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Oregon Historic Trails Report Book (1998)
i ,' o () (\ ô OnBcox HrsroRrc Tnans Rpponr ô o o o. o o o o (--) -,J arJ-- ö o {" , ã. |¡ t I o t o I I r- L L L L L (- Presented by the Oregon Trails Coordinating Council L , May,I998 U (- Compiled by Karen Bassett, Jim Renner, and Joyce White. Copyright @ 1998 Oregon Trails Coordinating Council Salem, Oregon All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Oregon Historic Trails Report Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Project history 3 Introduction to Oregon's Historic Trails 7 Oregon's National Historic Trails 11 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail I3 Oregon National Historic Trail. 27 Applegate National Historic Trail .41 Nez Perce National Historic Trail .63 Oregon's Historic Trails 75 Klamath Trail, 19th Century 17 Jedediah Smith Route, 1828 81 Nathaniel Wyeth Route, t83211834 99 Benjamin Bonneville Route, 1 833/1 834 .. 115 Ewing Young Route, 1834/1837 .. t29 V/hitman Mission Route, 184l-1847 . .. t4t Upper Columbia River Route, 1841-1851 .. 167 John Fremont Route, 1843 .. 183 Meek Cutoff, 1845 .. 199 Cutoff to the Barlow Road, 1848-1884 217 Free Emigrant Road, 1853 225 Santiam Wagon Road, 1865-1939 233 General recommendations . 241 Product development guidelines 243 Acknowledgements 241 Lewis & Clark OREGON National Historic Trail, 1804-1806 I I t . .....¡.. ,r la RivaÌ ï L (t ¡ ...--."f Pðiräldton r,i " 'f Route description I (_-- tt |". -
Historical Conditions
Lower Owyhee Watershed Assessment Lower Owyhee Watershed Assessment IV. Historical Conditions © Owyhee Watershed Council and Scientific Ecological Services Contents A. Pre-contact 6. Oregon Trail roadside conditions B. At contact Owyhee to the Malheur 1. The journals 7. Conclusions 2. The effect of trapping on conditions D. Early settlement 3. General description of the Owyhee 1. Discovery of gold country side 2. Description of the environment 4. Vegetation a. Willows a. Few trees 3. Introduction of resource based b. Willow industries c. Other vegetation a. Livestock industry 5. Fires b. Farming 6. Game c. Salmon a. Lack of big game d. Timber b. Antelope 4. Water c. Deer 5. Roads d. Bison a. Willamette Valley and Cascade e. Native consumption of game Mountain Military Wagon Road 7. Fish 6. Settlements 8. The Owyhee River 7. Effects of livestock 9. River fluctuation 8. Changes and constants 10. Land E. End of the nineteenth century, early twenti- C. Oregon trail travelers eth century 1. General description 1. Mining 2. Climate 2. Grazing Pressure 3. Vegetation 3. Fauna a. Grass and shrubs 4. Fish b. No trees 5. Vegetation 4. Wildlife 6. Geology 5. Fish 7. Settlements IV.1 Lower Owyhee Watershed Assessment Historical Conditions Pre Euro-American contact 8. Farming and the first irrigation along the f. Livestock lower Owyhee River g. Turkeys 9. River functioning h. Moonshine 10. Watson Area i. Watson water use a. People j. Attitude to the dam b. Roads 11. Water use - below dam c. Vegetation 12. Water on the range d. Climate 13. Taylor Grazing Act e. -
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OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY Audrey Breeding, President Constance Cary, Secretary Bob Mackensen, Vice President Phyllis Smith, Treasurer DIRECTORS Bonnie Ayers–2001* Bob Mackensen-2002 Audrey Breeding–1997 Steve Perry-1994 Constance Cary-1987 Cynthia Pfiester-2004 Tom Crowhurst-1997 Margaret Pursch-2002 Bud Doty-2002 John Reische-2000 Dorothy Ettl-2000 Miles Shafer-2004 Bruce Harter-1991 Phyllis Smith-2000 Helen Heenan-1996 Bill Stenquist-2004 *The year the director joined the Board. The Bulletin is published quarterly by the Historical Society in Yuba City, California. Editors are Sharyl Simmons and Phyllis Smith. Payment of annual membership dues provides you with a subscription to the Bulletin and the Museum’s Muse News and membership in both the Society and the Museum. The 2006 dues are payable as of January 1, 2006. Mail your check to the Community Memorial Museum at P. O. Box 1555, Yuba City, 95992-1555. 530-822-7141 Student (under 18)/ Senior Citizen/Library ...................................... $ 15 Individual .............................................................................. $ 20 Organizations/Clubs .................................................................. $ 30 Family .................................................................................. $ 35 Business/Sponsor ..................................................................... $ 100 Corporate/Benefactor ............................................................... $1000 President’s Message Continuity and our own sense of history benefited greatly -
Environmental Degradation, Resource War, Irrigation and the Transformation of Culture on Idaho's Snake River Plain, 1805--1927
