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The First 14 Items Are Volumes in the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press/Routledge and Kegan Paul)

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The First 14 Items Are Volumes in the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press/Routledge and Kegan Paul) Notes I have used the following abbreviations in the notes; the first 14 items are volumes in The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill (Toronto: University of Toronto Press/Routledge and Kegan Paul). CW 1: J. Robson and J. Stillinger (eds), Autobiography and Literary Essays (1981) CW 2, 3: J. Robson (ed.), Principles of Political Economy (1965) CW 4, 5: J. Robson (ed.), Essays on Economics and Society (1967) CW 6: J. Robson (ed.), Essays on England, Ireland, and the Empire (1982) CW 8: J. Robson (ed.),^4 System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive (1974) CW 9: J. Robson (ed.), An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy (1979) CW 10: J. M. Robson (ed.), Essays on Ethics, Religion and Society (1969) CW 12, 13: F. Mineka (ed.), The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1812-1848 (1963) CW 14-17: F. Mineka and D. Lindley (eds), The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1849 to 1873 (1972) CW 18, 19: J. Robson (ed.), Essays on Politics and Society (1977) CW 21: J. Robson (ed.), Essays on Equality, Law, and Education (1984) CW 28: J. Robson and B. Kinzer (eds), Public and Parliamentary Speeches (1988) CW 30: J. Robson, M. Moir, Z. Moir (eds), Writings on India (1990) HOPE: (C. Goodwin, ed.), History of Political Economy (Durham: Duke Uni­ versity Press, 1971-) JHET: (D. Walker, ed.), Journal of the History of Economic Thought (1978-) Wood: (J. Wood, ed.), John Stuart Mill: Critical Assessments (vols 1-4) (Lon­ don: Croom Helm, 1987) Hayek: F. A. Hayek, John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, Their Friendship and Subsequent Marriage (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951) BLPES: British Library of Political and Economic Science, London CC: Courtney Collection MTC: Mill-Taylor Collection NLI: National Library of Ireland, Dublin PRO: Public Records Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast UCL: Special Collections, University College London Library Hopkins: Special Collections, Milton Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University Yale: Special Collections, Sterling Library, Yale University Unless otherwise specified, citations of the Fortnightly Review refer to volumes in the new series. 160 Notes 161 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Mill last worked on the Autobiography during the early part of 1870. (J. M. Robson and J. Stillinger (eds), 'Introduction', Autobiography, CW 1, xxvii.) 2. Morley to Mill, 28 April 1872. Yale, ms. group 350, box 2. Not having published as much as an article on economics, Morley was obliged to argue only that he was 'a competent person and likely to discharge the duties of the post industriously'. 3. The two indispensable book-length studies on the Philosophic Radicals are by W. Thomas, The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice, 1817-1841 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979) and J. Hamburger, Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophic Radicals (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965). Members included Charles Austin, Charles Buller, William Ellis, George Graham, George Grote, Joseph Hume, Sir William Molesworth, John Roebuck and Eyton Tooke. Even allowing for some retrospective bitterness in his appraisal of the group in the Autobiography, Mill appears to have been fonder of F. D. Maurice and, especially, John Sterling. (Autobiography, 159-63.) 4. Spencer, in fact, he appears to have got to know well only in the 1860s. Other individuals Mill felt close to during that decade include John Chapman, Max Kyllman, John Plummer, Peter Taylor, David Urquhart and Thomas Hare. He also had several foreign friends, including Louis Blanc, Franz Brentano, Gustave D'Eichthal, Theodore Gomperz, Giu­ seppe Mazzini and Pasquale Villari. T\vo younger proteges who were not economists were Lord Amberley and George Croom Robertson. 5. Appendix H, Autobiography, CW 1, 626. As to Cairnes's reputation, see, for example, the obituary notice of his arch-rival Leslie, 'Professor Cairnes', [1875] Essays in Political Economy (2nd edition) [1888] (New York: Kelley, 1969), 60-2. 6. Autobiography, CW 1, 33. 7. As acknowledged by the economist whose attack on Ricardian premises ultimately overshadowed their own: After the death of W. T. Thornton, he [Leslie] may be said to have led the reaction against the doctrinaire school of economists founded by James Mill and Ricardo', wrote Jevons, in an anonymous obituary of his friend Leslie. (The Economist, 4 Febru­ ary 1882, 133.) As to Thornton's success, the testimony of Cairnes's former student, J. L. Shadwell, is telling: T commenced studying Political Economy at the time when the publication of Mr Thornton's work on Labour had just given so rude a shock to the common belief that the science, so far as it dealt with the subjects of Value and Wages, was complete.' Shadwell goes on to compare Thornton's assault on the wages fund to Dollinger's attack on papal infallibility (A System of Political Economy (London: Trubner, 1877), iii, 20). Leslie, despite his sense of isolation, may have been no less influential: Blaug estimates that by the 1870s 'the dominant view among English economists... was that of the Historical School'. (M. Blaug, Economic Theory in Retrospect (4th edn) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 300). 