Vite Di Confine Etnicità E Nazionalismo Nella Macedonia Occidentale Greca

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Vite Di Confine Etnicità E Nazionalismo Nella Macedonia Occidentale Greca meltemi.edu 11 etnografia/storia/identità nazionale Edizione originale: Né de la Terre Edition s du Seuil, 1996 Copyright © 2004 Meltemi editore, Roma È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo effettuata compresa la fotocopia, anche a uso interno o didattico, non autorizzata. Meltemi editore via dell’Olmata, 30 – 00184 Roma tel. 06 4741063 – fax 06 4741407 [email protected] www.meltemieditore.it Piero Vereni Vite di confine Etnicità e nazionalismo nella Macedonia occidentale greca MELTEMI Krusevo Bitola Bukovo Edessa N. Káfkassos Niki Salonicco Pétres Flórina Amíndeo Indice p. 7 Prefazione 16 Introduzione 26 Capitolo primo Macedonia, il catalogo è questo 106 Capitolo secondo Os Ellin Makedonas 144 Capitolo terzo Persone e confini, nazione e narrazione 165 Capitolo quarto Vite di confine 196 Capitolo quinto Dopo l’identità 223 Bibliografia Sarei stato tentato di somigliare, fuori tem- po, a quel me come ero, nello sforzo gene- roso e necessario di difenderlo; oppure, rinnegandolo, col perdere il fondamento stesso dell’esistenza mia e di ciascuno, che è di tenere a distanza di rispetto ma affet- tuosa il passato (Adriano Sofri, Memoria, Palermo, Sellerio, 1990, p. 12). Prefazione Anche a me, seguendo la trama di quella vecchia storia, e appunto nello svegliarsi presente della mia coscienza rispetto ai fatti che accadevano nel mondo e in Italia, poteva capitare non di ritrovar- mi ma di smarrirmi: di non riconoscere più nep- pure la mia frontiera (Franco Vegliani, La frontie- ra, Palermo, Sellerio, 1996 [1964], p. 173). Questo è un libro sul rapporto tra individuo e colletti- vità o, per essere concreti, è un libro che racconta diverse storie personali che si incrociano e si scontrano con la sto- ria collettiva di nazioni rivali. Dato che aspira a essere un libro di antropologia, e dato che “l’antropologia è filosofia con dentro la gente” (In- gold, cit. in Eriksen 1995, p. 1), le questioni “teoriche” si pongono come domande concrete (“Chi sono io, se mia madre mi dice che sono greco e mio padre invece prova a fare di me un macedone? A quale noi appartengo?”), per le quali si possono tentare risposte solo attraversando le storie di quegli individui. Quasi tutte le persone di cui parla questo libro vivono lungo un confine politico. Sulla tangibile forza modella- trice di quella linea solidissima seppure in gran parte invi- sibile ci sarà ampio modo di riflettere nelle pagine che se- guono. Qui invece voglio brevemente sottolineare la sua natura metaforica. Vivere lungo un confine politico signi- fica vivere con un costante evocatore dell’esistenza e della necessità del diverso. Non è quindi assurdo sostenere che gli abitanti dei confini hanno anticipato una condizione oggi diffusa, di contatto/attrito con la differenza che co- stringe a prendere consapevolezza della propria identità (Cohen 1995). In questo senso, le vite di confine sono un preannuncio delle nostre vite metropolitane o nomadi- che, in cui il definirsi (come individui e come membri di PIERO VERENI diversi raggruppamenti) sembra essere un aspetto e un obiettivo essenziale della vita. Se è mia intenzione che il lettore sia consapevole di questa dimensione metaforica, tanto più ho preteso da me stesso questa consapevolezza mentre scrivevo. Il mio in- contro con il confine e con quel che sta al di là è duplice, e trova un suo spazio in questo libro. Come confine esteriore è presente nel tentativo di raccontare (con quell’apocrifa fedeltà che si pretende dai traduttori) la vita di altre perso- ne, assumendomene la responsabilità. Come confine inte- riore, privato, trova spazio (senza eccessi egocentrici, spe- ro) nel racconto di me che, come personaggio tra gli altri di cui narro, subisco una trasformazione nel corso di que- sta ricerca, accettando di traversare il confine tra quel che ero e quel che vorrei diventare. Questi quattro temi (gli individui e il loro rapporto con le collettività; il ruolo delle “storie” – non solo “di vita” – nella costruzione del sapere antropologico; la permanenza sul confine come metafora dell’odierna condizione “po- stlocale” dettata dalle migrazioni planetarie; la resa dei conti con il cambiamento che attraversa inesorabile ognu- no di noi) vorrei guidassero la lettura degli studenti. Que- sto libro, infatti, non è scritto a uso degli “esperti”, né di antropologia, né dei Balcani. Non richiede particolari co- noscenze storiche della regione, e anzi pretende di fornirne le linee essenziali per orientarsi nel complesso mosaico che dipinge. Lo sforzo che mi sento di chiedere a chi legge è un altro: è uno sforzo di immaginazione, preziosa dote de- gli esseri umani, che tendiamo però a lesinare. In un racconto fulminante nella sua brevità, Adolfo Bioy Casares (1962) narra di un essere alieno che giunge in un paesino della provincia argentina. L’extraterrestre, al culmi- ne della guerra fredda, ha la possibilità di aiutare gli esseri umani a liberarsi definitivamente