All About Elements: Neon
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Leds Magazine Is Published by IOP Publishing Ltd and Cabot Media Ltd
www.ledsmagazine.com Technology and applications of light emitting diodes LEDS Issue 1 MAGAZINE April 2005 Editor: Tim Whitaker [email protected] Tel. +44 (0)117 930 1233 Advertising sales: [email protected] Tel. +44 (0)117 930 1030 LEDS IN ARCHITECTURE Escaping the bulb culture: the future of LEDs in architectural illumination The real value proposition for LEDs lies in the transformation from bulb culture to digital light, says Sheila Kennedy. p13 LEDs find their niche in architectural lighting Lighting designer Iain Ruxton thinks that LEDs are “still a bit of a gimmick” although the technology has great potential. p23 STANDARDS Industry alliance proposes standard definition for LED life “Ultimately, the successful adoption of LEDs by the lighting community will depend upon a consistent and accurate presentation of life data.” p9 VEHICLES Solid-state lighting in the automobile: concepts, market timing and performance Turner Field, Atlanta, is now home to the world’s largest high-definition television screen. p5 LEDs are not a “plug and play” replacement for other technologies in automotive front lighting. p25 MARKETS The LED market grew 37% to reach $3.7 billion in 2004 p18 ANALYSIS Color Kinetics and Super Vision move towards their day in court p3 LEDs Magazine is published by IOP Publishing Ltd and Cabot Media Ltd. Contact address: Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. Copyright © 2005 IOP Publishing and Cabot Media Ltd. Many factors have to be taken into consideration when The Chinese government is funding All rights reserved. designing LED flash units for camera phones. -
Detecting and Characterizing Nighttime Lighting Using Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-12 Detecting and characterizing nighttime lighting using multispectral and hyperspectral imaging Metcalf, Jeremy P. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27869 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS DETECTING AND CHARACTERIZING NIGHTTIME LIGHTING USING MULTISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING by Jeremy Paul Metcalf December 2012 Thesis Advisor: Fred A. Kruse Second Reader: Chris D. Elvidge Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE DETECTING AND CHARACTERIZING 5. FUNDING NUMBERS NIGHTTIME LIGHTING USING MULTISPECTRAL AND HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING 6. AUTHOR(S) Jeremy P. Metcalf 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. -
Converting Fluorescent Or Neon Signs to Energy-Efficient LED Illumination
A brighter idea? Converting fluorescent or neon signs to energy-efficient LED illumination epending on the type of your interior or exterior lighted sign, it may very Dwell pay to update its illumination to energy-efficient light-emitting diodes or LED LEDs. Thousands have found the value in retrofitting, including one nationwide chain of thousands of convenience stores. But is it right for you? Here are some considerations. LED advantages over fluorescent lighting and able to withstand shock and vibration. In contrast, neon, which is encased in glass, breaks relatively easily Some estimate that illumination via light-emitting diodes during transportation and installation, and is subject to the over fluorescent bulbs can reduce sign maintenance and same hazards of wind and weather as fluorescent bulbs. energy costs by up to 80 percent. Disposal, too, may be a concern. Neon signs contain Begin by considering the expenses of repairs. As solid- mercury, which is hazardous to the environment. state devices with no moving parts, filaments or glass, LEDs are remarkably durable and maintenance-free. Not Then there’s energy use, which favors light-emitting so with fluorescent bulbs. They are significantly more diodes hands down. LEDs have a lifetime energy savings fragile than LEDs—making them prone to breakage during of up to 40 percent over neon! transportation and installation or when exposed to strong One other factor gives the nod to light-emitting diodes winds or heavy storms. over neon, and that’s cold-weather performance. LED While the cost of a replacement fluorescent light is minimal, modules stay brighter in cold weather, where neon sign the sign owner must often not only pay for a service call and brightness can drop dramatically when temperatures fall perhaps a bucket truck, but also for the environmentally safe below 35 degrees Fahrenheit, thereby negating much of disposal of the bulb, which contains toxic mercury. -
Guidance Document Cryogenic Liquids