162 Notes 8. A sizeable literature exists on both 'exogenous' explanations for the development of economic theory and specifically on the role of religion in influencing the evolution of economic thought. See J. Lipkes, Politics, Religion, and the Fate of Classical Political Economy: John Stuart Mill and His Followers, 1860-1875 (Princeton University, dissertation), 31-46, and accompanying endnotes, for a discussion of some of the relevant works. 9. Marginal utility theory and the marginal 'revolution' will be briefly summarized in Chapter 11. 10. It is important at the outset to disentangle historical and biographical approaches to the question from the technical analyses of philosophers and economists. The latter typically inquire into the consistency of Mill's oeuvre: are claims about utility and justice, freedom and necessity, reconcilable? Those undertaking technical analyses of Mill's work are also frequently fond of translating his arguments into the current lan­ guage of their respective disciplines, and determining what has survived and what has been jettisoned - and, accordingly, how many points ought to be awarded. Intellectual historians, luckily, need not concern them­ selves with state-of-the-art discourse in economics, political theory or philosophy, and tend not to evaluate an entire oeuvre as a complete, or incomplete, system. They are more likely to be concerned with the evolution of thought over time, and the frustrating pursuit of 'influ­ ences'. In what ways did Mill shift ground, when and why? Needless to say, this perspective assumes that there were, in fact, important disjunc- tures, but here Mill himself made the earliest, and largest, claims. At the same time, Mill did not repudiate any work. While he subsequently believed that some earlier essays were unbalanced, and wished to amend everything he reissued, he would not have felt that there were logical inconsistencies either within individual works or between works in his oeuvre. So to describe and assess transitions in Mill's thought is not to argue that, in its totality, it is incoherent. 11. Autobiography, 237. 12. Carlyle, while he popularized Goethe, Schelling, us.w., was also himself directly influenced by the St Simonians, to Goethe's distress. (F. Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle, a Biography (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 155.) 13. Autobiography, 169. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid., 169. 16. Ibid., 163. 17. Ibid., 111. 18. J. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1954), 603; J. M. Robson, The Improvement of Mankind (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1968), viii; R. S. Dower, 'John Stuart Mill and the Philosophic Radicals', in F. J. C. Hearnshaw (ed.), Social and Political Ideas of Some Representative Thinkers of the Age of Reaction and Reconstruction, 1815-1865 (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1926), 114, cited by F. L. van Holthoon, The Road to Utopia (Assen: Van Gorcum, 1971), 1. Notes 163 19. A survey of the view of Mill as a well-intentioned bungler is obviously beyond our scope. See van Holthoon's pithy summary, Ibid., 2-7. The view surfaced before Mill's death, and its validity was conceded, to a surprising degree, by such ardent admirers as Morley and Fox Bourne. See Chapter 4 below. But the opinion is perhaps most clearly and forcefully expressed by Jevons, 'John Stuart Mill's Philosophy Tested', Part IV, Contemporary Review 36 (November 1877), 521-38. Other famous critiques of Mill's Utilitarianism in particular are Moore's and Bradley's. (G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, [1901] 1959), 64-81; F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927), 103-24.) 20. Relatively recent analyses of Mill's oeuvre stressing various inconsisten­ cies include: J. Plamenatz, The English Utilitarians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1949); R. Anschutz, The Philosophy of J S. Mill (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953); and H. J. McCloskey, John Stuart Mill: A Critical Study (London: Macmillan, 1971). For the still more recent case for the coherency and consistency of Mill's thought, see J. Robson; A. Ryan, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill (2nd edn) (Atlantic Heights, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1987); and S. Hollander, The Econom­ ics ofJ S. Mill (2 vols) (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985). Chapters 4 and 5 below seek to modify this revised view. 21. Autobiography, CW 1, 111. 22. Ibid., 'Appendix G', 613. 23. A. Bain, John Stuart Mill, A Criticism with Personal Recollections [1882] (New York: Kelley, 1969), 167. 24. C. E. Norton to C. Wright, 13 September 1870 in S. Norton and M. DeWolfe Howe (eds), Letters of Charles Elliot Norton (vol. 1) (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1913), 400. 25. For a more sympathetic view of Helen Taylor than will be presented here, but one that nonetheless makes no claims for her intellectual originality, see A.
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