쉽게 처방하는 감기약물 다시 보기: Antitussives, Expectorants, And

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쉽게 처방하는 감기약물 다시 보기: Antitussives, Expectorants, And Korean J Fam Pract. 2012;2:289-295 쉽게 처방하는 감기약물 다시 보기: Symposium Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics 분류와 기전을 중심으로 남가은, 김도훈* 고려대학교 의과대학 가정의학교실 The Use of Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics in Clinical Practice Ga Eun Nam, Do Hoon Kim* Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Acute upper airway infection includes acute nasopharyngitis (common cold), acute sinusitis, acute pharyngitis, and acute epiglottitis. It can also be referred to as acute nasopharyngitis in the narrower sense. Cough and sputum are the common symptoms of these diseases. Specific treatments are needed for these symptoms according to their underlying causes. However, empirical therapies using drugs such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics are applied to symptomatic relief in certain situations. The effects of these drugs are not clearly demonstrated and do not last long. The aim of this review is to examine the list, mechanism, clinical characteristics, and directions for the use of these drugs currently available for the common cold. Keywords: Common Cold; Antitussive Agents; Expectorants; Mucolytics 서론 면 기도점막을 보호하는 기능이 있으나 과도할 경우 환자에 게 괴로움을 준다. 이러한 증세는 원인질환에 따른 특이치료 급성상기도감염은 급성비인후염(감기), 급성부비동염, 가 필요하나, 여의치 않을 경우 비특이적인 진해거담제를 사 급성편도염, 급성후두개염을 모두 포함하는 용어로 좁은 의 용하게 된다. 진해거담제는 크게 진해제(antitussives), 거담제 미로는 급성비인후염을 말한다. 전 세계적으로 급성상기도감 (expectorants), 점액용해제(mucolytics)로 분류된다. 진해제는 염은 병원을 찾는 가장 흔한 원인으로 사회경제적 부담이 매 기침의 원인에 관계없이 기침을 가라앉히는 약을 말한다. 거 우 큰 질환이며, 공통된 주된 증상으로 기침과 객담을 들 수 있 담제란 환자에게 고통을 주는 끈끈한 점액을 녹여서 묽게 만 다. 기침은 기도로 이물질이 들어가는 것을 예방하는 정상적 들어 기도 밖으로 배출시키는 약을 말하는 반면, 점액용해제 인 방어기전이나 지나치게 되면 환자나 의사에게 모두 매우 는 폐에 있는 점액을 분해하여 호흡기 분비물을 묽게 만드는 불편한 증세이다. 객담 역시 호흡기에서 정상적으로 분비되 데까지만 역할을 하는데, 이러한 거담제와 점액용해제의 차 이를 인지하는 것이 중요하다. 본 강좌에서는 감기에 흔히 처 Received: November 10, 2012, Accepted: December 5, 2012 방되는 진해거담제의 종류와 작용 기전 및 임상적 특징, 사용 *Corresponding Author: Do Hoon Kim 시 주의사항을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. Tel: 031-412-5365, Fax: 031-412-5364 E-mail: [email protected] 기침반사 Korean Journal of Family Practice Copyright © 2012 by The Korean Academy of Family Medicine 기침반사(cough reflex) 수용체는 인후두 등의 상기도와 기 가정의학 Vol. 2, No. 4 Dec 2012 | 289 Ga Eun Nam, et al: The Use of Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics 관의 후벽, 기관분기부(carina), 주 기관지 등의 하기도에 주로 해효과를 나타내는 것으로 생각된다. 마약류 약제는 남용의 분포되어 있다. 작은 기도로 가면서 희박하게 분포하며 주로 우려가 있어 주의해야 하며, 가급적이면 마약유도체나 비마 분지부에 많으나 폐 실질 내에는 거의 없다.1) 기침반사 수용 약류 약제를 사용하는 것이 좋겠다. 체는 기도 외에도 흉막, 고막, 부비동, 횡격막, 심낭, 위, 식도 등 흔히 사용되고 있는 진해제에는 단일 성분 약제와 항히스 에 분포한다. 기계적 기침 수용체는 접촉이나 변형에 반응하 타민제를 포함한 여러 약제의 복합제제가 있다. 시럽 형태로 고, 화학적 기침 수용체는 자극성 기체나 연기에 예민하다. 기 된 약제 중 코푸시럽에스(cough syrup S®)와 코푸시럽(cough 침반사 수용체가 자극을 인식하면 미주신경을 통해 뇌간으로 syrup®) 및 코데날시럽(codenal syrup®)은 약국에서 판매되는 자극을 전달하고, 호흡 근육에 분포하는 척수신경세포들을 종합 감기약과 함께 대표적인 복합제제이다(Table 2). 