Guidance Document Cryogenic Liquids [This is a brief and general summary. Read the full MSDS for more details before handling.] Introduction: All cryogenic liquids are gases at normal temperature and pressure. The liquids are formed by cooling the gases below room temperature, followed by compression which liquefies them. Cryogenic liquids are kept in the liquid state at very low temperatures. Cryogenic liquids have boiling points below -73°C (-100°F). The most common cryogenic liquids currently on campus are liquid nitrogen, liquid argon and liquid helium. The different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressure. But all have two very important properties in common. First, the liquids and their vapors are extremely cold. The risk of destructive freezing of tissues is always present. In addition, when they vaporize the liquids expand to enormous volumes. For example, liquid nitrogen will expand 696 times as it vaporizes. Vaporization in a sealed container could rupture the vessel. Vaporization in an enclosed workspace could cause asphixiation by displacing air needed to support life. All of the cryogenic liquids on campus are inert, colorless, odorless, non-corrosive and non- flammable. Not all cryogens fit this description. Special permission would be required to use other cryogenic liquids. Liquid oxygen could produce an oxygen-rich atmosphere which could accelerate combustion of other materials. Liquid hydrogen, liquid methane or liquefied natural gas could form an extremely flammable mixture with air. Liquid carbon monoxide is extremely toxic and extremely flammable. Cryogenic liquids are received from the vendor in special vacuum jacketed cylinders, which allows for storage of the liquefied gas for a long time. -
Design and Radiation Tests on a LED Based Emergency Evacuation
Design and radiation tests on a LED based emergency evacuation directional lighting PoS(TWEPP-17)092 Juan Casas CERN-TE/CRG 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Nikolaos Trikoupis1 CERN-TE/CRG 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] A LED (Light Emitting Diode) based directional lighting system has been designed to indicate the best evacuation direction for applications like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) tunnel. The design includes constraints for redundancy required by safety systems and for components selection by radiation effects. Most of the literature for radiation effects on LEDs concern digital communications systems, although some recent reports do exist for visible spectrum power LEDs and the reduction in light output versus dose is coherent with the results presented in this paper. Prototype lighting units were irradiated in CERN’s CHARM facility up to a Total Integrated Dose (TID) of 870 Gy and no failures were observed. This paper describes the basic design, presents field tests and the effects of radiation on the LEDs luminance. Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics 11 - 14 September 2017 Santa Cruz, California 1Speaker Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). https://pos.sissa.it/ LED based emergency evacuation directional lighting J. Casas & N. Trikoupis 1. Introduction Directional lighting that guides the personnel present in confined spaces would be a useful addition for evacuation procedures, however the authors were not able to find a manufacturer that provides such equipment qualified to operate in a radiation environment. -
Use Nitrogen Safely
Safety Use Nitrogen Safely Paul Yanisko Understanding the potential hazards and Dennis Croll Air Products taking the proper precautions will allow you to reap such benefits as improved product quality and enhanced process safety. itrogen is valued both as a gas for its inert prop- Nitrogen does not support combustion, and at standard erties and as a liquid for cooling and freezing. conditions is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonirritating, NBecause of its unique properties, it is used in and inert gas. But, while seemingly harmless, there are haz- a wide range of applications and industries to improve ards associated with the use of nitrogen that require aware- yields, optimize performance, protect product quality, and ness, caution, and proper handling procedures. This article make operations safer (1). discusses those hazards and outlines the precautions that Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere, with the bal- must be taken to achieve the benefits of using nitrogen in the ance being primarily oxygen (roughly 21%). Most nitrogen safest possible manner. is produced by fractional distillation of liquid air in large plants called air separation units (ASUs). Pressure-swing Nitrogen applications adsorption (PSA) and membrane technologies are also used Many operations in chemical plants, petroleum refin- to produce nitrogen. Nitrogen can be liquefied at very low eries, and other industrial facilities use nitrogen gas to temperatures, and large volumes of liquid nitrogen can be purge equipment, tanks, and pipelines of vapors and gases. effectively transported and stored. Nitrogen gas is also used to maintain an inert and protective atmosphere in tanks storing flammable liquids or air-sensi- tive materials. -
