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Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in Northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): Morphological and Taxonomic Studies

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Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in Northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): Morphological and Taxonomic Studies BIBLIOTECA JOSÉ JERÓNIMO TRIANA No. 24 The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies DIEGO GIRALDO-CAÑAS, PAUL M. PETERSON & ISIDORO SÁNCHEZ VEGA The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies DIEGO GIRALDO-CAÑAS, PAUL M. PETERSON & ISIDORO SÁNCHEZ VEGA Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana No. 24 del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Junio de 2012 Catalogación en la publicación Universidad Nacional de Colombia Giraldo Cañas, Diego Alonso, 1966- The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) : morphological and taxonomic studies / Diego Giraldo- Cañas, Paul M. Peterson, Isidoro Sánchez Vega. – Bogotá : Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, 2012 196 p., 5 cuadros. – (Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana ; no. 24) Incluye referencias bibliográficas ISBN : 978-958-761-266-0 1. Eragrostis 2. Flora de Colombia 3. Flora de Ecuador 4. Flora de Perú 5. Gramíneas neotropicales I. Peterson, Paul M., 1954- II. Sánchez Vega, Isidoro1938- III. Tít. IV.Serie CDD-21 584.9098 / 2012 THE GENUS ERAGROSTIS (POACEAE: CHLORIDOIDEAE) IN NORTHWESTERN SOUTH AMERICA (COLOMBIA, ECUADOR, AND PERU): MORPHOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES Prohibida la reproducción, total o parcial, por cualquier medio sin la autorización escrita del titular de los derechos patrimoniales. © Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. © Diego Giraldo-Cañas, Paul M. Peterson, Isidoro Sánchez Vega ISBN : 978-958-761-266-0 Director del Instituto: Jaime Aguirre Ceballos Comité Editorial JJT: Jaime Aguirre Ceballos, Jaime Uribe, F. Gary Stiles Diseño y Diagramación: Liliana Aguilar Impreso y hecho en Bogotá, Colombia. La Dirección del Instituto y el Comité Editorial quieren rescatar los siguientes puntos respecto a la colección: 1. La Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana está destinada a la publicación de trabajos de interés general en el campo de las Ciencias Naturales, que por su índole o extensión, no se ajustan a las normas previstas para las otras publicaciones del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. 2. Las colaboraciones serán expresamente solicitadas por el Director quien se reserva el derecho de aceptarlas. Una vez aceptadas, su publicación depende de las apropiaciones presupuestales que la Universidad Nacional de Colombia destine para las publicaciones del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales o de eventuales subsidios que puedan ser aportados para ello. 3. Las ediciones aparecerán a intervalos irregulares, sin plazo fijo. Como ha sido norma de la Institución y por regla gerneral, los trabajos se publican de acuerdo con el turno en que son recibidos, pero el Director podrá adelantar o posponer turnos dando prelación a los que considere de mayor urgencia. 4. La autoría, concerniente a las materias que se publiquen en la colección José Jerónimo Triana, asó como la responsabilidad resultante de los conceptos, tesis y conclusiones de cualquier índole en que ellas se expresen recaen exclusivamente en correspondencia del autor. En lo posible se respetará el estilo literario del manuscrito original. Cítese como: Giraldo Cañas, D., P.M. Peterson and I. Sánchez Vega. The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chlo- ridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies. 2012. Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana No. 24. Universidad Nacional de Co- lombia. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. 194 pp. THE AUTHORS: DIEGO GIRALDO-CAÑAS1, PAUL M. PETERSON2 & ISIDORO SÁNCHEZ VEGA3 1 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. 3 Departamento de Biología, Herbario CPUN, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Apartado 55, Cajamarca, Perú. CONTENTS Presentation 13 Abstract 15 RESUMEN 16 INTRODUCTION 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Macromorphological analyses ....................................................................................................23 Micromorphological analyses .....................................................................................................23 Phytoliths ....................................................................................................................................................23 Reproductive structures ...............................................................................................................................23 Microscopy ..................................................................................................................................................23 Micromorphological and anatomical terminology ......................................................................................24 Species concept ...........................................................................................................................................24 Ant samples .................................................................................................................................................24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27 Phytoliths ....................................................................................................................................27 Silica bodies ................................................................................................................................................27 Long cells ....................................................................................................................................................27 Short cells ....................................................................................................................................................27 Stomatal complexes ....................................................................................................................................27 Macrohairs...................................................................................................................................................27 Microhairs ...................................................................................................................................................27 Prickle hairs .................................................................................................................................................27 Papillae ........................................................................................................................................................27 Glands .........................................................................................................................................27 An overview of glands in grasses................................................................................................................27 Microhairs (bicellular trichomes) in Eragrostis ..........................................................................................31 Multicellular glands (extrafloral nectaries) inEragrostis ...........................................................................33 Spikelet morphology ...................................................................................................................39 Caryopsis morphology ................................................................................................................45 Diversity of species of Eragrostis in northwestern South America ............................................56 Ecology and geographic distribution ..........................................................................................57 Economic importance .................................................................................................................58 Taxonomic treatment...................................................................................................................61 Eragrostis Wolf ...........................................................................................................................................61 Etymology ...................................................................................................................................................61 Base chromosome number and levels of ploidy .........................................................................................61 Monophyly of Eragrostis ............................................................................................................................62 Biochemical features ...................................................................................................................................62 The subtribe Eragrostidinae ........................................................................................................................62 Key to separate Eragrostis and Steirachne .................................................................................................63 Infrageneric classification ...........................................................................................................................63
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