Front cover
IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS)
Dino Quintero Luis Bolinches Puneet Chaudhary Willard Davis Steve Duersch Carlos Henrique Fachim Andrei Socoliuc Olaf Weiser
Redbooks
International Technical Support Organization
IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS)
May 2015
SG24-8254-00 Note: Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page ix.
First Edition (May 2015)
This edition applies to IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) v4.1.0.4 (TL1), SLES 11 SP2, SLES11 SP3, RHEL ppc64 6.5, AIX 7.1 TL3, Tivoli Storage Manager 7.1 Server, Client and Storage Agent (LAN-free), Tivoli Storage Manager for Space Management 7.1.1, and TSM for Space Management (HSM) 7.1.1.
© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2015. All rights reserved. Note to U.S. Government Users Restricted Rights -- Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents
Notices ...... ix Trademarks ...... x
IBM Redbooks promotions ...... xi
Preface ...... xiii Authors...... xiii Now you can become a published author, too! ...... xv Comments welcome...... xv Stay connected to IBM Redbooks ...... xv
Chapter 1. Introduction...... 1 1.1 Overview ...... 2 1.2 IBM Spectrum Scale major components and terminology ...... 3 1.2.1 IBM Spectrum Scale cluster topologies ...... 5 1.3 IBM Spectrum Scale new features and enhancements ...... 5 1.3.1 Enhanced security ...... 6 1.3.2 Performance improvements ...... 6 1.3.3 New usability features...... 7 1.3.4 Reliability, availability, and serviceability...... 10 1.4 IBM Spectrum Scale competitive strategy ...... 10 1.5 IBM Spectrum Scale licensing ...... 12 1.6 IBM Spectrum Scale on cross-platform environments ...... 15 1.6.1 IBM Spectrum Scale for AIX ...... 15 1.6.2 IBM Spectrum Scale for Windows operating systems ...... 16 1.6.3 IBM Spectrum Scale for Linux...... 16 1.6.4 IBM Spectrum Scale for Linux on System z ...... 17 1.6.5 IBM Spectrum Scale Server solution ...... 17 1.7 IBM Spectrum Scale and virtualization ...... 18 1.7.1 Virtualization on IBM Power Systems ...... 19 1.7.2 Virtualization on x86 Linux operating systems ...... 26 1.7.3 Virtualization on Windows operating systems...... 27 1.8 Contact information ...... 28
Chapter 2. Infrastructure planning and considerations ...... 29 2.1 IBM Spectrum Scale cluster topologies ...... 30 2.1.1 Network-based Spectrum Scale client ...... 30 2.1.2 Direct attached storage...... 30 2.1.3 Mixed NSD access: server and clients ...... 31 2.1.4 IBM Spectrum Scale File Placement Optimizer ...... 32 2.2 Network design ...... 33 2.2.1 Ethernet adapters options...... 33 2.2.2 NIC teaming configurations...... 34 2.2.3 InfiniBand networks...... 36 2.2.4 RDMA over Converged Enhanced Ethernet ...... 39 2.2.5 IBM data center networking products ...... 45 2.3 Storage design ...... 45 2.3.1 Host bus adapter...... 46 2.3.2 Multipath driver ...... 47
© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015. All rights reserved. iii 2.3.3 Storage subsystem considerations ...... 50 2.3.4 Tape library ...... 54 2.4 IBM Spectrum Scale supported platforms...... 56 2.4.1 IBM Spectrum Scale on AIX ...... 57 2.4.2 IBM Spectrum Scale for Linux (x86 and POWER) ...... 57 2.4.3 IBM Spectrum Scale for Linux on System z ...... 59 2.4.4 IBM Spectrum Scale on Windows operating systems...... 61 2.4.5 Summary of IBM Spectrum Scale support functions on operating systems . . . . . 64 2.4.6 GPT partition table ...... 66 2.4.7 SCSI-3 Persistent Reservation ...... 66 2.5 Security considerations for IBM Spectrum Scale clusters...... 69 2.5.1 Remote shell with ssh ...... 70 2.5.2 Remote cluster: Subnets, firewall rules, and TCP port numbers ...... 70 2.5.3 SELinux configuration with IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 71 2.6 IBM Spectrum Scale configuration planning ...... 72 2.6.1 High availability ...... 72 2.6.2 Network Shared Disk creation considerations ...... 78 2.6.3 Planning the IBM Spectrum Scale file system ...... 85 2.6.4 Planning for IBM Spectrum Scale FPO...... 93