Air Separation Plants. History and Technological Progress in the Course of Time
Air separation plants. History and technological progress in the course of time. History and technological progress of air separation 03 When and how did air separation start? In May 1895, Carl von Linde performed an experiment in his laboratory in Munich that led to his invention of the first continuous process for the liquefaction of air based on the Joule-Thomson refrigeration effect and the principle of countercurrent heat exchange. This marked the breakthrough for cryogenic air separation. For his experiment, air was compressed Linde based his experiment on findings from 20 bar [p₁] [t₄] to 60 bar [p₂] [t₅] in discovered by J. P. Joule and W. Thomson the compressor and cooled in the water (1852). They found that compressed air cooler to ambient temperature [t₁]. The pre- expanded in a valve cooled down by approx. cooled air was fed into the countercurrent 0.25°C with each bar of pressure drop. This Carl von Linde in 1925. heat exchanger, further cooled down [t₂] proved that real gases do not follow the and expanded in the expansion valve Boyle-Mariotte principle, according to which (Joule-Thomson valve) [p₁] to liquefaction no temperature decrease is to be expected temperature [t₃]. The gaseous content of the from expansion. An explanation for this effect air was then warmed up again [t₄] in the heat was given by J. K. van der Waals (1873), who exchanger and fed into the suction side of discovered that the molecules in compressed the compressor [p₁]. The hourly yield from gases are no longer freely movable and this experiment was approx. -
Table of Contents E46 Lighting Systems
Table of Contents E46 Lighting Systems Subject Page E46 Lighting Systems . .4 System Components . .5 LSZ Control Module . .5 LSZ Switch (Headlight Switch) . .6 High Beam/Turn Signal Stalk Switch . .6 Brake Light Switch . .7 Hazard Warning Switch . .7 Fog Light Relay . .8 Rain and Light Sensor . .8 Exterior Lighting . .9 Headlights . .9 Tail Lights . .9 Brake Lights . .10 E46 Convertible Third Brake Light . .10 Advantages of Neon Technology . .10 Principle of Operation . .11 Lamp Monitoring . .11 Emergency (Failsafe Lighting) . .12 Home Lighting . .13 Redundant Storage . .13 Crash Control Activation . .14 Fog Lights . .14 Dimmer Circuit (KL58g) . .14 Indicator Lamps . .14 Rain/Driving-Light Sensor (RLS) . .15 Xenon Headlight Systems . .17 LWR . .18 Version Identification . .18 Headlight Replacement Parts . .18 Xenon High Intensity Discharge Bulbs . .19 Phases of Bulb Operation . .19 Functional Description . .19 Initial Print Date: 12/04 Revision Date: Subject Page Xenon Bulb Monitoring . .20 Xenon Headlight Assembly Components . .20 Bi-Xenon Headlights . .21 Components . .22 Bi-Xenon Headlight . .22 Electrical control facility for bi-xenon headlights . .22 Diagnosis . .23 Xenon Headlight Testing . .23 Xenon Headlight SI/TRI Bulletin . .23 Adaptive Headlights (AHL) . .24 E46 Lighting Systems Model: E46 Production: From Start of Production After completion of this module you will be able to: • Understand the lighting systems used on E46 • Identify and locate lighting system components • Diagnose lighting system concerns 3 E46 Lighting Systems E46 Lighting Systems The E46 lighting system consists of a Light Switch Center (LSZ) module which controls all exterior lighting. In addition to the electronic control and monitoring system for the external vehicle lights, the LSZ contains the switch for parking lights/low beam, the push buttons for fog lights as well as the potentiometers for instrument lighting. -
(A) Two Stable Isotopes of Lithium and Have Respective Abundances of And
NCERT Solution for Class 12 Physics :Chapter 13 Nuclei Q.13.1 (a) Two stable isotopes of lithium and have respective abundances of and . These isotopes have masses and , respectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium. Answer: Mass of the two stable isotopes and their respective abundances are and and and . m=6.940934 u Q. 13.1(b) Boron has two stable isotopes, and . Their respective masses are and , and the atomic mass of boron is 10.811 u. Find the abundances of and . Answer: The atomic mass of boron is 10.811 u Mass of the two stable isotopes are and respectively Let the two isotopes have abundances x% and (100-x)% Aakash Institute Therefore the abundance of is 19.89% and that of is 80.11% Q. 13.2 The three stable isotopes of neon: and have respective abundances of , and . The atomic masses of the three isotopes are respectively. Obtain the average atomic mass of neon. Answer: The atomic masses of the three isotopes are 19.99 u(m 1 ), 20.99 u(m 2 ) and 21.99u(m 3 ) Their respective abundances are 90.51%(p 1 ), 0.27%(p 2 ) and 9.22%(p 3 ) The average atomic mass of neon is 20.1771 u. Q. 13.3 Obtain the binding energy( in MeV ) of a nitrogen nucleus , given m Answer: m n = 1.00866 u m p = 1.00727 u Atomic mass of Nitrogen m= 14.00307 u Mass defect m=7 m n +7 m p - m m=7Aakash 1.00866+7 1.00727 - 14.00307 Institute m=0.10844 Now 1u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV E b =0.10844 931.5 E b =101.01186 MeV Therefore binding energy of a Nitrogen nucleus is 101.01186 MeV. -
