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Political Economy and Colonial Ireland: the Propagation and Ideological Function of Economic Discourse in the Nineteenth Century

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Political Economy and Colonial Ireland: the Propagation and Ideological Function of Economic Discourse in the Nineteenth Century POLITICAL ECONOMY AND COLONIAL IRELAND POLITICAL ECONOMY AND COLONIAL IRELAND The propagation and ideological function of economic discourse in the nineteenth century Thomas A.Boylan and Timothy P.Foley London and New York First published 1992 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1992 Thomas A.Boylan and Timothy P.Foley All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Boylan, Thomas A. Political economy and colonial Ireland: the propagation and ideological function of economic discourse in the nineteenth century. 1. Ireland. Economics. Related to politics. History I. Title II. Foley, Timothy P. 330. 941509034 ISBN 0-203-98129-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-06628-X (Print Edition) Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Boylan, Thomas A. Political economy and colonial Ireland: the propagation and ideological function of economic discourse in the nineteenth century Thomas A.Boylan and Timothy P.Foley Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-06628-X 1. Economics—Ireland—History—19th century. 2. Economics—Study and teaching (Higher)—Ireland— History—19th century. I. Foley, Timothy P., II. Title. HB104.B69 1992 330'. 09415' 09034–dc20 To Noeleen and Molly ‘I believe that, next to good Religious Education, a sound Knowledge of Political Economy would tend as much to tranquillize this Country, if not more, than any other Branch of Knowledge that can be taught in Schools.’ (Hugh Hamill, Schools’ Inspector, Cork, 1833) ‘[Political economy was] the only means which existed of rescuing the country from convulsion.’ (Richard Whately, 1848) ‘Political Economy is…a science at the same time dangerous and leading to occasions of sin.’ (John Henry Newman, 1852) ‘Modern Anglicanism, i.e., Utilitarianism, the creed of Russell and Peel as well as of the Radicals, this thing, call it Yankeeism or Englishism, which measure prosperity by exchangeable value, measures duty by gain, and limits desire to clothes, food, and respectability; this damned thing has come into Ireland under the Whigs, and is equally the favourite of the Peel Tories. It is believed in the political assemblies in our cities, preached from our pulpits (always Utilitarian or persecuting); it is the very apostles’ creed of the professions, and threatens to corrupt the lower classes, who are still faithful and romantic. To use every literary and political engine against this seems to me the first duty of an Irish patriot who can forsee consequences. Believe me, this is a greater though no so obvious danger as Papal supremacy.’ (Thomas Davis, 1840s) CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgements ix 1 POLITICAL ECONOMY: ‘A SCIENCE UNKNOWN 1 IN IRELAND’ 2 THE WHATELY CHAIR OF POLITICAL 17 ECONOMY AT TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN, 1832–1900 3 POLITICAL ECONOMY AT THE QUEEN’S 43 COLLEGES IN IRELAND (BELFAST, CORK, GALWAY), 1845–1900 4 EASY LESSONS ON MONEY MATTERS: POLITICAL 65 ECONOMY IN THE NATIONAL SCHOOLS 5 ‘TO THE POOR THE GOSPEL ITS PREACHED’: 97 THE DUBLIN STATISTICAL SOCIETY AND THE BARRINGTON LECTURES 6 ‘NEXT TO GODLINESS’: POLITICAL ECONOMY, 113 IRELAND, AND IDEOLOGY APPENDIX: BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OF 157 PROFESSORS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AT TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN AND THE QUEEN’S COLLEGES (BELFAST, CORK, GALWAY) IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Notes and references 171 Index 201 PREFACE This book developed from our ongoing study of Irish political economy, especially of the contributions of John Elliot Cairnes, and our involvement in the international research project ‘The Institutionalization of Political Economy: Its Introduction and Acceptance into European, North American and Japanese Universities’. Versions of chapters two and three will be included in the forthcoming volume for Great Britain and Ireland, edited by Istvan Hont and Keith Tribe, entitled Trade, Politics, and Letters: The Rise of Economics in British University Culture, 1755–1905, and published by Routledge. We decided to attempt a comprehensive coverage of the propagation of political economy in Ireland at popular as well as at university level. With the exception of the pioneering work of Professor R.D.Collison Black on political economy at Trinity College Dublin and on the Dublin Statistical Society (later to become the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland), not only is the field untilled, the very territory is uncharted. This is especially true of what is perhaps the most intriguing area of all, the teaching of political economy to children in the national schools in Ireland in the nineteenth