Chapter 3. Scenarios ...... 97 3.1 IBM Spectrum Scale advantages over Network File System ...... 98 3.2 IBM Spectrum Scale in active-passive and mutual takeover clusters...... 98 3.3 IBM Spectrum Scale in active-active clusters ...... 99 3.4 Two-node Linux IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 99 3.4.1 Installing IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 99 3.4.2 Configure auxiliary tools ...... 100 3.4.3 Building the IBM Spectrum Scale portability layer on Linux nodes...... 102 3.4.4 Create IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 104 3.4.5 Create NSD disks ...... 105 3.4.6 Starting the IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 107 3.4.7 Quorum configuration ...... 108 3.4.8 Start IBM Spectrum Scale at boot...... 109 3.4.9 Create the IBM Spectrum Scale file system ...... 110 3.5 Cluster NFS...... 110 3.5.1 NFS setup ...... 111 3.5.2 Configuring cNFS ...... 111 3.6 Windows operating system-only cluster ...... 113 3.6.1 Configuring Windows operating system ...... 114 3.6.2 Static IP address...... 114 3.6.3 Active Directory domain ...... 114 3.6.4 UAC ...... 114 3.6.5 Disable IPv6 ...... 116 3.6.6 Windows operating system firewall...... 118 3.6.7 IBM Spectrum Scale traces auxiliary tools ...... 120 3.6.8 Installing Cygwin ...... 121 3.6.9 Install IBM Spectrum Scale...... 121 3.6.10 Configure IBM Spectrum Scale embedded remote shell ...... 128 3.6.11 Create IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 129 3.6.12 Creating NSD disks...... 130 3.6.13 Start the IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 132 3.6.14 Quorum configuration ...... 133 3.6.15 Start IBM Spectrum Scale at boot...... 134 iv IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) 3.6.16 Create the IBM Spectrum Scale file system ...... 134 3.6.17 Adding a Linux node to the Windows operating system cluster ...... 135 3.6.18 Adding a Windows operating system node to the cluster ...... 148 3.7 Oracle Real Application Cluster with IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 152 3.8 IBM Spectrum Scale integration with IBM Spectrum Protect (formerly Tivoli Storage Manager) ...... 159 3.9 Sample Spectrum Scale FPO configuration ...... 170 3.10 Integrating with OpenStack Swift ...... 175
Chapter 4. Management and maintenance ...... 177 4.1 IBM Spectrum Scale and GPFS migration and update...... 178 4.1.1 GPFS and Spectrum Scale migration considerations...... 178 4.1.2 Migrating to Spectrum Scale 4.1 from GPFS 3.5 (Rolling update) ...... 179 4.1.3 Migrating to Spectrum Scale 4.1 from GPFS 3.4 or GPFS 3.3...... 180 4.1.4 Migrating to Spectrum Scale 4.1 from GPFS 3.2 or earlier releases of GPFS . . 182 4.1.5 Completing the GPFS or IBM Spectrum Scale migration ...... 183 4.1.6 Applying corrective fixes to IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 185 4.2 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale cluster ...... 187 4.2.1 Managing cluster repository ...... 187 4.2.2 Changing cluster manager nodes ...... 190 4.2.3 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale nodes ...... 192 4.3 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale file systems...... 196 4.3.1 Listing file systems ...... 197 4.3.2 Mounting a file system ...... 198 4.3.3 Unmounting a file system ...... 199 4.3.4 Creating an IBM Spectrum Scale file system ...... 199 4.3.5 Removing a file system...... 201 4.3.6 Repairing a file system ...... 201 4.3.7 Reducing file system fragmentation ...... 204 4.3.8 Listing file system attributes ...... 205 4.3.9 Changing file system attributes...... 206 4.3.10 Optimizing extended attributes: The fastea option ...... 207 4.4 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale disks ...... 