Cis dentatus x 5 5 Coleoptera Cis glabratus x 4 3 Coleoptera Cis lineatocribratus x 1 1 Coleoptera Cis punctulatus x 2 2 Coleoptera Cis quadridens x 5 3 Coleoptera Ennearthron cornutum x 2 2 Coleoptera Orthocis alni x 2 2 Coleoptera Orthocis festivus x 2 2 Coleoptera Thanasimus formicarius x 1 1 Coleoptera Thanasimus pectoralis x 1 1 Coleoptera Aphidecta obliterata x 4 4 Coleoptera Cocinella septempunctata x 1 1 Coleoptera Atomaria abietina x 6 6 Coleoptera Atomaria atricapilla x 2 2 Coleoptera Atomaria punctithorax x 5 5 Coleoptera Atomaria turgida x 49 18 Coleoptera Cryptophagus dentatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Cryptophagus deubeli x 1 1 Coleoptera Cryptophagus pubescens x 3 3 Coleoptera Micrambe abietis x 61 29 Coleoptera Pteryngium crenatum x 16 11 Coleoptera Acalles camelus x 1 1

Coleoptera Acalles echinatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Acalles hypocrita x 2 2 Coleoptera Anthonomus conspersus x 1 1 Coleoptera Anthonomus rubi x 1 1 Coleoptera Ceutorhynchus assimilis x 2 2 Coleoptera Hylobius piceus x 1 1 Coleoptera Magdalis nitida x 1 1 Coleoptera Otiorhynchus scaber x 3 3 Coleoptera Otiorhynchus singularis x 5 5 Coleoptera Otiorhynchus subdentatus x 2 2 Coleoptera Phyllobius argentatus x 218 31 Coleoptera Polydrusus pallidus x 3 3 Coleoptera Polydrusus undatus x 113 33 Coleoptera Rhamphus pulicarius x 1 1 Coleoptera Rhynchaenus fagi x 2005 71 Coleoptera Rhyncholus ater x 2 2 Coleoptera Rhyncholus sculpturatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Simo hirticornis x 6 5 Coleoptera Sitona humeralis x 1 1 Coleoptera Sitona sulcifrons x 1 1 Coleoptera Strophosoma melanogrammum x 143 46 Coleoptera Trachodes hispidus x 1 1 Coleoptera Ampedus erythrogonus x 3 3 Coleoptera Ampedus nigrinus x 1 1 Coleoptera Athous subfuscus x 160 53 Coleoptera Athous vittatus x 5 5 Coleoptera Athous zebei x 4 4 Coleoptera Dalopius marginatus x 29 23 Coleoptera Denticollis linearis x 7 5 Coleoptera Melanotus castanipes x 1 1 Coleoptera Brachypterus fulvipes x 7 1 Coleoptera Leptophloeus alternans x 1 1 Coleoptera Cartodere nodifer x 6 6 Coleoptera Corticaria abietorum x 15 13 Coleoptera Corticaria lambiana x 1 1 Coleoptera Corticarina gibbosa x 3 2 Coleoptera Corticarina lambiana x 3 1 Coleoptera Corticarina obfuscata x 11 6 Coleoptera Corticarina similata x 2 2 Coleoptera Enicmus fungicola x 2 2 Coleoptera Enicmus rugosus x 1 1 Coleoptera Stephostethus alternans x 1 1 Coleoptera Agathidium nigripenne x 1 1 Coleoptera Anisotoma castanea x 1 1 Coleoptera Dictyoptera aurora x 1 1 Coleoptera Abdera flexuosa x 1 1 Coleoptera Orchesia micans x 1 1

