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Development of Azeotropic Blends to Replace TCE and Npb in Vapor Degreasing Operations

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Development of Azeotropic Blends to Replace TCE and Npb in Vapor Degreasing Operations Development of Azeotropic Blends to Replace TCE and nPB in Vapor Degreasing Operations Darren L. Williams, Ph.D. Chemistry Department, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341 [email protected] (936)294-1529 December 21, 2016 Final Report Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program Weapons Systems and Platforms (WP-2522) US Army Corps of Engineers, Contract W912HG-14-C-0062 Dr. Robin Nissan, WP Program Manager [email protected] (571)372-6399 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... vi Keywords ..................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... ix Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................... 6 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................. 20 Conclusions and Implications for Future Research ...................................................................... 39 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 42 Appendix A – List of Contacts ......................................................................................................47 Appendix B – Standard Operating Procedures ..............................................................................50 Appendix C – SDS for all Solvents .............................................................................................119 ii List of Tables Table 1: The solvents that were explored as blend components. Listed are the Hansen solubility parameters (D, P, H in MPa1/2), flammability, global warming potential, and the Hansen distance (Ra in MPa1/2) from the average position of nPB and TCE in Hansen space. Sources for the GWP100 values are given. .......................................................................................................... 7 Table 2: Compositions (% v/v), boiling points, and flash point behavior of the azeotropes discovered by this project ............................................................................................................. 25 Table 3: The Hansen solubility parameters (D, P, and H), densities (ρ), volumetric expansion coefficients (β), viscosities (η), surface tension (γ), and wetting index (W) values for the azeotropic blends 6 and 7 along with their blend components ..................................................... 37 Table 4: Evaluation of the likelihood of the new azeotropes 6 and 7 to clean other soils ............ 38 iii List of Figures Figure 1: Initial solvent down-selection scheme ............................................................................ 6 Figure 2: Solvents plotted in spherical Hansen space (2D, P, and H in MPa1/2). Each data point is a blend of the colors of the HSP axes. The abbreviations are explained in the List of Acronyms. 9 Figure 3: The flash point of p-chlorobenzotrifluoride (CBTF) confirmed using a Tag closed cup flash point tester and ASTM-D56 ................................................................................................. 11 Figure 4: The 7.6-L (2-gallon) capacity Branson 125 vapor degreaser retrofitted with a sliding lid and sub-zero coils ......................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 5: The inside of the Branson 125 vapor degreaser showing the temperature zones (thermal image), the vapor zone, and the copper sub-zero coils ................................................................. 13 Figure 6: Cylindrical research vapor degreaser consisting of a silicone heater, magnetic stirrer, part basket, dual sub-zero cooling coils, thermocouple temperature monitor .............................. 14 Figure 7: The degreasing study coupons (brass, Al-7075, and SS-316) showing a typical load of ≅ 0.1 g of marine grade grease ..................................................................................................... 15 Figure 8: The HP 5890 GC oven that served as a temperature-programmable reflow oven for the vial-based defluxing tests .............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 9: Video-based falling ball viscometry apparatus ............................................................. 18 Figure 10: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 1 of AE-3000 and methanol 21 Figure 11: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 2 of HFE-7100 and methanol ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 12: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 3 of HFE-7300 and tert- butylacetate ................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 13: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 4 of AE-3000 and Solkane 365................................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 14: The Raman chemometric analysis of the light fraction (top layer) of the two-phase azeotrope number 5 of HFE-7500 and ethyl lactate ..................................................................... 23 Figure 15: The Raman chemometric analysis of the heavy fraction (bottom layer) of the two- phase azeotrope number 5 of HFE-7500 and ethyl lactate ........................................................... 23 Figure 16: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 6 of Suprion and p- chlorobenzotrifluoride ................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 17: The Raman chemometric analysis of azeotrope number 7 of HFE-7500 and p- chlorobenzotrifluoride ................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 18: Photo of CBTF participating in burning below its flash point .................................... 26 Figure 19: Photo of HFE-7100 participating in burning up to its boiling point ........................... 27 iv Figure 20: Photo of azeotrope 6 (20% CBTF and 80% Sup) participating in burning at its boiling point .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 21: Photo of azeotrope 7 (35% CBTF and 65% HFE5) participating in burning at its boiling point .................................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 22: The results of the vial-based solvent screening test .................................................... 29 Figure 23: The visual performance of nPB in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease on brass fitting #47 shows that the degreasing protocol works well. The visual performance of TCE was identical.................................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 24: The gravimetric performance of nPB in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease ....................................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 25: The gravimetric performance of TCE in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease ....................................................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 26: The visual performance of azeotrope number 6 (AZ6) in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease ...................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 27: The gravimetric performance of azeotrope number 6 (AZ6) in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease .......................................................................................................... 33 Figure 28: The visual performance of azeotrope 7 (AZ7) in the Branson 125 against marine grade grease .................................................................................................................................
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