209 4.4.1 Displaying disks ...... 209 4.4.2 Creating NSDs ...... 209 4.4.3 Adding a disk to a file system ...... 212 4.4.4 Deleting disks from a file system...... 214 4.4.5 Replacing disks in an IBM Spectrum Scale file system ...... 215 4.5 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale data migration...... 216 4.5.1 Migrating data using NSDs in GPFS file systems...... 216 4.5.2 Migrating data using AFM-based NFS Migration ...... 219 4.6 Managing the IBM Spectrum Scale network ...... 221 4.7 Managing IBM Spectrum Scale remote cluster...... 223 4.7.1 Planning and preparation ...... 223 4.7.2 Adding a remote cluster ...... 224 4.7.3 Enabling GPFS replication ...... 228 4.7.4 Exporting or importing a file system ...... 232 4.8 Configuring IBM Spectrum Scale callback ...... 238 4.9 Monitoring IBM Spectrum Scale with SNMPD protocol...... 240 4.10 SSH configuration ...... 242
Chapter 5. Information lifecycle management ...... 245 5.1 Explaining the ILM concept ...... 246
Contents v 5.2 Fileset ...... 246 5.3 Snapshot ...... 251 5.3.1 Snapshot at the file system level ...... 251 5.3.2 Snapshot at the fileset level ...... 256 5.3.3 Snapshot at file level...... 259 5.4 Storage pools ...... 260 5.4.1 Internal storage pools ...... 260 5.4.2 External storage pools ...... 262 5.5 Immutability and appendOnly attributes ...... 265 5.6 Quotas...... 267 5.6.1 Enabling and editing quotas ...... 267 5.6.2 Creating quota reports ...... 269 5.7 Policies and rules ...... 270 5.7.1 Policies ...... 270 5.7.2 Rules...... 271 5.7.3 Example of polices with internal pools only...... 271 5.7.4 Example of policies with one external pool only ...... 277 5.8 Access control list ...... 280 5.8.1 Traditional Spectrum Scale ACL administration ...... 280 5.8.2 NFSv4 ACL administration ...... 283 5.9 The mmfind policy sample ...... 285 5.10 Differences with IBM EasyTier ...... 288
Chapter 6. Active File Management...... 291 6.1 Active file management fundamentals ...... 292 6.1.1 AFM mode ...... 293 6.1.2 Minimum requirements and basic operating system tuning ...... 294 6.1.3 Using NFS for data movement ...... 296 6.2 AFM single-writer ...... 298 6.2.1 Creating a single-writer Cache fileset ...... 299 6.2.2 Working with AFM filesets (single-writer) ...... 300 6.2.3 Running single-writer fileset in disconnected mode ...... 302 6.2.4 Auto recovering from failed connections...... 304 6.2.5 Manual recovering from failed connections...... 305 6.2.6 Permanent loss of HOME for single-writer ...... 306 6.2.7 Permanent loss of Cache (single-writer)...... 308 6.2.8 Summary for AFM with single-writer ...... 310 6.3 AFM independent-writer ...... 311 6.3.1 Steps to create AFM enabled fileset in independent-writer mode...... 311 6.3.2 Working with independent-writer filesets...... 313 6.3.3 Cache eviction in independent-writer mode ...... 316 6.3.4 Running independent-writer fileset in disconnected mode ...... 319 6.3.5 Manual recovery from failed connections ...... 320 6.3.6 Permanent loss of HOME ...... 322 6.3.7 Temporary loss of Cache ...... 322 6.3.8 Using AFM independent-writer for DR scenarios ...... 324 6.3.9 Summary...... 330 6.4 Using AFM to migrate the content of an existing file system...... 330 6.5 Customizing and tuning AFM filesets ...... 335 6.6 Building a global name space ...... 337 6.7 Enhancements in IBM Spectrum Scale 4.1 TL 1 ...... 338 6.7.1 Gateway node changes ...... 338 6.7.2 Native GPFS protocol ...... 339 vi IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) 6.7.3 Performing parallel data transfers...... 341