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 12-2011 Newe country: Environmental degradation, resource war, irrigation and the transformation of culture on Idaho's Snake River plain, 1805--1927 Sterling Ross Johnson University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Military History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Johnson, Sterling Ross, "Newe country: Environmental degradation, resource war, irrigation and the transformation of culture on Idaho's Snake River plain, 1805--1927" (2011). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/2838925 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEWE COUNTRY: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, RESOURCE WAR, IRRIGATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION -
CTUIR Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and Lower
Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Cultural Resources Protection Program Report prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee CAYUSE, UMATILLAANDWALLA WALLA TRIBES November 16, 2020 CONFEDERATED TRIBES of the Umatilla Indian Reservation 46411 Timíne Way PENDLETON, OREGON TREATY JUNE 9, 1855 REDACTED FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION Traditional Use Study of Willamette Falls and the Lower Columbia River by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Prepared by Jennifer Karson Engum, Ph.D. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Department of Natural Resources Cultural Resources Protection Program 46411 Timíne Way Pendleton, Oregon 97801 Prepared for CTUIR Board of Trustees Fish and Wildlife Commission Cultural Resources Committee November 16, 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Umatilla (Imatalamłáma), Cayuse (Weyíiletpu), and Walla Walla (Walúulapam) peoples, who comprise the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR), have traveled throughout the west, including to the lower Columbia and Willamette Rivers and to Willamette Falls, to exercise their reserved treaty rights to hunt, fish, and gather the traditional subsistence resources known as the First Foods. They have been doing so since time immemorial, an important indigenous concept which describes a time continuum that spans from ancient times to present day. In post- contact years, interactions expanded to include explorers, traders and missionaries, who brought with them new opportunities for trade and intermarriage as well as the devastating circumstances brought by disease, warfare, and the reservation era. Through cultural adaptation and uninterrupted treaty rights, the CTUIR never ceased to continue to travel to the lower Columbia and Willamette River and falls for seasonal traditional practice and for other purposes. -
From the Sierra to the Sea the Ecological History of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Watershed
From the Sierra to the Sea The Ecological History of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Watershed © 1998 The Bay Institute of San Francisco Second printing, July 2003 The Bay Institute of San Francisco is a non-profit research and advocacy organization which works to protect and restore the ecosystem of the San Francisco Bay/Delta estuary and its watershed. Since 1981, the Institute’s policy and technical staff have led programs to protect water quality and endangered species, reform state and federal water management, and promote comprehensive ecological restoration in the Bay/Delta. Copies of this report can be ordered for $40.00 (includes shipping and handling) from: The Bay Institute of San Francisco 500 Palm Drive Novato, CA 94949 Phone: (415) 506-0150 Fax: (415) 506-0155 www.bay.org The cover is taken from an engraving showing the entrance to the middle fork of the Sacramento River near modern-day Steamboat Slough, in C. Ringgold’s 1852 series of navigational charts and sailing directions for San Francisco Bay and Delta. Printed on recycled paper From the Sierra to the Sea The Ecological History of the San Francisco Bay-Delta Watershed July 1998 The Bay Institute FROM THE SIERRA TO THE SEA: THE ECOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY-DELTA WATERSHED Table of Contents Page CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................... ES-1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION I. Background....................................................................................................... -
Increasing Precipitation Volatility in Twenty-First-Century California
ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0140-y Increasing precipitation volatility in twenty-first- century California Daniel L. Swain 1,2*, Baird Langenbrunner3,4, J. David Neelin3 and Alex Hall3 Mediterranean climate regimes are particularly susceptible to rapid shifts between drought and flood—of which, California’s rapid transition from record multi-year dryness between 2012 and 2016 to extreme wetness during the 2016–2017 winter pro- vides a dramatic example. Projected future changes in such dry-to-wet events, however, remain inadequately quantified, which we investigate here using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble of climate model simulations. Anthropogenic forcing is found to yield large twenty-first-century increases in the frequency of wet extremes, including a more than threefold increase in sub-seasonal events comparable to California’s ‘Great Flood of 1862’. Smaller but statistically robust increases in dry extremes are also apparent. As a consequence, a 25% to 100% increase in extreme dry-to-wet precipitation events is pro- jected, despite only modest changes in mean precipitation. Such hydrological cycle intensification would seriously challenge California’s existing water storage, conveyance and flood control infrastructure. editerranean climate regimes are renowned for their dis- however, has suggested an increased likelihood of wet years20–23 tinctively dry summers and relatively wet winters—a glob- and subsequent flood risk9,24 in California—which is consistent ally unusual combination1. Such climates generally occur with broader theoretical and model-based findings regarding the M 25 near the poleward fringe of descending air in the subtropics, where tendency towards increasing precipitation intensity in a warmer semi-permanent high-pressure systems bring stable conditions dur- (and therefore moister) atmosphere26,27. -
Northern Shoshoni Intertribal Trade and Fur Trade
IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY REFERENCE SERIES NORTHERN SHOSHONI INTERTRIBAL TRADE AND FUR TRADE Number 490 1978 In the broad valley of the Snake, two centers of Northern Shoshoni occupation held special importance over a long period of time. Late in the years of the fur trade, each of these had a post of importance: Fort Hall and Fort Boise. Around later Fort Hall, in the vicinity where Blackfoot, Ross Fork, the Portneuf, and Bannock Creek meet the Snake River, horse-owning Indians had an exceptionally good base of operations if they didn't mind the hordes of mosquitoes too much. Here the Fort Hall Shoshoni and Bannock bands maintained their horse herds in luxury. Farther west, in a zone where the Boise, Owyhee, Malheur, Payette, and Weiser rivers all flow into the Snake, the Northern Shoshoni had an important trading center during salmon season long before the Hudson's Bay Company built Fort Boise. Here the Northern Shoshoni met other Indian peoples from a broad western area for a great intertribal fair during salmon fishing season. Nez Perce and Walla Walla horses, Northern Paiute obsidian arrowheads, Pacific Coast ornamental seashells (brought in by Umatilla and Cayuse intermediaries), and Shoshoni buffalo hides and meat from the eastern plains were bartered there year after year. In addition, Cheyenne and Arapaho bands dragged superior cedar tipi poles from Colorado by the hundreds, and Crows came from Wyoming in search of wives. So did many others: the entire festival formed a grand marriage market as well as a horse market and general trade fair. -
FORT HALL on the SAPTIN RIVER* Embraced in the Component Parts
FORT HALL ON THE SAPTIN RIVER* Embraced in the component parts of modern civilization there are three potent factors :-eivil government, commerce and religion. These elements are frequently symbolized by the flag, the dollar mark and the Cross respectively. Their advent into the territory that now con stitutes the state of Idaho occurred when the limits of Old Oregon extended from the Pacific ocean, along the 42nd parallel to a point 18 miles northeast of Rawlins, Wyo., thence along the continental divide to the Arctic ocean. Their coming was hand in hand, the first and last under the protection of the second, a relative position, some contend, that they occupy even to this day. They made their first stand on the east bank of the Saptin, afterwards known as the Lewis, and now by the name of Snake river,l at a point six miles above the mouth of the Portneuf, 20 miles above American Falls, and 1,288 miles out of Independence, Mo., on the Oregon Trail. Strictly speaking, both the flag and sign of commerce had been seen before in Idaho, but here was the first manifestation of the Christian faith in all the vast territory of old Oregon. The first American flag to enter the state of Idaho was a small one borne by George Drewyer (Drouillard), the interpreter of the Lewis and Clark expedition, who, together with Captain Meriwether Lewis, and John Shields, entered what is now the state of Idaho, about 4 o'clock in the afternoon of Monday, Aug. 12, 1805. Not only was this the first flag, but it was the first foot print to be made by a white man in the state, and the place of this interesting event appears to have been at a point about 12 miles east of Sunfield, Lemhi county. -
Kanaka World Travelers and Fur Company Employees, 1785-1860