코푸 흥분시켜 기침을 유발한다.1) 시럽에스에는 dextromethorphan, 에페드린 성분과 항히스타 민제인 페니라민이 포함되어 있어 졸음이 올 수 있다.1,4) 코푸 진해제 시럽에는 dextromethorphan 대신에 소량의 코데인이 포함되 어 있어 역시 졸음을 유발할 수 있다. 코데날시럽은 항히스타 진해제(Antitussives)는 작용기전에 따라 중추 작용 약물 민제와 소량의 코데인, guaifenesin을 주성분으로 한다.1) 일반 과 말초 작용 약물로 나뉜다(Table 1). 중추에 작용하는 약물 적으로 객담을 동반하는 기침에 guaifenesin를 포함한 약물을 은 마약류(narcotic opioids), 마약유도체(non-narcotic opioids), 사용하고, 객담을 동반하지 않는 기침에는 dextromethorphan, 비마약류(nonopioid)로 나눌 수 있다. 대표적인 마약류 약제 codeine을 사용한다.1) 레보투스(levotuss®)는 levodropropizine 는 codein, hydrocodone, morphine 등으로 결과가 일정하지 않 성분의 진해제로 기침의 경로 중 C-fiber를 억제하여 기침을 으나 제한적인 기침 억제효과가 증명이 되었고,2-4) 적정 용량 억제한다. 또한 건조 아이비 잎 추출물(ivy-leaf dried extract)로 에서도 졸음, 변비, 소화장애, 남용이나 의존의 위험이 있다. hederocoside C가 주성분인 푸로스판(prospan®)은 진해 및 거 마약유도체 진해제인 dextromethorphan은 기침약 및 일반 감 담작용이 있으며,1) 항염증효과 및 기도 평활근 이완효과가 보 기약에 흔히 포함되는 약제이나 이 약제의 진해효과 역시 일 고되었다. 2-4) 정하지 않다. 기침반사의 과감작(hypersensitivity)에 있어 여러 연구에서 오래된 1세대 항히스타민제가 진해효과 6) 중요한 기전의 하나는 시냅스 후세포에 위치한 N-methyl-D- 를 갖고 있음이 증명되었다. 새로운 항히스타민제의 경우 5) 7) aspartate (NMDA) 수용체의 상향 조절(up regulation)이다. 진해효과가 없으므로, 1세대 약제의 중추 신경계 침투효과 8) Dextromethorphan은 약한 NMDA 수용체 길항제로 작용해 진 및 항콜린성 작용이 그 기전일 것으로 추측된다. 항콜린제 Table 1. Currently available drugs with proven or potential antitussive effect. Antirussives Drugs Proven antitussives Centrally acting Narcotic opioids: morphine, codein, hydrocodone Non-narcotic opioids: dextromethophan Non-opioid: benproperine, zipeprol, older generation antihistamines Peripherally acting Benzonatate, levodropropizine, guaifenesin, moguisteine Potential antitussives (drugs approved for other indications; not approved as antitussives) Centrally acting: amitriptyline, baclofen, gabapentin, pregabalin Peripherally acting: tiotropium, leukotriene receptor antagonist Non-pharmaceutical agents: theobromine From Kim SH. Korean J Med 2010;78:682-6.4) 290 | Vol. 2, No. 4 Dec 2012 Korean J Fam Pract 남가은 외 : 쉽게 처방하는 감기약물 다시 보기 인 ipratropium bromide 흡입제도 감기 및 만성기관지염에 의 에 의한 비염이 생길 수 있어 주의가 필요하다.9) 한 기침 환자에서 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되었는데 유사한 Benproperine(코프렐®)이나 zipeprol(레스피렌®)도 중추 기전으로 효과를 나타낼 것으로 추정된다.4) 또한 일시적으로 에 작용하는 진해제로 흔히 사용되고 있으나 인간을 대상으 ephedrine이나 phenylnephrine이 들어 있는 분무형 비충혈 제거 로 하는 이중맹검연구가 존재하지 않는다. Benproperine을 복 제가 사용될 수도 있지만 이러한 제제는 장기간 사용 시 약제 용할 경우 졸음, 어지러움, 피로, 식욕부진, 복통 등이 흔히 나 Table 2. Commonly used syrup form antitussives in South Korea. Brand name Component Usual dose (adult) Effects Cough syrup s In 100 mL: dextromethorphan 75 mg, methylephedrine 20 mL tid or qid Antitussive, expectorant, antihistaminic HCl 131.25 mg, chlorpheniramine maleate 15 mg, effect ammonium Cl 1 mg Cough syrup In 100 mL: dihydrocodein 50 mg, methylephedrine HCl 20 mL tid or qid Antitussive, expectorant, antihistaminic 131.25 mg, chlorpheniramine maleate 15 mg, effect ammonium Cl 1 mg Codenal syrup In 100 mL: dihydrocodeine 50 mg, guaifenesin 375 mg, 20 mL tid or qid Antitussive, expectorant, analgesic, methylephedrine HCl 131.25 mg, chlorpheniramine antihistaminic effect maleate 15 mg Levotuss