Chapter 7. Backup and disaster recovery using IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 345 7.1 Disaster recovery solution using IBM Spectrum Scale replication ...... 346 7.1.1 Configuration...... 346 7.1.2 Characteristics of this DR configuration ...... 347 7.1.3 The IBM Spectrum Scale mmfsctl command ...... 348 7.2 Implementing a scenario with IBM Spectrum Scale replication...... 348 7.2.1 Environment: Hardware, software, network, storage ...... 348 7.2.2 IBM Spectrum Scale configuration ...... 348 7.2.3 IBM Spectrum Scale configuration diagram ...... 350 7.2.4 Set up and configure the IBM Spectrum Scale DR cluster ...... 351 7.3 Backup and restore for IBM Spectrum Scale ...... 373 7.3.1 mmbackup utility ...... 373 7.3.2 Spectrum Scale advanced backup tools...... 383 7.3.3 Scale Out Backup and Restore...... 388
Chapter 8. Problem determination...... 411 8.1 Problem determination process ...... 412 8.1.1 Understanding the problem...... 412 8.1.2 Gathering information from the user ...... 412 8.2 Gathering system information ...... 413 8.2.1 Gathering operating system and IBM Spectrum Scale information ...... 414 8.2.2 Testing connectivity and remote access ...... 415 8.3 Operating system logs and IBM Spectrum Scale messages ...... 415 8.3.1 Operating system logs ...... 415 8.3.2 IBM Spectrum Scale messages ...... 416 8.4 Verifying IBM Spectrum Scale cluster status ...... 419 8.4.1 The mmgetstate command ...... 419 8.4.2 The mmlsconfig command ...... 420 8.4.3 The mmlscluster command...... 420 8.5 Collecting IBM Spectrum Scale file system and disk information ...... 421 8.5.1 The mmlsfs command...... 421 8.5.2 The mmlsmount command ...... 422 8.5.3 The mmlsnsd command ...... 423 8.5.4 The mmwindisk command ...... 424 8.5.5 The mmpmon command ...... 424 8.6 Collecting IBM Spectrum Scale general information and logs ...... 427 8.6.1 Considerations when gathering Spectrum Scale information ...... 428 8.6.2 IBM Spectrum Scale severity tags ...... 429 8.6.3 Spectrum Scale logs ...... 430 8.6.4 The gpfs.snap command ...... 433 8.6.5 Using the gpfs.snap command ...... 436 8.7 Collecting IBM Spectrum Scale debug information...... 439 8.7.1 Collecting specific information...... 439 8.8 Working with IBM Spectrum Scale trace facility ...... 445 8.8.1 Generating Spectrum Scale tracing information ...... 446 8.8.2 Trace data analysis commands and scripts ...... 448 8.9 Deadlock detection features ...... 450 8.9.1 Automated deadlock detection ...... 450 8.9.2 Automated deadlock data collection ...... 451 8.9.3 Automated deadlock breakup ...... 452 8.10 Additional information ...... 452
Contents vii 8.11 IBM Spectrum Scale problem determination scenarios ...... 453 8.11.1 Scenario 1: Spectrum Scale daemon not running...... 453 8.11.2 Scenario 2: Analyzing waiters...... 455 8.11.3 Scenario 3: Spectrum Scale file system hang...... 458 8.11.4 Scenario 4: Spectrum Scale file system unmounting ...... 461 8.11.5 Scenario 5: Spectrum Scale file system not mounting ...... 464 8.11.6 Scenario 6: Upgrading GPFS or Spectrum Scale...... 467 8.11.7 Scenario 7: NSD failures...... 468
Chapter 9. Encryption...... 473 9.1 Introduction to encryption with IBM Spectrum Scale...... 474 9.2 How encryption is implemented in IBM Spectrum Scale...... 475 9.2.1 Support statement for encryption with other IBM Spectrum Scale features . . . . 476 9.3 Step-by-step setup procedure...... 477 9.3.1 Installing and setting up the IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager ...... 477 9.3.2 Installing IBM Security Lifecycle Manager ...... 478 9.3.3 Accessing KLM ...... 480 9.3.4 Updating the server...... 480 9.3.5 Creating certificates and keys for use with IBM Spectrum Scale and IBM Security Lifecycle Manager...... 481 9.3.6 Prepare IBM Security Lifecycle Manager for use with IBM Spectrum Scale. . . . 489 9.3.7 Configure IBM Spectrum Scale for encryption ...... 493 9.4 Working with encryption ...... 498 9.4.1 Verify encryption ...... 498 9.4.2 Back up your keys...... 499 9.4.3 Remote key manager and RKM.conf ...... 500 9.4.4 Secure deletion file data ...... 500 9.4.5 Understanding read access to an encrypted file...... 504 9.5 Implementing access control on a node base...... 505 9.5.1 Changes to RKM...... 506 9.5.2 Changes to RKM.conf...... 507 9.5.3 Changes to Spectrum Scale policy ...... 509 9.5.4 Activating access control ...... 510 9.5.5 Rewrap FEKs to achieve node isolation from data ...... 512 9.5.6 Securing your environment ...... 513 9.5.7 Summary...... 513