del rischio della bomba atomica, ma gli abitanti del paese non sono disposti a modi- ficare la rassicurante monotonia quotidiana e preferiscono lasciarlo morire in un crescendo di idiozia e totale disinte- resse. La storia è raccontata da uno dei notabili locali (“So- PREFAZIONE no docente – maestro di scuola – e giornalista”, pp. 91-92), che si decide a narrare l’evento a fatto compiuto, ma che sembra più interessato a soffermarsi sulle fastidiose interru- zioni alla sua siesta pomeridiana o sulla misteriosa sparizio- ne di un innaffiatoio che non sulla natura dell’extraterre- stre, di cui in effetti non ci viene detto praticamente nulla. Per quanto iperbolico, questo racconto mi sembra una buona esemplificazione dell’intuizione lacaniana secondo cui gli uomini – lungi dall’essere mossi da una qualche cu- riosità naturale nei confronti di ciò o di chi è “diverso” – organizzano spesso le loro vite in base a un principio estre- mamente rigoroso nella sua angustia: “Non voglio saperlo” (cfr. Zˇ izˇek 2002, p. 68). Provare a capire come si viva entro un altro orizzonte fisico e di valori è un esercizio faticoso, sempre a rischio di errori, malintesi o malevole intenzioni, ma che vale comunque la pena di tentare. Non credo che questo sforzo di immaginazione serva più di tanto a capire noi stessi (come se la conoscenza dell’altro avesse senso solo in quanto funzione di un nostro essere “più pieno” perché autoconsapevole), quanto invece a farci spostare di lato ri- spetto alle nostre ovvietà, a rendere meno inevitabile o ne- cessario quello che siamo, proponendo quindi prospettive alternative per noi. Smarrirsi, come tenterò di dimostrare, non è detto che sia sempre un male, e per farlo consapevol- mente bisogna avere il coraggio di percorrere sentieri poco battuti, o di aprirne di nuovi. È un esercizio lento, faticoso e raramente coronato dal successo, perché per nostra natu- ra saremmo inclini a fare tutt’altro e, come i personaggi di Casares, tendiamo sempre a “scegliere il nostro inchiostro”. Sono convinto che l’antropologia sia quella disciplina che per costituzione prova a fare i conti con quelle resistenze, e per fortuna non sono il solo a coltivare questa speranza: In questo, le difficoltà sono davvero enormi, ma lo sono sem- pre state. Comprendere quello che, in un modo o nell’altro, ci è alieno (e tale rimarrà) senza cercare di minimizzarlo con vuoti balbettii sulla nostra comune umanità, o di neutralizzar- lo con l’indifferenza dell’a-ciascuno-il suo, o ancora di liqui- PIERO VERENI darlo come qualcosa di affascinante, persino grazioso, ma non perciò meno illogico – questa è un’abilità che dobbiamo faticosamente imparare; e una volta imparata, lavorare conti- nuamente per tenerla in vita, poiché non si tratta di una fa- coltà innata, come la percezione della profondità o il senso dell’equilibrio, sulla quale si possa fare senz’altro affidamento (Geertz 1994, p. 559). Ringraziamenti Molti hanno letto, commentato, criticato diverse por- zioni o bozze o varie varianti di (parti di) questo lavoro. Ci- to a memoria e in ordine cronologico: Pietro Clemente, Eugenio Testa, Antonino Colajanni, Maria Couroucli, Ha- stings Donnan, Adam Kuper, Bjørn Thomassen, Jane Cowan, Stuart Woolf, Keith Brown, Effi Gazi, Fikret Ada- nir, Roayah Saltus, Gerard Roelofs, Gilles de Rapper, Vasi- lis Gounaris, Giorgos Agelopoulos, Rea Alexandratos, Sa- rah Green, Ulf Brunnbauer, Silvia Barberani. A tutti il mio ringraziamento più sincero, soprattutto a Silvia che ha letto tutto il testo della mia tesi dottorale, fornendomi indicazio- ni preziose e commenti di cui ho cercato di fare tesoro. Durante i miei soggiorni in Grecia il mio lavoro è stato immensamente facilitato dalla cortesia, disponibilità e pre- parazione di diversi colleghi e professori. Nora Skouteri- Didaskalou mi ha concesso libero accesso alla biblioteca dell’Università di Salonicco, e mi ha fatto conoscere i suoi dottorandi di antropologia, Ioanna Anastasiou e Paris Po- tiropoulos, che oltre ad aiutarmi come colleghi si sono di- mostrati amici pazienti. Anastasia Karakasidou è stata gen- tile nel concedermi un po’ del suo frenetico tempo a Salo- nicco, per raccontarmi di sé e della sua ricerca. Da marzo 1996 il mio lavoro di ricerca è stato immensamente facilita- to dalla disponibilità di Vasilis Gounaris e Giorgos Agelo- poulos, colleghi impagabili, miniere bibliografiche e amici generosi. Giorgos mi ha aiutato moltissimo anche a Flori- na, dove mi ha messo in contatto (anche grazie a Sofia Av- PREFAZIONE gitidou) con persone del posto e mi ha aiutato a superare i momenti emotivamente più difficili della ricerca sul cam- po. Il mio secondo soggiorno in Macedonia, nel 1999, è stato immensamente facilitato da Yannis Manos, nel dupli- ce ruolo di insider e collega attentissimo anche alle mie esi- genze logistiche, oltre che disponibile a condividere i dub- bi (non solo teorici) del fieldwork. Lina Sistani mi ha offer- to la disponibilità dei suoi genitori a ospitarmi nel 1999, confidandomi a volte le sue perplessità come giovane an- tropologa e macedone di Grecia.
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