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DÉFORMATIONS NÈOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI, AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES Carlos Jorge Marquardt Roman

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DÉFORMATIONS NÈOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI, AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES Carlos Jorge Marquardt Roman DÉFORMATIONS NÈOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI, AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES Carlos Jorge Marquardt Roman To cite this version: Carlos Jorge Marquardt Roman. DÉFORMATIONS NÈOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI, AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES. Physique [physics]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. Français. tel-00011609 HAL Id: tel-00011609 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011609 Submitted on 14 Feb 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE III - PAUL SABATIER UFR SVT THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE III Discipline: Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre présentée et soutenue par Carlos Jorge MARQUARDT ROMAN le 19 septembre 2005 Titre: DÉFORMATIONS NÉOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI (23°-27° S), AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES Directeur de thèse Alain Lavenu JURY Mr. Joseph Martinod Prof. UPS Toulouse Président Mme. Cari Zazo Prof. UM Madrid Invitée Mr. Gabriel González Prof. UCN Antofagasta Rapporteur Mr. Olivier Bellier Prof. CEREGE Aix-Marseille Rapporteur Mr. Jean François Ritz C.R. CNRS Montpellier Invité Mr. Gérard Hérail D.R IRD Toulouse Examinateur Mr. Luc Ortlieb D.R. IRD Paris Co-directeur Mr. Alain Lavenu D.R IRD Toulouse Directeur A mi amada Nany y a mis adorados Tomás y Catalina A mi padre Juan Carlos y a mi madre Llinette A mis hermanos Martín y Rubén y a mi hermana Consuelo A mis suegros Guillermo y Adriana y a mi cuñado José Miguel UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE III - PAUL SABATIER UFR SVT THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE III Discipline: Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre présentée et soutenue par Carlos Jorge MARQUARDT ROMAN le 19 septembre 2005 Titre: DÉFORMATIONS NÉOGÈNES LE LONG DE LA CÔTE NORD DU CHILI (23°-27° S), AVANT-ARC DES ANDES CENTRALES Directeur de thèse Alain Lavenu JURY Mr. Joseph Martinod Prof. UPS Toulouse Président Mme. Cari Zazo Prof. UCM Madrid Invitée Mr. Gabriel González Prof. UCN Antofagasta Rapporteur Mr. Olivier Bellier Prof. CEREGE Aix-Marseille Rapporteur Mr. Jean François Ritz C.R. CNRS Montpellier Invité Mr. Gérard Hérail D.R IRD Toulouse Examinateur Mr. Luc Ortlieb D.R. IRD Paris Co-directeur Mr. Alain Lavenu D.R IRD Toulouse Directeur 2 Résumé La zone d'étude correspond à la Péninsule de Mejillones (23ºS) et la zone de Caldera (27°S), sur la marge active en subduction du nord du Chili. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de caractériser et d'analyser la morphostratigraphie durant les dernières 10 Ma et la néotectonique de la côte. Le but est de comprendre et d’établir une relation entre la déformation cassante et le soulèvement général de la côte depuis le Miocène, et de replacer ces déformations dans le contexte de la convergence entre la plaque de Nazca et la plaque d'Amérique du sud. La première partie de ce mémoire est une synthèse de la géologie des derniers millions d'années dans la région d’étude en relation avec l’évolution des paramètres de subduction. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons des analyses stratigraphiques et morphostratigraphiques des unités continentales, marines et littorales qui ont pour but d'établir leurs relations environnementales et chronologiques afin de déterminer les mouvements verticaux de la côte. Les taux de soulèvement du Morro Mejillones varient entre 0,5 et 0,7 m/ka, dans la Pampa de Mejillones les taux varient entre 0,2 et 0,5 m/ka et dans la zone de Caldera ils varient entre 0,3 et 0,4 m/ka. Dans la troisième partie, la datation des surfaces des cônes alluviaux par la méthode des cosmonucléides produit in-situ et une cartographie précise de la géométrie des cônes alluviaux recoupés par des failles, sont utilisées pour l’analyse des processus climatiques et tectoniques à l'échelle du Pléistocène supérieur. Des âges d'exposition minima de 46 et 26 ka sont calculés pour les unités les plus anciennes affectées par la Faille Mejillones. Dans la quatrième partie, l’analyse des déformations cassantes est abordée par l’étude des failles localisées dans les sédiments continentaux, marins et littoraux. Des méthodes de traitements automatiques et graphiques ont été utilisées pour calculer les directions principales de contrainte et de déformation. La vitesse de la Faille Mejillones est calculer par l'étude géomorphologique et tectonique qui montre que cette faille à une vitesse vertical long-terme (<0,5 Ma) de 0,2 à 0,3 m/ka. Dans la dernière partie, nous discutons les directions d’extension et de compression déterminées, ainsi que leur chronologie, et le comportement sismique de la région. En conclusion, la déformation côtière des derniers 20 Ma est représentée (1) au Miocène-Pliocène par un régime principalement en extension E-W alternant, pendant le Pliocène, avec un événement en compression E-W, et (2) par un épisode pléistocène en régime principalement en extension E-W, cosismique, accompagné de soulèvement. 