Appendix A. Recovery of the IBM Spectrum Scale file system configuration . . . . . 515 Back up the file system configuration...... 516 Generating the scripts for creating the original file system configuration...... 518 Restoring the file system configuration ...... 520
Appendix B. How to obtain an IBM Spectrum Scale trial version ...... 525
Related publications ...... 527 IBM Redbooks ...... 527 Other publications ...... 527 Online resources ...... 527 Help from IBM ...... 528
viii IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) Notices
This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A.
IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service.
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IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you.
Any performance data contained herein was determined in a controlled environment. Therefore, the results obtained in other operating environments may vary significantly. Some measurements may have been made on development-level systems and there is no guarantee that these measurements will be the same on generally available systems. Furthermore, some measurements may have been estimated through extrapolation. Actual results may vary. Users of this document should verify the applicable data for their specific environment.
Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products.
This information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental.
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© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015. All rights reserved. ix Trademarks
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UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries.
Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.
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This IBM® Redbooks® publication updates and complements the previous publication: Implementing the IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) in a Cross Platform Environment, SG24-7844, with additional updates since the previous publication version was released with IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS™). Since then, two releases have been made available up to the latest version of IBM Spectrum™ Scale 4.1. Topics such as what is new in Spectrum Scale, Spectrum Scale licensing updates (Express/Standard/Advanced), Spectrum Scale infrastructure support/updates, storage support (IBM and OEM), operating system and platform support, Spectrum Scale global sharing - Active File Management (AFM), and considerations for the integration of Spectrum Scale in IBM Tivoli® Storage Manager (Spectrum Protect) backup solutions are discussed in this new IBM Redbooks publication.
This publication provides additional topics such as planning, usability, best practices, monitoring, problem determination, and so on. The main concept for this publication is to bring you up to date with the latest features and capabilities of IBM Spectrum Scale as the solution has become a key component of the reference architecture for clouds, analytics, mobile, social media, and much more.
This publication targets technical professionals (consultants, technical support staff, IT Architects, and IT Specialists) responsible for delivering cost effective cloud services and big data solutions on IBM Power Systems™ helping to uncover insights among clients’ data so they can take actions to optimize business results, product development, and scientific discoveries.