century. As political economy was especially aimed at the lower classes we have addressed the activities of the Statistical Society, in particular its administration of the Barrington Lectures. Central to our study is the role of Richard Whately, Anglican Archbishop of Dublin (1831–63) and former Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford. He founded the Whately Chair at Trinity, he was instrumental in establishing the Statistical Society of which he was president, and, as a commissioner of national education, he introduced political economy into the school curriculum, as well as writing the textbook Easy Lessons on Money Matters. Whately was the great evangelist of political economy in nineteenth-century Ireland. viii There was a widespread view that political economy was both little known and little respected in Ireland. Indeed this was seen as yet another explanation for Irish economic backwardness. We argue that in an Ireland divided socially, economically, politically, and denominationally, consensus was sought in the new discipline of political economy, claiming to be scientifically impartial and to be an incontrovertible form of knowledge which transcended all divisions. But political economy was ideological, performing the crucial function of defending the socio-economic status quo and, in the words of a schools’ inspector in 1833, tranquillising the country. It was a central part of the educational system, formal and informal, and a powerful instrument of social control, achieved not through coercion, but through the intellectual hegemony of a master science. The Great Famine of the mid-1840s was a critical turning point in the reign of political economy and its then inseparable companion, the doctrine of laissez-faire. There were vitriolic popular attacks on the discipline, both moral and nationalist. There was increased scepticism concerning both the validity and universality of its laws, and even calls to establish an Irish political economy. There was a concerted attempt by the authorities to defend the honour of political economy, but within a decade there was an increasing awareness that a political economy generated out of English ideas and experiences was unsuitable to Ireland. In the face of an unsparing moral critique, the prestige of political economy faded, its absolutist reign over. Irish resistance, especially to the doctrines of absolute private property in land and the sacredness of contract, was such that various Irish Land Acts had to, in effect, abandon them as the price to be paid for tranquillity. Political economy’s mission of assimilating Ireland to England failed; concomitant with its decline was an increased emphasis on Ireland’s difference from England. Political economy was unsuccessful as an instrument of empire, and Ireland was to be governed by ‘Irish ideas’. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We have incurred many debts of gratitude over several years in our reasearch for this book and a perfunctory mention here will scarcely serve to discharge them. We want to thank the James Hardiman Library, University College Galway (the Acting Librarian, Ms Pat O’Connell, and especially Ms Maeve Doyle), the National Library of Ireland, the Library of Trinity College Dublin, the British Library, the Bodleian Library, Oxford, the Marshall Library, Cambridge, and the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. We are also pleased to acknowledge the facilities afforded us by the Research Centre, King’s College, Cambridge, the University of San Francisco, and San José State University. We are particularly grateful to the Development Fund in UCG, without whose financial support this project would have been impossible. We are also grateful to the Presidential Research Committee for financial services rendered and to the Social Science Research Centre, also in UCG. Both of us wish to express our gratitude for the Senior Fulbright Fellowships, which eased our paths financially and academically. We also want to thank the Royal Irish Academy and the British Academy for one of their Exchange Fellowships. We want especially to thank Professor R.D.Collison Black of Queen’s University Belfast for his generosity, his encouragement, and his scholarship. Dr Istvan Hont of King’s College, Cambridge has been very supportive, as has Dr Keith Tribe of the University of Keele. We are also grateful to Professor Dermot McAleese and Mr Antoin Murphy of Trinity College Dublin, to Professor, and Professor A.W.Coats of Duke University. Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh and Michael Cuddy, Mr Alf MacLochlainn, and Mr P.J.Lawless of UCG, and Professor James Walsh, Dean of the School of Social Sciences, San José State University. x We salute Ciara Boylan, age 9, for her heroic services to scholarship in reading Whately’s Easy Lessons on Money Matters and finding it ‘dry’. John Boylan and Jane Foley have yet to manifest an interest in political economy. Most of all we want to thank Noeleen Boylan and Molly Fogarty.
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