Levodropropizine 6 mg/mL 10 mL tid Antitussive Prospan Dried ivy leaf extract: hederocoside C 0.35 mg/mL 5–7.5 mL tid Inhibitory effects on bronchospasm, expectorant, anti-infl ammatory effect From Kim SK and Chang J. Tuberc Respir Dis 2006;60:261-9.1) Table 3. Summary of studies on peripherally acting and potential antitussives. Drug Author/reference no./year No. Subjects Study results Peripherally acting antitussives Levodropropizine vs. Allegra and Bossi12) (1988) 194 Acute and chronic bronchitis Cough severity/frequency ↓ 72% placebo (P<0.05) Moguisteine vs. placebo Aversa et al.14) (1993) 97 COPD, pulmonary Cough frequency ↓ 42% (P<0.03) neoplasm, pulmonary fi brosis, unknown, other Moguisteine vs. placebo Adams et al.15) (1993) 108 URI Signifi cant difference in nighttime cough severity (P<0.05) Guaifenesin, benzotate Dicpinigaitis et al.16) (2009) 30 URI Cough refl ex sensitivity ↓ (P<0.05) vs. placebo Guaifenesin vs. placebo Dicpinigaitis and Gayle17) (2003) 14 URI Cough refl ex sensitivity ↓ (P<0.05) Potential antitussives Amitriptyline vs. Jeyakumar et al.20) (1988) 28 Postviral vagal neuropathy Improved cough-specifi c quality- codeine/guaifenesin of-life (P<0.05) Tiotropium vs. placebo Dicpinigaitis et al.18) (2008) 21 URI Inhibition of cough refl ex sensitivity (P<0.05) Baclofen vs. placebo Dicpinigaitis and Dobkin23) 20 Healthy adults Elevation of capsaicin cough (1997) threshold (P<0.05) COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, URI: upper respiratory tract infection. 가정의학 Vol. 2, No. 4 Dec 2012 | 291 Ga Eun Nam, et al: The Use of Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics 타나고 zipeprol은 과량 복용 시 환각작용이 있어서 특히 젊 는 천연약물이면서 비마약성 진해제라는 장점이 있다. 동물 은 층에서 오남용의 우려가 있다. 국내에서 1991–1998년 사 을 이용한 기침유발검사에서 효과를 증명하였으나27) 임상시 이 총 61명이 ziperol 남용으로 사망했다는 보고도 있었다.10) 험에서 아직까지 효과가 충분히 검증되지 않았다. 펠라고니 Dextromethorphan 역시 ziperol과 유사한 환각효과로 청소년 사 움시도이데스(Pelargonium sidoides) 추출물(Umckamin syrup®) 이에서 남용이 문제된 바 있으며,11) 현재 단일 성분 제제인 러 역시 급성상기도감염 환자에서 진해효과가 있음이 보고되었 미라정은 생산허가가 취소되었다. 다.28) 말초에 작용하는 진해제 중 흔히 사용되는 약제인 levodropropizine(레보투스 정® or 시럽®)은 급성 및 만성기 거담제 및 점액용해제(Expectorants and 관지염 환자에서 위약보다 효과가 우월하였고,12) 폐암으로 Mucolytics) 인한 기침에도 코데인과 비슷한 효과를 보였다(Table 3).13) Moguisteine14,15) 역시 말초신경계에 작용하는 것으로 생각되 객담의 주성분은 점액으로 수분이 95%이고, 나머지 5%는 며, 급성상기도감염 및 만성폐쇄성 폐질환, 폐암 등의 환자에 당단백질, 지질 및 무기질 등으로 구성된다. 당단백질의 구조 서 기침을 줄여주는 것으로 보고되었으나 국내에서는 시판되 가 선형중합체 이중 구조로 겔 형태이기 때문에 끈적이는 양 지 않고 있다. Benzonatate는 procaine과 구조적으로 유사하고 상을 보인다.1) 널리 사용되고 있는 거담제와 점액용해제가 stretch 수용체를 억제하여 진해효과를 보이는데, 국내에서 지 Table 4에 제시되었다. 흔히 거담제라고 부르는 약제들은 대부 콜 캅셀이라는 상품으로 시판되고 있다. 미국에서도 사용이 분이 점액용해제(mucolytics)로 급만성호흡기질환에서 증상 승인되었으나 최근 급성상기도감염 환자를 대상으로 한 연구 완화를 위해 사용되지만 위약대조시험에서 효과가 일정치 않 에서 위약에 비해 의미 있는 기침 감소를 보여주지는 못했고, 아 가능한 짧은 기간 사용이 권유된다.4) 만성기관지염 환자에 guaifenesin과 병용 투여 시 효과를 증가시키는 것으로 밝혀졌 서도 기침을 억제하기 위하여 이들 약제를 지속적으로 투여 다.5,16) 최근 미국에서 benzonatate의 남용으로 인한 심각한 부 하는 것은 좋지 않으며 항콜린제를 투여하는 것보다 이득이 정맥 및 경련 발생의 위험이 보고되어 사용 시 주의가 필요하 있을 것으로 생각되지 않는다.
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