Note: This edition applies to IBM Spectrum Scale (formerly GPFS) v4.1.0.4 (TL1), SLES 11 SP2, SLES11 SP3, RHEL ppc64 6.5, AIX 7.1 TL3, Tivoli Storage Manager 7.1 Server, Client and Storage Agent (LAN-free), Tivoli Storage Manager for Space Management 7.1.1, and TSM for Space Management (HSM) 7.1.1.
For the latest information about the the solution, visit the IBM Knowledge Center for IBM Spectrum Scale at the following website: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSYSP8/sts_welcome.html
Authors
This book was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working at the International Technical Support Organization (ITSO), Poughkeepsie Center.
Dino Quintero is a complex solutions Project Leader and an IBM Senior Certified IT Specialist with the ITSO in Poughkeepsie, NY. His areas of knowledge include enterprise continuous availability, enterprise systems management, system virtualization, technical computing, and clustering solutions. He is an Open Group Distinguished IT Specialist. Dino holds a Master of Computing Information Systems degree and a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science from Marist College.
Luis Bolinches has been working with IBM Power Systems servers for over 10 years and has been with GPFS for six years. He worked three years at CERN, and has been an IBMer in Spain, Estonia, and currently in Finland. He has several years of experience with Intel and Power Systems servers, and GPFS clusters as well.
© Copyright IBM Corp. 2015. All rights reserved. xiii Puneet Chaudhary is a Technical Solution Architect with the GPFS and TC Solutions Enablement team.
Willard Davis is a Software Test Specialist with the GPFS development and testing team.
Steve Duersch is a GPFS test manager. He joined IBM in 2001. Steve has been a GPFS test lead for four years and manager for two years.
Carlos Henrique Fachim is a Field Technical Sales Specialist working in the Systems & Technical Group in IBM Brazil for pre-sales technical advisory and architecture designs. He joined IBM 16 years ago, working as an IBM AIX® and an IBM RS/6000® Support Specialist. His technical expertise areas include AIX (also DUMP and Performance Analysis), IBM PowerHA®, GPFS, Power Systems and IBM PowerVM® features, SAN, and IBM System Storage® products (V7000, IBM DS8000®, SAN Volume Controller, and Tivoli Storage Productivity Center). He also has much experience designing and implementing highly virtualized and highly available environments. He is a member of the IBM Technology Leadership Council Brazil, and holds a Master’s degree of Computer Science from Mackenzie University (Sao Paulo, Brazil). He is a Certified Advanced Technical Expert Specialist.
Andrei Socoliuc is a Certified IT Specialist in Systems and Infrastructure, working in IBM Global Technologies Services Romania. He has more than 12 years of experience in IT infrastructure. Andrei holds a Master’s degree in Computer Science from the Polytechnical University of Bucharest. He is a Certified Advanced Technical Expert IBM Power Systems and a Certified Tivoli Storage Manager specialist. He is also a coauthor of several IBM PowerHA IBM Redbooks publications.
Olaf Weiser is an IT Infrastructure Specialist focused primarily on integrating Linux, AIX, and cluster deployments into enterprise environments. During his career at IBM, he has worked with multiple product families and has had extensive experience designing, deploying, testing, and auditing enterprise architectures for automotive and telecommunication customers. His current technical work covers clusters in HPC environments, as well as managing classic IT environments. Of particular importance is the integration of business requirements and IT capabilities, by assisting clients by making tactical and strategic recommendations for their IT infrastructure. Olaf has a degree in Civil Engineering from Saxon University of Cooperative Education (State Academy Saxon).
Thanks to the following people for their contributions to this project:
Richard Conway IBM International Technical Support Organization, Poughkeepsie Center
April L. Brown, Manoj Naik IBM US
Kalyan Gunda IBM India
Bruno Blanchard IBM France
Marcelo Scabim IBM Brazil
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