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Estudios Geofísicos Aplicados a La Neotectónica De La Falla El Tigre, Precordillera De San Juan

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Estudios Geofísicos Aplicados a La Neotectónica De La Falla El Tigre, Precordillera De San Juan Tesis Doctoral Estudios geofísicos aplicados a la neotectónica de la falla El Tigre, precordillera de San Juan Fazzito, Sabrina Yesica 2011 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Fazzito, Sabrina Yesica. (2011). Estudios geofísicos aplicados a la neotectónica de la falla El Tigre, precordillera de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Fazzito, Sabrina Yesica. "Estudios geofísicos aplicados a la neotectónica de la falla El Tigre, precordillera de San Juan". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2011. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas ESTUDIOS GEOFÍSICOS APLICADOS A LA NEOTECTÓNICA DE LA FALLA EL TIGRE, PRECORDILLERA DE SAN JUAN Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Geológicas Sabrina Yesica Fazzito Directores de Tesis: Dr. Augusto Ernesto Rapalini Dr. José María Cortés Consejero de Estudios: Dr. Augusto Ernesto Rapalini Lugar de Trabajo: INGEODAV (Instituto de Geofísica Daniel Valencio), Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Buenos Aires, 2011 ESTUDIOS GEOFÍSICOS APLICADOS A LA NEOTECTÓNICA DE LA FALLA ‘EL TIGRE’, PRECORDILLERA DE SAN JUAN Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal caracterizar la cinemática, la estructura y la deformación de uno de los rasgos estructurales más destacados en la Precordillera Centro- Occidental de San Juan con actividad neotectónica, la falla con deslizamiento oblicuo El Tigre. Para esto, se mostrará que la aplicación y el desarrollo de diferentes métodos geofísicos, en conjunto con los métodos geológicos tradicionales como el análisis estructural, geomórfico y estratigráfico, permiten ampliar significativamente el conocimiento de una zona afectada por actividad neotectónica. En este trabajo se aplicaron, con resultados positivos, diversos métodos de estudio geofísico en zonas afectadas por la falla: Tomografía Eléctrica Resistiva somera en 2D, Paleomagnetismo y Anisotropía de Susceptibilidad Magnética. Entre los principales aportes de la investigación se encuentran: la identificación de discontinuidades en la traza y geoformas asociadas a fallamiento de desplazamiento de rumbo, el reconocimiento de estructuras oblicuas a la falla, determinación de curvaturas menores y mayores de la traza y la evaluación de la actividad de la falla en el tiempo. En particular en el Segmento Central de la falla El Tigre, la Tomografía Eléctrica Resistiva en 2D reveló características de los sedimentos, la ubicación y orientación de la falla principal, la estructura de dorsos de presión y de bajos de hundimiento y permitió asociar la distribución de esas geoformas a los cambios mayores en la orientación de la traza de la falla. Además, esta metodología permitió sugerir la existencia de fallas ciegas y grábenes, la ubicación de la napa freática y reconocer la función de la falla El Tigre como barrera hidrogeológica. A través del Paleomagnetismo se logró detectar la presencia de zonas con importantes rotaciones tectónicas según ejes verticales asociadas al movimiento de la falla, diferencias en la actividad de la falla en distintos períodos geológicos y, teniendo en cuenta las estructuras oblicuas reveladas en el estudio cartográfico, ayudar a proponer un esquema cinemático preliminar de deformación en bloques. El método de Anisotropía de Susceptibilidad Magnética reveló las direcciones de máximo y mínimo acortamiento de la deformación y una posible variación de orientación de las mismas en el tiempo. Palabras claves: Geofísica, Neotectónica, Precordillera, Falla El Tigre, Rotación de bloques, Tomografía Eléctrica Resistiva, Fábrica Magnética, Paleomagnestismo, i GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES APPLIED TO THE NEOTECTONICS OF THE ‘EL TIGRE FAULT’, PRECORDILLERA OF SAN JUAN Abstract The present study has the characterization of the kinematics, structure and deformation of one of the most outstanding structural features in the Central-Western Precordillera of the San Juan province, the oblique-slip ‘El Tigre’ fault as it main objective. It is shown that the application and development of different geophysical methods, together with the usual geological studies as structural, geomorphological and stratigraphic analysis, allow to significantly extend the understanding of a zone affected by