Kanaka World Travelers and Fur Company Employees, 1785-1860 Janice K. Duncan Chinese, Japanese, and Negroes were not the only minority racial groups represented in the early history of Oregon Country (which included Oregon, Washington, parts of Idaho and Montana). Before approximately i860 many foreigners in the area were Hawaiian Islanders, called Sandwich Islanders, Owhyees and, most frequently, Kanakas. Hawaii was discovered in 1778 by Captain James Cook, who named the islands after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. Within less than a decade after Cook's discovery the Islands had become a regular stop for merchant and whaling vessels needing fresh water and provisions, and many crew members remained in the newly discovered paradise.1 Cook's discovery also brought the natives of Hawaii a new outlet for their curiosity and for their excellent abilities on the sea. The ships that stopped in the Islands often were looking for additions to their crews, either as seamen or as personal servants for the officers or for the wives of merchant captains who often accompanied their husbands.2 In May 1787, the British ship Imperial Eagle took aboard an Hawaiian woman, to be the personal servant of the captain's wife, and she became the first recorded Islander to leave her homeland.3 In China the captain's wife decided to travel on to Europe, and Winee was left behind to return to the Islands. She found passage on the Nootka, then in the China Sea, and met an Hawaiian chief, Kaiona (Tianna), who had agreed to accom- pany John Meares aboard the Nootka when it left the Islands in August 1787.* There were two other Kanakas who boarded the Nootka with Winee. -
Newsletter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, Idaho Chapter
Trail Dust Newsletter of the Oregon-California Trails Association, Idaho Chapter Vol. XXXII Issue 3 Nancy Briggs, Editor, Fall 2020 Contents Calendar 1 Message from the President 2 Main Oregon Trail Back Country Byway 3 Visit to Old Fort Boise 8 What is the Old Fort Boise Statue? 10 Diaries Across Idaho 13 IOCTA Officers and Directors 14 Tentative Calendar of Events Nov 14th 2020 Colorado Chapter Zoom Event by Jeff Broome : Indian Raids and Massacres. April 17th 2021 (tentative) Main Oregon Trail Back Country Byway Tour May 1st 2021 OCTA Board Meeting (probably virtual) May 8th 2021 IOCTA Spring Meeting & Tour, tba October 9th 2021 IOCTA Fall Meeting & Tour, tba 1 Message from the President By Jerry Eichhorst Our fall chapter meeting was held as a Zoom meeting on Saturday, October 10. The meeting turned out fine, but I missed seeing everyone in person. Congratulations go to chapter Vice-President John Briggs who has stepped up to be the national OCTA Vice-President and will become national President in a year. He will be the first person from Idaho to be national President of OCTA. John’s promotion required shuffling and adjusting of positions and people with the following slate being elected or agreeing to serve in appointed positions: • President Jerry Eichhorst • Vice-President East Don Wind • Vice-President West Paul Dinwiddie • Secretary Dave Price • Treasurer Dan Dunne • Board of Directors (Central Idaho) Betty and Pedro Celaya • Preservation Officer East Don Wind • Preservation Officer West Dave Price • Trail Dust Editor Nancy Briggs • Webmaster Jerry Eichhorst It was agreed by the leadership team before the meeting that the Historian position was no longer needed in today’s digital world. -
The Old Oregon Trail—The World's Most Historical Highway
7(7.).7JE The Old Oregon Trail—The World's Most Historical Highway The history of the Old Oregon Trail is a story of the great big out of doors, a tale of the hills, a story of human endeavor, suffering, privation, determination, and final accomplishment. Remarks of o Adcason of Idaho in the House of Representatives Tuesday, January 13, 1925 Washington Government Printing Office 1925 20381-1551 EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF HON. ADDISON T. SMITH Mr. SMITH. Mr. Speaker, on the 31St of March last I in- troduced Joint Resolution 232, to provide for designating the route of the Old Oregon Trail, which is as follows: Joint resolution to provide for designating the route of the Old Oregon Trail Whereas the Old Oregon Trail, which originated at Missouri River points and traversed half a continent, and was the route over which the " great migration of covered wagons and ox teams went in 1843 and saved the Oregon country to the United States, and over which for many years the homeseckers and empire builders went in great numbers and made a great producing territory out of what was for- msrly a wilderness ; and Whereas the Oregon country at that time consisted of all that territory between the summit of the Rocky Mountains and the shores of the Pacific Ocean and between the California and Canadian borders, and was held under a joint sovereignty of England and the United States, and whose fate for all time was settled by the migration of 1843, when approximately 1,000 American men and Women laced the perils of the desert and the wilderness to carve out