All About Elements: Neon 1 Ward’s All About Elements Series Building Real-World Connections to the Building Blocks of Chemistry PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS GROUP 1/IA 18/VIIIA 1 2 H KEY He Atomic Number 1.01 2/IIA 35 13/IIIA 14/IVA 15/VA 16/VIA 17/VIIA 4.00 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be Symbol Br B C N O F Ne 6.94 9.01 79.90 Atomic Weight 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 8 9 10 22.99 24.31 3/IIIB 4/IVB 5/VB 6/VIB 7/VIIB VIIIBVIII 11/IB 12/IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.9678.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (97.91)(98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn ´ 132.91 137.33 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20207.2 208.98 (208.98)(209) (209.99)(210) (222.02)(222) 87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra AcAc-Lr - Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo ´´ (223.02)(223) (226.03)(226) (261.11)(261) (262.11)(262) (266.12)(266) (264.12)(264) (277.00)(277) (268.14)(268) (247.07)(269) (280.00)(272) (285.00)(285) (284.00)(284) (289.00)(289) (288.00)(288) (293.00)(289) (294.00) (294.00)(294) ´ 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (144.91)(145) 150.36 151.97151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97 US: www.wardsci.com Canada: www.wardsci.ca ´´ 800-962-2660 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 © 2010 Rev. 7/15 Ward’s Science. All Rights Reserved. No portion of this work may be reproduced in any form Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr or by any means without express prior written permission from Ward’s Science. (227.03)(227) 232.04232.04 231.04 238.03 (237.05)(237) (244.06)(244) (243.06)(243) (247.07)(247) (247.07)(247) (251.08)(251) (252.08)(252) (257.10)(257) (258.10)(258) (259.10)(259) (262.11)(262) US: www.scholarchemistry.com Canada: www.scholarchemistry.ca NOTES: Black — solid Red — gas Blue — liquid — synthetically prepared 866-260-0501 © Copyright 2010 ScholAR Chemistry. All Rights Reserved. Values provided are based on the 85th edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Some values have been rounded. BASICNo portion PERIODIC of this work TABLE may be reproduced- SIDE 1 (Rev.in any form7/15) or by any means without express prior written permission from ScholAR Chemistry. Catalog #9630200 The periodic table of elements is an essential part of any chemistry classroom or science lab, but have you ever stopped to wonder about all of the amazing ways each element is used to create the world around us? Each of the trillions of substances in our universe can be tied back to just these 118 simple, yet powerful elements. In our All About Elements series, we’ve brought together the most fascinating facts and figures about your favorite elements so students can explore their properties and uses in the real world and you can create chemistry connections in your classroom and beyond. Look for a new featured element each month, plus limited-time savings on select hands-on materials to incorporate these element in your lessons. FollowFacebook “f” Logo usCMYK / .eps Facebook “f”on: Logo CMYKOR / .eps Sign up to receive Ward’s Science emails at wardsci.com and get a new element in your inbox each month. Check back often at wardsci.com/elements for the latest content and exclusive savings on new teaching tools each month. wardsci.com | 800-962-2660 2 Fun Facts About… 10 NEON 1. Although it is relatively rare on our planet, (0.0018 percent of Earth’s atmosphere), neon is the fifth most abundant element in the universe. 2. Neon has no stable compounds Ne 3. Which city in the US has the most neon lights? Las Vegas.That said, neon lighting is on the decline, being replaced by LED lighting. 20.180 4. Neon lights are used in aircraft because they can operate at very low temperatures. 5. In 1913 Neon was the first element discovered to consist of more than one stable isotope. All About Neon: Neon (Ne) is the second of the noble gases. Just like all noble gases, it is very non-reactive; it doesn’t form compounds with anything. Neon is non-reactive because its electron shells are full. Atomic Neon has two electron shells, the first containing two electrons and the second eight electrons. (1s2, 2s2, 2p6) This total of ten electrons gives neon the atomic number 10. 3 Properties of Neon Neon was the first element discovered to consist of more than one stable isotope. Neon-20 and Neon-22 were identified by mass spectrometry in 1913. The third stable isotope, neon-21 was detected later. Five radioactive isotopes of neon have also been identified. The Table below shows the relative abundance of the three stable isotopes. The weighted average of these isotopes gives an atomic mass of 20.18 amu. Neon gas is present in the atmosphere at about 1 part in 65,000. The melting and boiling points of the element are less than three degrees apart at 24.56K and 27.07K respectively. It is the fifth most abundant element in the universe. Interestingly, the Galileo spacecraft discovered neon in the upper part of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Because of its density, 0.008999 g/cm3, if a balloon were filled with Neon, it would rise in the air but at a slower rate than a balloon filled with helium (density 0.001785 g/cm3). Natural Abundance Isotope Mass (atom%) 20NE 19.99 90.48 21NE 20.99 0.27 22NE 21.99 9.25 Discovery and History Neon was discovered in 1898, by British scientists William Ramsay and Morris Travers. Both Argon and Helium were known elements at the time and Ramsey and Travers as- sumed that there must be an element between these noble gases. After unsuccessful at- tempts to derive this new ele- ment from minerals, Ramsay hypothesized that the new gas might be “hidden” by the other inert gases. So Ramsay and Travers froze a sample of argon and then slowly evaporated the argon under reduced pressure, collecting the first sample of gas that came off. This gas was different from argon. In order to obtain its emission spectrum, the scientists applied a voltage to a sample of the gas in a closed tube. Ramsey later wrote “the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget… For the moment the actual spectrum of the gas did not matter in the least, for nothing in the world gave a glow such as we had seen.” (1) They named the new gas Neon, which is the Greek for “new”. Neon is still obtained commercially by the fractional distillation of liquid air. wardsci.com | 800-962-2660 4 Mechanism of Light Production How do we explain the bright red orange light produced by a charged neon tube? First we must understand that the energy of electrons is quantized. That means that all electrons have very spe- cific energies. The electrons in energy levels of an element can be excited to higher energy levels by the absorption of electrical energy. These “excited states” can lose energy in the form of light. The light produced by elements in a gaseous state, has discrete energies corresponding to the difference in energies between the ground state orbital and the excited state orbital. This means that different wavelengths or colors of light are emitted. E =h√ and √ = c/ λ therefore: E = hc/ λ E =energy h = Planck’s constant c = speed of light λ = wavelength of light √ = frequency For example, for the element He: electrical energy absorbed light energy emitted 2 1 2 1s2 1s 2 1s groundstate one of many groundstate excited states Each element has a very specific visible emission spectrum (400-700nm), which can be used to identify the element.