Coleoptera Xylita livida x 2 2 Coleoptera Dasytes cyaneus x 23 17 Coleoptera Dasytes fusculus x 4 4 Coleoptera Dasytes plumbeus x 8 7 Coleoptera Rhizophagus dispar x 4 3 Coleoptera Rhizophagus nitidulus x 1 1 Coleoptera Rhizophagus perforatus x 6 5 Coleoptera Cychramus variegatus x 2 1 Coleoptera Epuraea aestiva x 1 1 Coleoptera Epuraea binotata x 1 1 Coleoptera Epuraea longula x 17 9 Coleoptera Epuraea marseuli x 1 1 Coleoptera Epuraea pygmaea x 1 1 Coleoptera Epuraea thoracica x 1 1 Coleoptera Chrysanthia viridissima x 1 1 Coleoptera Ostoma ferruginea x 2 2 Coleoptera Thymalus limbatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Batrisodes venustus x 2 2 Coleoptera Bryaxis nodicornis x 29 16 Coleoptera Bythinus burrelli x 9 8 Coleoptera Bythinus macropalpus x 19 10 Coleoptera Euplectus piceus x 4 4 Coleoptera Plectophloeus fischeri x 66 28 Coleoptera Trimium brevicorne x 2 2 Coleoptera Acrotrichis intermedia x 39 23 Coleoptera Ptenidium pusillum x 2 2 Coleoptera Rhinosimus planirostris x 5 5 Coleoptera Rhinosimus ruficollis x 7 4 Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus x 4 4 Coleoptera Melolontha melolontha x 1 1 Coleoptera Cyphon ruficeps x 1 1 Coleoptera Elodes pseudominuta x 1 1 Coleoptera Crypturgus cinereus x 62 32 Coleoptera Crypturgus pusillus x 41 26 Coleoptera Dryocoetes autographus x 11 9 Coleoptera Ernoporus fagi x 8 7 Coleoptera Hylastes cunicularius x 5 5 Coleoptera Phthorophloeus spinulosus x 10 8 Coleoptera Pityogenes chalcographus x 1 1 Coleoptera Pityophthorus pityographus x 8 5 Coleoptera Polygraphus poligraphus x 1 1 Coleoptera Taphrorychus bicolor x 6 3 Coleoptera Xyloterus lineatus x 1 1 Coleoptera Anaspis frontalis x 4 3 Coleoptera Anaspis marginicollis x 21 14 Coleoptera Anaspis ruficollis x 1 1 Coleoptera Anaspis rufilabris x 6 5

Coleoptera Microscydmus minimus x 3 3 Coleoptera Neuraphes carinatus x 8 6 Coleoptera Neuraphes elongatulus x 4 4 Coleoptera Stenichnus godarti x 1 1 Coleoptera Silvanoporus fagi x 1 1 Coleoptera Acrotona pygmaea x 1 1 Coleoptera Aleochara bilineata x 1 1 Coleoptera Aleochara bipustulata x 1 1 Coleoptera Amischa analis x 2 2 Coleoptera Amischa nigrofusca x 1 1 Coleoptera Amphichroum canaliculatum x 5 5 Coleoptera Anotylus tetracarinatus x 2 2 Coleoptera Anthophagus alpestris x 1 1 Coleoptera Anthophagus angusticollis x 106 22 Coleoptera Anthophagus omalinus x 2 2 Coleoptera Atheta fungi x 2 2 Coleoptera Atheta orbata x 2 2 Coleoptera Bryophacis rufus x 6 2 Coleoptera Carpelimus corticinus x 3 3 Coleoptera Domene scabricollis x 1 1 Coleoptera Eusphalerum abdominale x 2 2 Coleoptera Eusphalerum limbatum x 4 2 Coleoptera Eusphalerum longipenne x 2 2 Coleoptera Eusphalerum rectangulum x 2 2 Coleoptera Eusphalerum signatum x 3 3 Coleoptera Eusphalerum stramineum x 4 3 Coleoptera Gyrophaena boleti x 1 1 Coleoptera Gyrophaena minima x 2 2 Coleoptera Lathrobium pallidum x 1 1 Coleoptera Leptusa fumida x 7 5 Coleoptera Phloeonomus punctipennis x 1 1 Coleoptera Phyllodrepa linearis x 3 3 Coleoptera Schistoglossa curtipennis x 1 1 Coleoptera Scopaeus spec. 1 1 Coleoptera Nemosoma elongatum x 2 1 Collembola Dicyrtoma fusca x 2 2 Collembola Dicyrtomina ornata x 2 2 Collembola Entomobrya corticalis x 107 36 Collembola Entomobrya juvenil x 1 1 Collembola Entomobrya marginata x 2 1 Collembola Entomobrya muscorum x 9 8 Collembola Entomobrya nivalis x 163 32 Collembola Lepidocyrtus lignorum x 19 8 Collembola Lepidocyrtus violaceus x 13 7 Collembola Orchesella bifasciata x 6 5 Collembola Orchesella flavescens x 21 17 Collembola Orchesella juvenil x 2 1

