Debunking Human Evolution Taught in Our Public Schools
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DEBUNKING HUMAN EVOLUTION TAUGHT IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS A Guidebook for Christian Students, Parents, and Pastors Daniel A. Biddle, Ph.D., David A. Bisbee, & Jerry Bergman, Ph.D. Copyright © 2016 by Genesis Apologetics, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.genesisapologetics.com: A 501(c)(3) ministry equipping youth pastors, parents, and students with Biblical answers for evolutionary teaching in public schools. DEBUNKING HUMAN EVOLUTION TAUGHT IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS A Guidebook for Christian Students, Parents, and Pastors by Daniel A. Biddle, Ph.D., David A. Bisbee, & Jerry Bergman, Ph.D. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-1522950882 ISBN-10: 1522950885 All rights reserved solely by the author. The author guarantees all contents are original and do not infringe upon the legal rights of any other person or work. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the author. The views expressed in this book are not necessarily those of the publisher. Unless otherwise indicated, Bible quotations are taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved. The “NIV” and “New International Version” trademarks are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office by the International Bible Society. Use of either trademark requires the permission of the International Bible Society. Dedication To my wife, Jenny, who supports me in this work. To my children Makaela, Alyssa, Matthew, and Amanda, and to your children and your children’s children for a hundred generations—this book is for all of you. To Dave Bisbee and Mark Johnston, who planted the seeds and the passion for this work. We would like to acknowledge Answers in Genesis (www.answersingenesis.com), the Institute for Creation Research (www.ICR.org), and Creation Ministries International (www.creation.com). Much of the content herein has been drawn from (and is meant to be in alignment with) these Biblical Creation ministries. Guard what has been entrusted to you, avoiding worldly and empty chatter and the opposing arguments of what is falsely called “knowledge”—which some have professed and thus gone astray from the faith. Grace be with you. 1 Tim. 6:20–21 “This is the Lord’s doing; it is marvelous in our eyes.” — Psalm 118:23 v Contents About the Authors ...................................................................... 9 Introduction .............................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Differences between Apes and Humans ................. 16 Chapter 2: A Brief History of Human Evolution in Textbooks ................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Typical Ape-to-Human Progression in Public School Textbooks ..................................................................... 87 Chapter 4: What about the Different “Races” of People? ...... 113 Chapter 5: Are Humans and Chimps 98% Similar?............... 124 Chapter 6: How Modern Genetics Supports a Recent Creation .................................................................................. 147 Chapter 7: The Problem of Over-design for Darwinism ........ 152 Chapter 8: Vestigial Structures in Humans and Animals ...... 164 Chapter 9: Biblical Authority ................................................. 180 Conclusion ............................................................................. 187 Helpful Resources .................................................................. 190 Prayer of Salvation ................................................................. 191 Endnotes ................................................................................. 195 vii About the Authors Dr. Jerry Bergman has five Master’s degrees in the science, health, psychology, and biology fields, a Ph.D. in human biology from Columbia Pacific University, and a Ph.D. in measurement and evaluation from Wayne State University. Jerry has taught biology, genetics, chemistry, biochemistry, anthropology, geology, and microbiology at Northwest State Community College in Archbold Ohio for over thirty years. He is currently an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Toledo Medical School. He has over one thousand publications in twelve languages and thirty-two books and monographs, including Vestigial Organs Are Fully Functional; Slaughter of the Dissidents: The Shocking Truth About Killing the Careers of Darwin Doubters; The Dark Side of Darwin; Hitler and the Nazis Darwinian Worldview: How the Nazis Eugenic Crusade for a Superior Race Caused the Greatest Holocaust in World History and The Darwin Effect. Its influence on Nazism, Eugenics, Racism, Communism, Capitalism & Sexism. Professor Bergman has also taught at the Medical College of Ohio as a research associate in the Department of Experimental Pathology, at the University of Toledo, and at Bowling Green State University. Jerry is also a member of MENSA, a Fellow of the American Scientific Association, a member of The National Association for the Advancement of Science, and member of many other professional associations. He is listed in Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in the Midwest and in Who’s Who in Science and Religion. Dr. Daniel A. Biddle is president of Genesis Apologetics, Inc. a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to equipping youth pastors, parents, and students with Biblical answers for evolutionary teaching in public schools. Daniel has trained thousands of students in Biblical creation and evolution and is the author of several Creation-related publications. Daniel has a Ph.D. in 9 Organizational Psychology from Alliant University in San Francisco, California, an M.A. in Organizational Psychology from Alliant, and a B.S. in Organizational Behavior from the University of San Francisco. Daniel has worked as an expert consultant and/or witness in over one hundred state and federal cases in the areas of research methodologies and analysis. David A. Bisbee is the Vice President of Genesis Apologetics, Inc., a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that equips Christian students attending public schools and their parents with faith- building materials that reaffirm a Biblical creation worldview. Genesis Apologetics is committed to providing Christian families with Biblically- and scientifically-based answers to the evolutionary theory that students are taught in and public schools. Mr. Bisbee’s professional experience includes over twenty-five years in the field of energy efficiency. For the last fourteen years, he has been in charge of a research program which tests energy efficiency technologies in real-world environments. Mr. Bisbee has presented the results of these projects through numerous published reports and educational seminars throughout the United States. Dave’s ministry experience includes over ten years teaching Sunday school classes and creation science presentations. Dr. Jeffrey Tomkins has a Ph.D. in Genetics from Clemson University, a M.S. from the University of Idaho, and a B.S. from Washington State University. He was on the Faculty in the Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, for a decade, where he published fifty-seven secular research papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals and seven book chapters on genetics, genomics, proteomics, and physiology. For the past several years, Dr. Tomkins has been a Research Scientist at the Institute for Creation Research and an independent investigator publishing ten peer-reviewed creation science journal papers, numerous semi-technical articles, and two books including The Design and Complexity of the Cell. 10 Introduction This book is provided as part of our “Debunking Evolution” series, which includes books and videos that address the evolutionary topics that are covered in today’s public schools. While reading through this book, readers are encouraged to view our videos on address human evolution (available on our website: www.genesisapologetics.com). In science textbooks, the idea that human beings evolved from non-human, ape-like ancestors is treated as a plain, factual truth. This should not be surprising, as it actually stems from a larger tale that is being sold as science: that nature is all there is. Therefore, that story of “natural history” cannot include any sort of creation. If someone believes that nature is all that exists, then life arose without a Creator. This is the necessary conclusion to that story, in spite of the other evidence that is available. The idea that there is nothing besides nature is known as naturalism and goes at least all the way back to the Greeks. Evolution is not a new idea; it has been held by proponents of naturalism for as long as naturalism has been a philosophy. Lucretius, for instance, writing in the century before Christ, authored On the Nature of Things, which included his philosophy on the evolution of animals out of the earth and of man out of the animals. No matter what the evidence shows, if your presumption is that nature is all that there is, your conclusion will be something a lot like evolution. This type of thinking has led many otherwise excellent scientists astray. While it is true that humans and many apes share some remarkable similarities, the significant differences between them have often been papered over in order to give the illusion of continuity. Because the idea of evolution has become so entrenched within biology, many students are under the impression that