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The Bakgatla Ba Ga Motsha Under the Native Policy of the Transvaal, 1852–1910

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The Bakgatla Ba Ga Motsha Under the Native Policy of the Transvaal, 1852–1910 i THE BAKGATLA BA GA MOTSHA UNDER THE NATIVE POLICY OF THE TRANSVAAL, 1852–1910 by SELLO PATRICK RANKHUMISE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the subject HISTORY at the NORTH-WEST UNIVERSITY, MAFIKENG CAMPUS PROMOTER: PROFESSOR B. K. MBENGA APRIL 2017 ii Declaration I declare that THE BAKGATLA BA GA MOTSHA UNDER THE NATIVE POLICY OF THE TRANSVAAL, 1852–1910 is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. …………………………………. ………………………… SIGNATURE DATE S.P. Rankhumise iii Contents Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii Glossary ................................................................................................................................................. vii Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... xii Abstract .................................................................................................................................................xiv Key words ..............................................................................................................................................xvi INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Rationale and scope of the study ....................................................................................................... 1 Methodological approach of the study .............................................................................................. 8 Hypothesis and objectives of the study ............................................................................................ 12 Literature review ............................................................................................................................... 16 Limitations of the study .................................................................................................................... 26 Sources .............................................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 32 THE ORIGINS AND SETTLEMENT IN THE PRETORIA DISTRICT ............................................ 32 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Geographical setting of Pretoria District and its surrounding sub-districts ..................................... 32 Archaeological information about Hammanskraal ........................................................................... 34 The difaqane turmoil and the emergence of the Bakgatla ............................................................... 35 The rise of the Motsha grouping ...................................................................................................... 45 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 54 THE ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BA GA MOTSHA ........................................ 54 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 54 The worldview of the ba ga Motsha ................................................................................................. 54 The kgoro system .............................................................................................................................. 65 Marriage among the ba ga Motsha .................................................................................................. 69 Ba ga Motsha traditional system of education ................................................................................. 70 Kgabo as a totem .............................................................................................................................. 72 Hunting, crop production and animal husbandry ............................................................................. 76 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 86 iv LAND DISPOSSESSION AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION, 1852–1871........................................ 86 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 86 Boers’ consolidation of power and land ownership in the Transvaal ............................................... 86 Boer governance of African affairs in the Transvaal ......................................................................... 93 The ba ga Motsha and the Labour Contract ..................................................................................... 98 The Native Act of 1866 .................................................................................................................... 107 The Hammanskraal Dam ................................................................................................................. 112 The renewal of the 1856 Labour Contract, November 1870 .......................................................... 114 The 1871 Transvaal Commission on African Labour ....................................................................... 118 The ba ga Motsha and cheap labour in Pretoria ............................................................................. 127 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 130 CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 133 THE BA GA MOTSHA AND THE BERLIN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 1866–1891 .................... 133 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 133 The origins and early activities of the BMS ..................................................................................... 133 The arrival of the BMS missionaries in the Transvaal ..................................................................... 137 BMS missionary activities among the ba ga Motsha ...................................................................... 139 Sachse’s mediation in the Saul-Moepi conflict, 1870–1873 ........................................................... 148 The impact of BMS missionary activities ........................................................................................ 151 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 164 CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................................... 165 LAND PURCHASING AMONG THE BA GAMOTSHA, 1873–1904 ............................................ 165 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 165 Conditions for land purchase by African communities ................................................................... 165 Purchase of farms at Neuhalle, 1873 .............................................................................................. 168 The Native Affairs Department and land ownership by Africans ................................................... 170 Border disputes over farms, 1885 .................................................................................................. 173 Proposal to purchase Klipfontein, 1904 .......................................................................................... 178 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 181 CHAPTER 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 184 PROTEST AGAINST THE BERLIN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, 1878–1906 ................................. 184 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 184 Independent African churches and the germination of anti-racism .............................................. 185 Evangelist-ministers’ breakaway from the BMS ............................................................................. 186 v The
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