Collembola Orchesella villosa x 1 1 Collembola Choreutinula inermis x 2 2 Collembola Schoetella ununguiculata x 23 11 Collembola Anurophorus laricis x 89 11 Collembola Isotomidae juvenil x 3 3 Collembola Isotomurus palustris x 1 1 Collembola Pseudisotoma monochaeta x 1 1 Collembola Vestergopus westerlundi x 3 1 Collembola Sminthurinus aureus x 1 1 Collembola Sminthurinus niger x 1 1 Collembola Neanura muscorum x 1 1 Collembola Allacma fusca x 2933 78 Collembola Lipothrix lubbocki x 8 4 Collembola Pogonognathellus flavescens x 6 5 Diptera Agromyza sp. x 1 1 Diptera Agromyzidae non det 4 4 Diptera Agroyzidae Phytomyza sp. x 3 3 Diptera Anisopodidae non det x 1 1 Diptera Botanophila fugax x 4 3 Diptera Hydrophoria lancifer x 1 1 Diptera Pegomya geniculata x 2 2 Diptera Pegomya pulchripes x 1 1 Diptera Pegomya sp. 2 2 Diptera Paranthomyza nitida x 1 1 Diptera Bibio nigriventris x 2 2 Diptera Bibionidae Bibio sp. 1 1 Diptera Trichopeza longicornis x 51 25 Diptera Cecidomyiidae non det 515 58 Diptera Ceratopogonidae non det 785 71 Diptera Chironomidae non det 1987 75 Diptera Conioscinella mimula x 1 1 Diptera Gaurax borealis x 1 1 Diptera Chloropidae non det 40 3 Diptera Oscinella nigerrima x 1 1 Diptera Chloropidae Oscinella sp. 4 3 Diptera Chloropidae Thaumatomyia sp. x 1 1 Diptera Coenomyia ferruginea x 1 1 Diptera Culicidae non det 4 4 Diptera Australachalcus melanotrichus x 2 2 Diptera Dolichopus nigricornis x 9 4 Diptera Dolichopus sp. 1 1 Diptera Gymnopternus brevicornis x 4 2 Diptera Medetera sp. x 9 8 Diptera Neurigona quadrifasciata x 341 56 Diptera Dolichopodidae non det 2 1 Diptera Rhaphium ensicorne x 6 6 Diptera Sciapus platypterus x 1 1