3 4 Remerciements Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le programme de recherche et de coopération entre l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) et le Service National de Géologie du Chili (SERNAGEOMIN). Ce travail a été réalisé principalement à l'Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse III, encadré par Alain Lavenu (IRD) et Luc Ortlieb (IRD). Ce travail est aussi supervisé par des membres de l'équipe de néotectonique du Laboratoire de Géophysique, Tectonique et Sédimentologie de l'Université de Montpellier 2 (Jean François Ritz et Hervé Philip) et par des membres de l'équipe de géochimie du Laboratoire de Traceurs de Cosmonucléides du CEREGE d’Aix-en-Provence (Didier Bourlès et Régis Braucher). De nombreuses personnes ont facilité mon travail et ont participé à ma formation; je les en remercie tout particulièrement : - G. Hérail de l'IRD et N. Marinovic du SERNAGEOMIN, pour leur aide à réaliser ce travail de néotectonique en France et au Chili; - toute l’équipe du laboratoire de LMTG de l’Université Paul Sabatier à Toulouse, pour m’avoir accueilli dans leur Laboratoire et programme de Doctorat; - A. Lavenu qui m’a encouragé tout au long de mes travaux de recherche et qui m’a enseigné les principes de la néotectonique; - L. Ortlieb qui m’a fait profiter de son expérience concernant les terrasses marines et la paléoclimatologie; - J.F. Ritz et H. Philip qui m’ont enseigné la tectonique cassante en surface et leur relation avec les séismes; - D. Bourlès et R. Braucher qui m'ont montré ce que disent les isotopes cosmogéniques produits sur notre terre; - S. Bonvalot et G. Gavalda qui m'ont aidé à utiliser les satellites pour mesurer la surface de la terre avec leur GPS; - G. Vargas, M. E. Suárez et D. Frassinetti pour leur aide a mieux comprendre la stratigraphie et la paléontologie. 5 6 TABLE DES MATIERES Résumé........................................................................................................... 3 Remerciements.............................................................................................. 5 Chapitre 1. Introduction générale………………………………………….…. 9 1.1 Problématique........................................................................................... 10 1.2 Objectifs de l'étude.................................................................................... 12 1.3 Méthodologies........................................................................................... 13 1.4 Cadre géodynamique et géologique......................................................... 14 1.4.1 La convergence des plaques Nazca – Amérique du Sud...……... 14 1.4.2 Unités morphostructurales…..………………………………………... 18 1.4.3 Contexte stratigraphique..……………………………….…………... 20 1.4.4 Cadre tectonique…....………………………………….…………….. 23 1.4.5 Modèles de déformation dans l'avant-arc........................................ 24 Chapitre 2. Stratigraphie et morphostratigraphie du Néogène................ 29 2.1 La caractérisation stratigraphique des sédiments néogènes.................. 30 2.1.1 Changements relatifs du niveau de la mer................................. 31 2.1.2 Nodules de Manganèse ............................................................. 36 2.1.3 Téphrochronologie...................................................................... 37 2.1.4 Vertébrés marins néogènes de la Formation La Portada.......... 40 2.1.5 Poissons élasmobranches: indicateurs chronostratigraphiques........................................................................ 42 2.1.6 Poissons Chimaeriformes (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) du Néogène de la Formation Bahía Inglesa (Atacama, Chili)................... 44 2.2 Les terrasses marines pléistocènes......................................................... 45 2.2.1. L’érosion et l'accumulation littorale............................................ 46 2.2.2. Terrasses marines de la Péninsule de Mejillones (23ºS): implications sismotectoniques pour la côte nord du Chili.................... 49 2.2.3. Un épisode interglaciaire chaud et de longue durée pendant le stade isotopique 11 : évidence de terrasses marines en Amérique tropicale occidentale.............................................................................
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