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Liquid Air Energy Storage Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES Cyrine Damak, Denis Leducq, Hong-Minh Hoang, Daniele Negro, Anthony Delahaye To cite this version: Cyrine Damak, Denis Leducq, Hong-Minh Hoang, Daniele Negro, Anthony Delahaye. Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration – A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES. International Journal of Refrigeration, Elsevier, 2019, 110, pp.208 - 218. 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.009. hal-03176291 HAL Id: hal-03176291 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03176291 Submitted on 22 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. International Journal of Refrigeration 110 (2020) 208–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Refrigeration journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijrefrig Review Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) as a large-scale storage technology for renewable energy integration –A review of investigation studies and near perspectives of LAES ∗ Cyrine Damak a, , Denis Leducq a, Hong Minh Hoang a, Daniele Negro b, Anthony Delahaye a a IRSTEA, UR FRISE, Refrigeration Process Engineering Research Unit, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de ennes, F-92761 Antony, France b London South Bank University (LSBU), Lower Langford BS40 5DU, UK a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Electrical Energy Storage (EES) technologies have received considerable attention over the last decade Received 22 May 2019 because of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emission through the integration of renewable energy Revised 25 October 2019 sources. Renewable sources have an intermittent power output to the electrical grid, thus EES represents Accepted 9 November 2019 a strategic solution in balancing electrical grids and enables the decarbonisation of the energy sector. Available online 14 November 2019 Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) is a novel method of EES falling within the thermo-mechanical category. Keywords: It is based on storing liquid cryogenic fluids after their liquefaction from an initially gaseous state. A Electrical energy storage particular form of CES, Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), has gained growing attention respect to other Cryogenic energy storage cryogens. The current state of LAES is still at the development and demonstration stage since no com- Liquid air Renewable energy mercial or pre-commercial plants have been built. This technology has been developed in different ways Global efficiency throughout its history (from 1977), and, to the best of our knowledge, no review paper has been pub- lished so far about the CES topic. Therefore, the present paper intends to provide a clear picture of the CES/LAES virtues in the literature as well as the challenges associated to the system to be commercially viable. For this purpose, this re- view includes: an investigation of the properties of cryogens and different CES processes as well as the main ways the system could be combined to other facilities to further enhance the energy efficiency, in particular the combination to a refrigerated warehouse with cold energy recovery from the cryogen evaporation. ©2019 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. Le stockage d’énergie àair liquide (LAES) comme technologie de stockage à grande échelle pour l’intégration d’énergie renouvelable. Revue des études et des perspectives en lien avec le stockage énergétique d’air liquide Mots-clés: Stockage d’énergie électrique; Stockage d’énergie cryogénique; Air liquide; Énergie renouvelable; Efficacité globale Introduction tion was 32.9%, while that of coal was 30% and natural gas ac- counted for 24% of the total World energy council ( World Energy Oil, coal and natural gas remain the world’s leading sources of Resources, 2016 ). The power generation sector contributes to 39% energy (IEA, 1998). According to World Energy Council, in 2015, of CO2 emissions worldwide and is more polluting than the trans- the contribution of oil to the global primary energy consump- port and industry sectors World energy council ( World Energy Re- sources, 2016 ). Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind, solar or ocean ∗ Corresponding author at: IRSTEA, UR FRISE, Refrigeration Process Engineering energy ( Li et al., 2010b ) have a lower carbon footprint than conven- Research Unit, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de ennes, F-92761 Antony, France. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Damak). tional electrical energy and so have the potential to reduce carbon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2019.11.009 0140-7007/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved. C. Damak, D. Leducq and H.M. Hoang et al. / International Journal of Refrigeration 110 (2020) 208–218 209 as caverns or abandoned mines. So, the main drawbacks of these Nomenclature technologies are the dependence on geographical location and the large land footprint and therefore environmental concerns ( ENEA Ex exergy (kJ kg -1) Consulting, 2012 ; IEC, 2011 ; IRENA, 2017 ). h enthalpy (kJ kg -1) Air has been recently regarded as a Cryogenic Energy Storage Liq liquefaction ratio (CES) medium, whereby air is liquefied at around −195 °C and s entropy (kJ kg -1) stored in insulated tanks ( Antonelli et al., 2017 ). This technology P pressure (bar) is called Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES). At off-peak times, en- T temperature (K) ergy produced by renewable sources is fed to an air liquefaction Wnet net power (J kg -1) unit, while, when electrical energy is needed, the liquid air (LA) Pc power of compressor (J kg -1) could be pumped, heated and expanded into turbines to generate Pp power of pump (J kg -1) power ( Brett and Barnett, 2014 ). Pb power of blower (J kg -1) Liquid air does not require important storage volumes consid- ering significant energy density compared to that of PHS and CAES Subscripts ( Chen et al., 2009 ). Therefore, LAES is considered as a compact- 0 reference state technology. CAES footprint on the ground “in principle” is not c critical larger than LAES because the compressed air is stored underground C cold therefore no more over ground land is used, but there are con- H hot straints on how close multiple storage caverns can be. Therefore, in input as stored energy increases, the overall footprint increases more l liquid state substantially than with LAES. Moreover, LAES is one of the few out output storage technologies which can offer large scale storage without Acronyms geographical restrictions ( IRENA, 2017 ). This technology gives the CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage possibility for energy “co-recovery”, since cold from evaporation CCC Cryogenic Carbon Capture of liquid cryogen is not wasted. Cold can be reused in multiple CEEM Cryogenic Energy Extraction Method applications, and particularly, in the case of sustainable refriger- CES Cryogenic Energy Storage ation industry and food processing. Refrigerated warehouses for ECERS Enhanced Cryogen Exergy Recovery System chilled and frozen foods are large energy consumers, and there- EES Electric Energy Storage fore, the reduction of their electrical consumption by restituting JT Joule Thompson some of the cold from the evaporation (at temperature reach- LA Liquid Air ing −120 °C) could greatly enhance the profitability of the whole LAES Liquid Air Energy Storage combination. LH Linde Hampspon Cycle efficiency, also known as the round trip efficiency, is the PHS Pumped Hydro Storage ratio of the system electricity discharged to the electricity stored RTE Round Trip Efficiency during the charging phase. The round trip efficiency for the case TRL Technology Readiness Level of LAES is dependent on the effective management of heat flux, but can reach values higher than 80% under ideal circumstances ( Luo et al., 2015 ) emissions if used effectively ( Eurostat, 2017 ). Nowadays, around The maturity of EES technologies is related to the level of com- 7% of the energy produced comes from renewable sources ( REN21, mercialization, the technical risk and the associated economic ben- 2016 ). This value is projected to grow in the next years due to the efits ( Luo et al., 2015 ). The CES technology is at pre-commercial global awareness of carbon-related environmental issues and the stage evaluated with Technology Readiness Level (TRL) at maxi- growing share of green technologies and governments’ efforts to mum nine ( Hamdy et al., 2019 ). PHS is considered as a mature support the renewable energy sector. technology and CAES has already been deployed at commercial However, the increased ratio of renewable energy generation scale. On the other hand, LAES needs further development and is may cause several issues in the electrical power grid considering currently at industrial demonstration level. the intermittent characteristic of RES. In fact its power generation Li (2011) made a thermodynamic assessment of the use of cryo- is locally affected by weather patterns ( IEC, 2011 ) and day/night gen as a working fluid in an energy storage system and con- cycle. Consequently, the use of Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is cluded that cryogens can be an efficient energy carrier and stor- viewed as one potential way to support integration of variable RES age media. In the nineties, two hi-tech Japanese companies Hi- ( Luo et al., 2015 ). EES systems may also provide other useful ser- tachi Ltd. ( Wakana et al., 2005 ) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, vices such as peak shaving, load shifting and supporting the real- Ltd. ( Kishimoto et al., 1998 ) investigated this technology and built ization of smart grids ( Luo et al., 2015 ).
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