Diptera Drosophila histrio x 1 1 Diptera Drosophila kuntzei x 6 4 Diptera Drosophila phalerata x 2 2 Diptera Hirtodrosophila trivittata x 1 1 Diptera Scaptomyza graminum x 4 3 Diptera Scaptomyza pallida x 1 1 Diptera Dryomyzidae Dryomyza sp. x 1 1 Diptera Empididae Chelifera cf. Serraticauda x 1 1 Diptera Empididae Chelifera sp. 1 1 Diptera Dryodromia testacea x 4 4 Diptera Empis aequalis x 33 8 Diptera Empis grisea x 6 5 Diptera Empididae Empis sp. 6 6 Diptera Empis stercorea x 2 1 Diptera Hilara diversipes x 1 1 Diptera Hilara galactoptera x 1 1 Diptera Hilara intermedia x 4 3 Diptera Hilara nitidorella x 1 1 Diptera Empididae Hilara sp. 6 5 Diptera Empididae Hilara sp. (similar interstincta) x 2 1 Diptera Rhamphomyia longipes x 1 1 Diptera Rhamphomyia sp. 6 6 Diptera Rhamphomyia sp. (cf. R. albohirta) x 1 1 Diptera Rhamphomyia sp. (no albohirta) x 1 1 Diptera Ephydridae Scatella sp. x 1 1 Diptera Fannia carbonaria x 1 1 Diptera Fanniidae Fannia sp. 3 3 Diptera Heleomyzidae Gymnomus sp. x 1 1 Diptera Scoliocentra flavotestacea x 1 1 Diptera Suillia atricornis x 1 1 Diptera Suillia bicolor x 7 6 Diptera Suillia fuscicornis x 2 2 Diptera Suillia humilis x 3 3 Diptera Suillia sp. 1 1 Diptera Tephrochlamys flavipes x 1 1 Diptera Allanthalia pallida x 1 1 Diptera Bicellaria intermedia x 16 8 Diptera Bicellaria intermedianon detaustriaca x 1 1 Diptera Bicellaria nigra x 2 2 Diptera Hybotidae Bicellaria sp. 13 9 Diptera Euthyneura gyllenhali x 322 66 Diptera Euthyneura myrtilli x 21 8 Diptera Hybos grossipes x 2 2 Diptera Leptopeza borealis x 3 3 Diptera Leptopeza flavipes x 1 1 Diptera Ocydromia glabricula x 1 1 Diptera Oedalea montana x 4 4

Diptera Oedalea stigmatella x 4 3 Diptera Oedalea zetterstedti x 42 21 Diptera Platypalpus boreoalpinus x 20 9 Diptera Platypalpus ciliaris x 4 4 Diptera Platypalpus exilis x 6 5 Diptera Platypalpus longicornis x 1 1 Diptera Platypalpus luteicornis x 1 1 Diptera Platypalpus luteus x 23 14 Diptera Platypalpus pectoralis x 1 1 Diptera Hybotidae Platypalpus sp. 1 1 Diptera Tachypeza nubila x 18 13 Diptera Lyciella platycephala x 490 67 Diptera Lyciella vittata x 1 1 Diptera Minettia longipennis x 1 1 Diptera Pachycerina seticornis x 1 1 Diptera Sapromyza hyalinata x 6 3 Diptera Sapromyza obscuripennis x 1 1 Diptera Limoniidae non det 166 38 Diptera Lonchaeidae Lonchaea sp. x 1 1 Diptera Protearomyia nigra x 1 1 Diptera Lonchoptera fallax x 16 11 Diptera Muscidae Coenosia albicornis MEIGEN, 1826 x 1 1 Diptera Muscidae non det 1 1 Diptera Phaonia rufiventris x 1 1 Diptera Phaonia villana x 1 1 Diptera Thricops semicinereus x 2 2 Diptera Mycetobiidae non det x 1 1 Diptera Mycetophilidae non det 98 39 Diptera Palloptera umbellatarum x 2 2 Diptera Taxoneura laetabilis x 2 2 Diptera Phoridae Gymnophora sp. x 1 1 Diptera Phoridae non det 138 43 Diptera Phalacrotophora berolinensis non detbeuki x 1 1 Diptera Phora tincta x 2 2 Diptera Neottiophilum praeustum x 1 1 Diptera Pipunculidae Chalarus sp. x 111 36 Diptera Nephrocerus lapponicus x 1 1 Diptera Pipunculidae non det 6 3 Diptera Agathomyia wankowiczii x 1 1 Diptera Callomyia amoena x 1 1 Diptera Psychodidae non det x 32 23 Diptera Ptiolina obscura x 1 1 Diptera Rhagio latipennis x 1 1 Diptera Rhagio maculatus x 1 1 Diptera Rhagio notatus x 8 7 Diptera Rhagio scolopaceus x 9 8 Diptera Rhagio strigosus x 1 1

