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Understanding Protest As a Form of Popular Participation in Water Governance: the Case of Madibeng Municipality, North West

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Understanding Protest As a Form of Popular Participation in Water Governance: the Case of Madibeng Municipality, North West COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). UNDERSTANDING PROTEST AS A FORM OF POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN WATER GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF MADIBENG MUNICIPALITY, NORTH WEST By EUNICE NTSHADIKO KHUMALO MA DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree MASTERS OF ARTS In DEVELOPMENT STUDIES At the FACULTY OF HUMANITIES At the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: Prof M. Galvin CO-SUPERVISOR: Dr L. Sinwell Submission date: January 2018 1 | P a g e ABSTRACT Natural freshwater is a precious resource, without which there is no human life. However, much of the literature on water indicates a tendency of people to overexploit this resource arguing that they exacerbate its likelihood of scarcity in the nearer future. Post 1994, the government has sought ways to manage water properly thus passing new laws and policies in this regard. Of significant importance is the Bill of Rights which was established in 1994 and calls for the protection of human rights, including water, stressing that every South African citizen has the right to access water. Ideally, every household is entitled to 6 kilolitres of water a month. However, the scenario is different for villages that fall within Madibeng Municipality in the Northwest Province, particularly Mothutlung, where four people died in 2014 while fighting for their right to access clean drinking water. This research explores the historical processes in which Mothutlung residents engaged their municipality, and how some of the failed engagements led to service delivery protests by the residents. Mothutlung is a small township located at Brits, in the North West Province. Understanding the history of this township is fundamental in highlighting the implications of apartheid in Mothutlung, thus illustrating how the present situation is a reflection of the apartheid era. In essence, investigation into the history of Mothutlung is vital for understanding the present inconsistencies in service delivery between the various townships falling within the municipality and how they were shaped by the previous oppressive system. Understanding the history of the township also aids in tracing and understanding how and when protests were enacted. Using qualitative research methods, a total of eighteen participants were interviewed, including a municipal official, the councillor and Mothutlung residents. The research discovered that, although the major protest over water occurred in January 2014, the issue began in 2010 when residents had to make means to fetch water at their local mine and in areas as far as Ga-Rankuwa which is 15 kilometres away from Mothutlung. Residents stated that the protest was mainly triggered by corruption within their municipality as they learnt that municipal officials benefited from the tankering system they introduced as a temporary measure to deliver water to the community. Another important finding is that the main problem facing the community currently is that people 4 | P a g e who cannot afford to buy water at local supermarkets are compelled to drink brownish, contaminated, water which sometimes make them sick. Similar protests to that in Mothutlung have been happening all around South Africa, thereby qualifying it to be branded as "the protest capital of the world" as it has had the highest rates of public protest in the world since 1994, and these continue to rise significantly. However, scholars who focus on service delivery protests in the post- apartheid period have not paid enough attention to the local histories which may influence how and when protests are enacted. This dissertation traces the history of Mothutlung back to its establishment in April 1972. During these years, the Bophuthatswana government ensured good service delivery and proper infrastructure. The transition into democracy in 1994 led to people expecting even better service delivery. However these expectations were instead met with deteriorating service delivery, leading to the build-up of frustrations and anger amongst citizens, particularly in Mothutlung, where residents have been experiencing water interruptions since 2001. As a result of better quality service delivery in Mothutlung in the apartheid era, protests were previously used as a tool to oppose racial segregation and oppression. However, the post-apartheid era has seen a shift in the reasons why people protest and demonstrate their needs in the street. The protest of early 2014 in Mothutlung was a result of deteriorating water quality and interruptions, coupled with alleged corruption in the tankering system which was initiated to assist the community to access water. Consequently, four people lost their lives fighting for their human right to access water. In a nutshell, communities have lost faith in engaging their municipalities through invited spaces and have invented their own spaces by rebelling in the form of service delivery protests. Arguably, the built-up anger and frustrations over false promises have led to the communities taking to the streets to demonstrate their grievances, not necessarily to challenge the state but to change the status quo. The notion of “Rebellion of the Poor” will be used to understand the scenario of Mothutlung where four people lost their lives at the mercy of the police during a service delivery protest. 5 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am grateful to the Almighty God for the wisdom, strength, good health and perseverance He bestowed upon me to see this Masters project through. This project would have not become a reality without the support and help from various people whom I would love to take this moment to say, Kelebogela lorato le tshegetso eo le mphileng yona gareng ga loeto le ke le tsamaileng go fitlhelela ke fetsa dithuto dikgolwana tsa masetase. This achievement would have not been possible without the participation and assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my principal supervisor Prof Mary Galvin and Co-supervisor Dr Luke Sinwell for their support, constant guidance and advices that brought the success of this project. The knowledge and ample time they shared with me is greatly appreciated. I am highly indebted to my family and friends for their endless support and encouragement which helped me in completing this project. To my Mom, Jacobeth Khumalo who always stood by my side and motivated me to work hard to achieve the best outcomes with this project. Thank you mom for walking this journey with me and being my alarm during tough and hectic hours of the morning. To my sister (Omphemetse Khumalo), thank you for being a good listener and a pillow of my strength, I would have not done this project without your support and motivation To my cousins and friends, thank you for always cheering me up when I felt down, there was no way I could give up with all the love and support you have showered me with. To Siphiwe Mbatha and Hendrick More, thank you guys for holding my hand when I felt anxious in the research field, I would have not obtained good quality interviews without your assistance. I am truly grateful for all the support and knowledge you shared with me. 6 | P a g e Omphemetse Moruane, thank you for being a friend indeed and offering to type all my transcribed interviews. I would have not been able to complete this project in time if it was not for your assistance. To Refilwe Oreboleng, Mbali Sithole, Masedi Gopane, Nonkululeko, Kgomotso Manamela, Kamogelo Malesa (Ayanda), Auspicious Sadiki, Kgothatso Mokgele, Thembelihle Maseko, Lesego Seaketso and Fikiswa Simelane, I genuinely appreciate your love and support guys. You have made my academic journey an awesome one, thanks . I would also love to express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Larry Onyango for his insightful feedback on my chapters, it is through your help that this project was a success. To Dr Heidi Brooks, Many thanks for your insightful and constructive feedback. This paper would have not been a smooth read had it not been for your comments and suggestions. Many thanks to Dr. Simphiwe Nojiyeza for his time and sharing his knowledge on water with me. Even though I normally gate-crushed your seminars with your students, I am thankful for all the insights I gained at each and every seminar. I place on record, my genuine gratitude to my Center for Social Change family for their love, support, encouragement and constructive feedback during our seminars. I am also thankful for all the good times we shared together. I humbly send my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all my participants and the community of Mothutlung in general for trusting me with their stories and welcoming me with love to conduct my fieldwork. My thanks and gratitude also goes to everyone who in one way or the other shared their support either physically, emotionally, morally and financially. I am forever indebted to you guys. Without the financial assistance from National Research Foundation (NRF) through Center for Social Change, this project would have not been possible. Therefore, I am forever grateful to Dr Edith Phaswana for sharing information about this bursary with me 7 | P a g e as well as encouraged me to apply.
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