Flexible Linear V2
Jesco Corporate Showroom | New York City, NY Reception is lit with Colorflex LCF-RGB See page 46 Steps, platform and entry seating are lit with LEDLinc Miniflex See page 36 Jesco Showroom | Las Vegas, NV Bars are lit with DL-FLEX-RGB Flexible Linear Strip using a LC-PC-200 controller with remote control See page 14 Jesco Showroom | Dallas, TX Counter is lit with DL-SQ-RGB Color Changing Square Modules See page 18 Flexible Linear Lighting JESCO LIGHTING GROUP is proud to present our second edition of LED Flexible Linear Lighting Solutions catalog, with a large offering of innovative products for indoor and outdoor applications. Each of the products in this catalog is created to meet the needs of architects, interior designers, engineers, contractors and owners. Designers will find a wide variety of product options for specific projects such as architectural, cabinetry, furnishings, exhibition display and signage installations. Applications include residential, corporate, office, retail settings, and hospitality venues such as hotels and restaurants. The LED Lighting solutions presented in this catalog have a direct effect of reducing energy and maintenance costs; lowering installation costs; reducing the need for HVAC; and eliminating harmful UV radiation and environmentally damaging mercury. Jesco LED Lighting Solutions allow designers to effectively create a beautiful look in, and around, a space – a look that visitors can remember. Creative, subtle backgrounds that keep a shopper in a store, a couple in a restaurant; exciting surroundings of lighting that help a corporation strengthen its marketing image; or a simple visual statement remembered by the passer-by. -
Mass Fraction and the Isotopic Anomalies of Xenon and Krypton in Ordinary Chondrites
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1971 Mass fraction and the isotopic anomalies of xenon and krypton in ordinary chondrites Edward W. Hennecke Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Chemistry Commons Department: Recommended Citation Hennecke, Edward W., "Mass fraction and the isotopic anomalies of xenon and krypton in ordinary chondrites" (1971). Masters Theses. 5453. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5453 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MASS FRACTIONATION AND THE ISOTOPIC ANOMALIES OF XENON AND KRYPTON IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES BY EDWARD WILLIAM HENNECKE, 1945- A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY 1971 T2572 51 pages by Approved ~ (!.{ 1.94250 ii ABSTRACT The abundance and isotopic composition of all noble gases are reported in the Wellman chondrite, and the abundance and isotopic composition of xenon and krypton are reported in the gases released by stepwise heating of the Tell and Scurry chondrites. Major changes in the isotopic composition of xenon result from the presence of radio genic Xel29 and from isotopic mass fractionation. The isotopic com position of trapped krypton in the different temperature fractions of the Tell and Scurry chondrites also shows the effect of isotopic fractiona tion, and there is a covariance in the isotopic composition of xenon with krypton in the manner expected from mass dependent fractiona tion. -
The Noble Gases
INTERCHAPTER K The Noble Gases When an electric discharge is passed through a noble gas, light is emitted as electronically excited noble-gas atoms decay to lower energy levels. The tubes contain helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com Title General Chemistry - 4th ed Author McQuarrie/Gallogy Artist George Kelvin Figure # fig. K2 (965) Date 09/02/09 Check if revision Approved K. THE NOBLE GASES K1 2 0 Nitrogen and He Air P Mg(ClO ) NaOH 4 4 2 noble gases 4.002602 1s2 O removal H O removal CO removal 10 0 2 2 2 Ne Figure K.1 A schematic illustration of the removal of O2(g), H2O(g), and CO2(g) from air. First the oxygen is removed by allowing the air to pass over phosphorus, P (s) + 5 O (g) → P O (s). 20.1797 4 2 4 10 2s22p6 The residual air is passed through anhydrous magnesium perchlorate to remove the water vapor, Mg(ClO ) (s) + 6 H O(g) → Mg(ClO ) ∙6 H O(s), and then through sodium hydroxide to remove 18 0 4 2 2 4 2 2 the carbon dioxide, NaOH(s) + CO2(g) → NaHCO3(s). The gas that remains is primarily nitrogen Ar with about 1% noble gases. 39.948 3s23p6 36 0 The Group 18 elements—helium, K-1. The Noble Gases Were Kr neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and Not Discovered until 1893 83.798 radon—are called the noble gases 2 6 4s 4p and are noteworthy for their rela- In 1893, the English physicist Lord Rayleigh noticed 54 0 tive lack of chemical reactivity.