Diptera Scatopsidae non det x 1 1 Diptera Sciaridae non det 839 70 Diptera Pherbellia annulipes x 1 1 Diptera Sciomyzidae Pherbellia sp. 5 5 Diptera Pherbellia steyskali x 10 8 Diptera Simuliidae non det 6 6 Diptera Coproica vagans x 1 1 Diptera Crumomyia glabrifrons x 1 1 Diptera Spelobia palmata x 1 1 Diptera Spelobia parapusio x 1 1 Diptera Spelobia rufilabris x 1 1 Diptera Sphaeroceridae Spelobia sp. 1 1 Diptera Brachypalpoides lentus x 1 1 Diptera Fagisyrphus cinctus x 1 1 Diptera Melanostoma mellinum x 1 1 Diptera Melanostoma scalare x 1 1 Diptera Pipiza quadrimaculata x 1 1 Diptera Syrphus torvus x 1 1 Diptera Tachinidae non det x 1 1 Diptera Thaumaleidae non det x 1 1 Diptera Tipulidae non det x 33 23 Heteroptera Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale x 4 2 Heteroptera Acompocoris sp. x 6 5 Heteroptera Anthocoris confusus x 1 1 Heteroptera Temnostethus pusillus x 1 1 Heteroptera Temnostethus sp. 25 7 Heteroptera Ischnodemus sabuleti x 1 1 Heteroptera Loricula sp. x 12 8 Heteroptera Atractotomus sp. x 30 14 Heteroptera Blepharidopterus angulatus x 4 3 Heteroptera Campyloneura virgula x 16 11 Heteroptera Closterotomus sp. x 11 7 Heteroptera Cremnocephalus alpestris x 2 2 Heteroptera Dichrooscytus intermedius x 1 1 Heteroptera Orthotylinae sp. 55 17 Heteroptera Phoenicocoris dissimilis x 1 1 Heteroptera Phylinae sp. 5 5 Heteroptera Phytocoris dimidiatus x 45 26 Heteroptera Phytocoris longipennis x 53 29 Heteroptera Phytocoris tiliae x 1 1 Heteroptera Pinalitus cervinus x 1 1 Heteroptera Psallus ambiguus x 9 4 Heteroptera Psallus varians x 277 61 Heteroptera Nabis rugosum x 1 1 Heteroptera Pentatoma rufipes x 48 28 Hymenoptera BOLDAAH7553 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BOLDAAK9450 x 1 1

Hymenoptera BOLDAAL4293 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BOLDAAX8164 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BOLDABV9762 x 1 1 Hymenoptera HymenopteraohneBIN 8 8 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA5825 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA7636 x 5 5 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA7795 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA7797 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA8466 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAA9386 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAD4685 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAG0698 x 3 3 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAG1238 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAG1246 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAG6199 x 16 16 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAH3151 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAI4137 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAM7357 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAN8654 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAS0606 x 28 28 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAW2982 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDAAZ9356 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDABZ3101 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDABZ5623 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACB6925 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACC4539 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACC6631 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACD7632 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACE7616 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACE8790 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACF7755 x 3 3 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACF9645 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACG5294 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACG8625 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACI4526 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACI5046 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACI8920 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACJ0484 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACJ8714 x 4 4 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACM7215 x 7 7 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACM7216 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACO6592 x 8 8 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACO9237 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACP8871 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACQ9771 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACT9216 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU0751 x 1 1

Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU0781 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU0909 x 6 6 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU0924 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1111 x 3 3 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1225 x 25 25 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1317 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1707 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1708 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1709 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1784 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1786 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1787 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1853 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU1920 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2049 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2065 x 4 4 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2307 x 12 12 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2312 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2315 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2316 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2407 x 3 3 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2470 x 8 8 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2471 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2477 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2540 x 2 2 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2560 x 36 36 Hymenoptera BraconidaeBOLDACU2615 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU0905 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU0906 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU2065 x 65 65 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU2315 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU2316 x 3 3 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeBOLDACU2560 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeCheloninaeohneBIN 4 4 Hymenoptera BraconidaeMicrogastrinaeBOLDAAG0698 x 1 1 Hymenoptera BraconidaeohneBIN 31 31 Hymenoptera CeraphronidaeAphanogmusohneBIN x 3 3 Hymenoptera CeraphronidaeohneBIN 36 36 Hymenoptera CynipidaeBOLDACD7157 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDAAG7876 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDAAG7877 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDAAG8164 x 3 3 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDAAM7487 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACC0804 x 3 3 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACC1835 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACC1837 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACC1986 x 1 1

Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACC4369 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACG4055 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACG4056 x 4 4 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACH2466 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACH3983 x 3 3 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACI4064 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACI4172 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACI4375 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACI4524 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACM1000 x 4 4 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACO8735 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACR3837 x 4 4 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU1050 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU1134 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU1243 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU1498 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU1661 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU2017 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU2378 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeBOLDACU2552 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DiapriidaeohneBIN 14 14 Hymenoptera DryinidaeBOLDABX2388 x 3 3 Hymenoptera DryinidaeBOLDACM4850 x 1 1 Hymenoptera DryinidaeBOLDACP0528 x 2 2 Hymenoptera DryinidaeohneBIN 66 66 Hymenoptera EncyrtidaeBOLDACU2302 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EncyrtidaeBOLDACU2537 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EncyrtidaeMetaphycusohneBIN x 1 1 Hymenoptera EncyrtidaeohneBIN 5 5 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDAAE2643 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDAAE9216 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDAAM3113 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACB7006 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACB7696 x 3 3 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACR0898 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACS7297 x 6 6 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1323 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1324 x 4 4 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1598 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1607 x 4 4 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1724 x 7 7 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU1876 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU2502 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeBOLDACU2503 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EulophidaeohneBIN 24 24 Hymenoptera EupelmidaeEupelminaeBOLDACA3884 x 1 1 Hymenoptera EurytomidaeohneBIN x 1 1

Hymenoptera FigitidaeBOLDAAU8950 x 3 3 Hymenoptera FigitidaeBOLDACI4065 x 1 1 Hymenoptera FigitidaeBOLDACT9928 x 3 3 Hymenoptera FigitidaeBOLDACU1098 x 2 2 Hymenoptera FigitidaeBOLDACU1206 x 1 1 Hymenoptera FigitidaeEucoilinaeBOLDACF6281 x 1 1 Hymenoptera FigitidaeohneBIN 4 4 Hymenoptera FormicidaeBOLDAAA2372 x 30 30 Hymenoptera FormicidaeBOLDAAA4978 x 1 1 Hymenoptera FormicidaeBOLDAAD0304 x 5 5 Hymenoptera FormicidaeBOLDAAI6519 x 4 4 Hymenoptera FormicidaeBOLDACF2646 x 3 3 Hymenoptera FormicidaeohneBIN 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAA9338 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAB1188 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAF0574 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAG0956 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAH1696 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAI2796 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAI5295 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAI5591 x 14 14 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAK1945 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAN3965 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAN8142 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAN8654 x 3 3 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAU9767 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAX5466 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAX7524 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAZ8135 x 15 15 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDAAZ9003 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABA8667 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABU6463 x 6 6 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABU6925 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABU7025 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABU9166 x 19 19 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABV0833 x 8 8 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABV3391 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABV4973 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABW3340 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDABW3360 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC0117 x 5 5 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC0300 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC0727 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC0798 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC2972 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC4211 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC4485 x 5 5

Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC4680 x 3 3 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC4696 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC4770 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACC7954 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACE0808 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACF1312 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACF3494 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG3448 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG3740 x 6 6 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG3907 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG3909 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG4851 x 38 38 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG5109 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG5352 x 3 3 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG5442 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG6508 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACG8211 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACH2062 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACJ7548 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACL6743 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACL6838 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACL7455 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACL9273 x 6 6 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACP7761 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACP7847 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACP8043 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACP9542 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACP9628 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACQ8976 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACR4810 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACR6203 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACT9060 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACT9626 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU0117 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU0916 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU0967 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1047 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1048 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1080 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1100 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1175 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1476 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1693 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1834 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1835 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1836 x 2 2 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU1902 x 2 2

Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU2084 x 11 11 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU2200 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU2214 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU2300 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACU2303 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeBOLDACV1531 x 1 1 Hymenoptera IchneumonidaeohneBIN 22 22 Hymenoptera MegaspilidaeohneBIN 12 12 Hymenoptera MymaridaeBOLDABV2681 x 1 1 Hymenoptera MymaridaeohneBIN 2 2 Hymenoptera PamphiliidaeBOLDAAF1967 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDAAG7886 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDAAG7999 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDABU6402 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACC2661 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACC4563 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACC5622 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACF9217 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACF9219 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACI4529 x 3 3 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACJ0940 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACO4173 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACP3714 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACP6143 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACP8135 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU0888 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU0889 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU1015 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU1139 x 4 4 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU1238 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeBOLDACU2548 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PlatygastridaeohneBIN 15 15 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDAAU9771 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACC0804 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACF6347 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACI4514 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACT9257 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACT9587 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU0123 x 11 11 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU0990 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU1354 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU1790 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU1909 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU2123 x 2 2 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU2222 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU2277 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU2446 x 1 1

Hymenoptera PteromalidaeBOLDACU2549 x 1 1 Hymenoptera PteromalidaeohneBIN 26 26 Hymenoptera TenthredinidaeBOLDAAG3571 x 1 1 Hymenoptera TenthredinidaeBOLDAAI0002 x 1 1 Hymenoptera TenthredinidaeBOLDAAL4293 x 1 1 Hymenoptera TenthredinidaeBOLDABX2771 x 1 1 Hymenoptera TorymidaeBOLDACU0123 x 1 1 Hymenoptera TorymidaeMegastigminaeBOLDACQ9719 x 2 2 Anthoseius cf toruli x 4 4 Mesostigmata Gamasina sp. 1 x 1 1 Mesostigmata Geholaspis cf longispinosus x 1 1 Mesostigmata Macrocheles cf glaber x 2 2 Mesostigmata Mesostigmata juvenil x 6 6 Mesostigmata Pachylaelaps cf vexillifer x 1 1 Mesostigmata Pergamasinae sp. 1 x 1 1 Mesostigmata Pergamasus sp. 1 x 1 1 Mesostigmata Phytoseiinae sp. 1 x 3 2 Mesostigmata Phytoseiinae sp. 2 x 1 1 Mesostigmata Zerconopsis michaeli x 20 1 Metastigmata Ixodes spp. x 4 3 Opiliones Mitopus morio x 4 4 Opiliones Platybunus pinetorum x 2 2 Acrogalumna longipluma x 1 1 Oribatida Adoristes ovatus x 3 1 Oribatida Belba bartoši x 1 1 Oribatida Camisia segnis x 105 29 Oribatida Carabodes areolatus x 1 1 Oribatida Carabodes labyrinthicus x 13 6 Oribatida Carabodes marginatus x 1 1 Oribatida Carabodes reticulatus x 1 1 Oribatida Carabodes rugosior x 1 1 Oribatida Cepheus cepheiformis x 3 3 Oribatida Cepheus dentatus x 7 5 Oribatida Chamobates borealis x 1 1 Oribatida Chamobates spinosus x 3 2 Oribatida Chamobates voigtsi x 3 3 Oribatida Cymbaeremaeus cymba x 47 27 Oribatida Diapterobates humeralis x 1 1 Oribatida Dometorina plantivaga x 4 2 Oribatida Eueremaeus silvestris x 2 2 Oribatida Eupelops acromios x 5 5 Oribatida Euphthiracarus cribrarius x 6 1 Oribatida Hermannia gibba x 1 1 Oribatida juvenile Oribatida 18 10 Oribatida Liacarus coracinus x 3 2 Oribatida Mycobates parmeliae x 6 4 Oribatida Ommatocepheus ocellatus x 2 1