neotectonic activity. Different methods of geophysical study were applied with positive results in zones affected by the fault: shallow 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Paleomagnetism and Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility. Among the main achievements of the investigation we enumerate: the identification of discontinuities in the trace and landforms associated to strike-slip faulting, the recognition of structures oblique to the fault, the determination of smaller and larger trace curvatures, and the evaluation of the fault activity along time. In particular, in the Central Segment of the ‘El Tigre’ fault the 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography revealed the underground features of sediments, the location and orientation of the main fault, the structure of pressure-ridges and sag-ponds, and allowed to relate the landforms distribution to the largest changes in the fault trace orientation. Besides, this methodology allowed to suggest the existence of blind faults and grabens, the location of the water table and the recognition of the ‘El Tigre’ fault as a hydrogeological barrier. Paleomagnetic studies were essential for: detection of the presence of zones with important tectonic rotations around vertical axes associated to the fault motion, differences in the fault activity in different geological periods and, considering the oblique structures revealed in the cartographic study, helped to propose a preliminary kinematic scheme of rigid-block deformation. The method of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility showed the maximum and minimum shortening directions of the deformation, and a possible variation of them with time. Keywords: Geophysics, Neotectonics, Precordillera, ‘El Tigre’ fault, Block rotation, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Magnetic fabrics, Paleomagnetism. ii Agradecimientos Quisiera expresar un inmenso agradecimiento a mis directores de tesis, Augusto Rapalini y José Cortés, que durante muchos años fueron parte esencial de mi formación académica. Gracias, por la gran ayuda en el trabajo de campo y en el laboratorio. Entrañablemente, agradezco a mi compañera Carla Terrizzano, que colaboró con mi trabajo en incontables oportunidades a lo largo de todo mi doctorado. Su ayuda durante el trabajo de campo y la confección del mapa geológico es invaluable. Quiero mencionar especialmente a Guillermo Re, Carlos Vásquez y Horacio Lippai, compañeros del INGEODAV, que me socorrieron incontables veces con la bibliografía, el software y los equipos de medición, siempre con enorme y grata simpatía. Doy muchísimas gracias a Daniel Pérez, que tuvo la infinita paciencia de ayudarme con la preparación de las imágenes satelitales. A todos mis compañeros del INGEODAV. Siempre conservo hermosos recuerdos del día a día. A la Universidad de Buenos Aires, al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y al Estado Nacional, por la oportunidad de desarrollar este trabajo de investigación y mi formación académica. Muchas gracias por mi beca de postgrado 2006-2001 del CONICET. Al SEGEMAR por brindarme las imágenes satelitales, en particular a Graciela Marín y Paul Tchilinguirian. A Bruno Verdino. A mi familia. A Claudio. iii A Pascuale Fazzito, Maria Rosa Tripaldi, Maria Cosentino, Giuseppe Esposito. In memoriam. iv ÍNDICE Pág. Resumen………………………………………………………..…………….……….i Abstract……………………………………………………………...……………….ii Agradecimientos………………………………….………………………………....iii Dedicatoria……………………………………………………………………...…...iv Índice…………………………………………………………...…………………….v 1. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………….1 1.1. Naturaleza y objetivos del trabajo ……………...…………………………..1 1.2. Ubicación y segmentación de la falla El Tigre……………………………..5 1.3. Ubicación de la zona de estudio y vías de acceso…………………………...6 1.4. Metodologías de trabajo empleadas en esta investigación…………………8 1.5. Estudios geofísicos previos en la zona de estudio……….………………...11 1.5.1. Levantamiento geofísico aéreo……………………………………....11 1.5.2. Sísmica de Reflexión…………………….…………………………...12 1.5.3. Registros sismológicos………………….…………………………...13 2. GEOLOGÍA………………………………………………………………………15 2.1. Introducción……………………………………………………………….15 2.2. Unidades morfotectónicas de primer orden en la región de la falla El Tigre (30°S-31°S)……………………………………………………………………..16 v 2.3. Marco geodinámico del segmento andino 28ºS - 33º30’S…………….…...19 2.4. Geología de la falla El Tigre………………………………………………21 2.4.1. Estratigrafía……………………………………………………….....21
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