Oribatida Oribatella calcarata x 15 8 Oribatida Oribatella quadricornuta x 5 4 Oribatida Oribatida 2 2 Oribatida Phauloppia lucorum x 16 8 Oribatida Phauloppia nemoralis x 3 3 Oribatida Phthiracarus laevigatus x 12 5 Oribatida Phthiracarus sp.1 x 27 11 Oribatida Phthiracarus sp.2 x 1 1 Oribatida Scheloribates initialis x 1 1 Oribatida Scheloribates pallidulus x 1 1 Oribatida Siculobata leontonycha x 2 1 Oribatida Steganacarus spinosus x 4 3 Oribatida Trichoribates trimaculatus x 2 2 Oribatida Zygoribatula exilis x 1 1 Prostigmata 58 18 Sternorrhyncha Acyrthosiphon malvae x 2 2 Sternorrhyncha Aphis punicae x 4 1 Sternorrhyncha Aulacorthum solani x 12 1 Sternorrhyncha Cavariella pastinacae x 9 1 Sternorrhyncha Cinara pectinatae x 435 18 Sternorrhyncha Cinara pilicornis x 437 19 Sternorrhyncha Drepanosiphum oregonensis x 445 22 Sternorrhyncha Elatobium abietinum x 1052 29 Sternorrhyncha Forda marginata x 2 1 Sternorrhyncha Macrosiphum rosae x 5 1 Sternorrhyncha Metopolophium dirhodum x 20 2 Sternorrhyncha Pachypappa x 27 4 Sternorrhyncha Periphyllus acericola x 11 1 Sternorrhyncha Phorodon humuli x 17 1 Sternorrhyncha Phyllaphis fagi x 2285 61

Model structure of the confirmatory path analyses for total species richness using the package piecewiseSEM

total.modlist <- list( lme(VDR ~ elevation + solar_radiation, random = ~1|Plot, data = fogging), lme(canopy_height ~ elevation + solar_radiation, random = ~1|Plot, data = fogging), glmer(abundance ~ VDR + elevation + solar_radiation + canopy_height + (1|Plot) + (1|Obs), family=poisson, data = fogging), glmer(species ~ log(abundance) + VDR + elevation + solar_radiation + canopy_height + (1|Plot) + (1|Obs), family=poisson, data = fogging)) rsquared(total.modlist, aicc = TRUE) sem.coefs(total.modlist, fogging)

Figure A4. Spline (cross-)correlogram estimated with the function spline.correlog in the package ncf for the spatial data of the residuals of the models used in the path analyses. (A) For species: generalized linear mixed model with abundance, VDR, maximum tree height, elevation and solar radiation as fixed factors, plot as random factor and an observation-specific random factor to control for overdispersion; i.e. the same model was used in the confirmatory path analyses. (B) For abundance: generalized linear mixed model with VDR, maximum tree height, elevation and solar radiation as fixed factors, plot as random factor and an observation-specific random factor to control for overdispersion; the same model was used in the confirmatory path analyses. Note that in both graphs, confidence bands include the zero line, which indicates spatial independency of the residuals of the models.