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Two New Species in the Genus Frumenta Busck 1939 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini) with the Discovery of a Culcitula in the Male

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Two New Species in the Genus Frumenta Busck 1939 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini) with the Discovery of a Culcitula in the Male Two New Species in the Genus Frumenta Busck 1939 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gnorimoschemini) with the Discovery of a Culcitula in the Male Authors: McCarty, Megan E., Adamski, David, Metz, Mark A., and Landry, Jean-François Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 122(2) : 415-441 Published By: Entomological Society of Washington URL: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.122.2.415 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Washington on 24 Aug 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Entomological Society of Washington PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 122(2), 2020, pp. 415–441 TWO NEW SPECIES IN THE GENUS FRUMENTA BUSCK 1939 (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE: GNORIMOSCHEMINI) WITH THE DISCOVERY OF A CULCITULA IN THE MALE MEGAN E. MCCARTY,DAVID ADAMSKI,MARK A. METZ, AND JEAN-FRANC¸ OIS LANDRY (MEM, DA) Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (email: [email protected]); (MAM) USDA, ARS, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA (urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:221F8E40-12DA-43AD-85B2-E7BFF46C07C3; https://orcid. org/0000-0002-3535-535X); (JFL) Canadian National Collection of Insects, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada (urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: 7F7064D9-75D0-41AD-B798-870EF2E72280) Abstract.—Analysis of morphology and sequences of the 658bp barcoding region of COI support four distinct species in the genus Frumenta Busck, 1939, two of which are described new: Frumenta davidi McCarty, new species,andFrumenta dianeae McCarty, new species. Frumenta solanophaga Adamski and Brown, 2002, is a junior synonym of F. nephelomicta (Meyrick, 1930). Frumenta nundinella (Zeller, 1873) and F. nephelomicta are redescribed. Sequence data for F. dianeae were unavailable, but the morphology of this species is distinct. We found three morphological features that may define Frumenta and provide support for the placement of Frumenta within Gnor- imoschemini Povolny, 1964, including a culcitula revealed by scanning electron mi- crographs. Images of adult habitus and male and female genitalia are provided as well as a map showing species distributions and a key to the species. Key Words: biocontrol, COI barcodes, haplotype network, morphology, Solanum, systematics, taxonomy DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.122.2.415 Prior to this work, the genus Frumenta Frumenta solanophaga Adamski and Busck, 1939 was comprised of three spe- Brown, 2002 was the most recently de- cies known only from the Nearctic region. scribed taxon to date. Tribal placement of Busck (1939) implicitly diagnosed the Frumenta, however, has been enigmatic. genus for the single species Gelechia Throughout his professional career, nundinella Zeller (1873) stating that it Povolny presented an ever-changing land- was probably related to Gnorimoschema scape of classification in the tribe Gnor- Busck, 1900 based on similarities he imoschemini Povolny, 1964. He created noted (i.e., “the character of the palpi, dozens of new taxa and notably switched scaling, and aedeagus”). The genus was his own generic combinations. In regards monotypic until Hodges (1983) included to Frumenta, Povolny (1967) hypothesized Asapharca nephelomicta Meyrick, 1930. its inclusion in the tribe Gnorimoschemini Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Washington on 24 Aug 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Entomological Society of Washington 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON without examining either of the then in- culcitula in the males. We also document cluded species let alone F. nundinella.He the presence of diagnostic pleural pouches explicitly stated his decision was based in females of all species, which could be a only on the figures and description of putative synapomorphy for the genus. Busck (1939). The classification of Gnor- imoschemini and the placement of Fru- MATERIALS AND METHODS menta among Gelechiinae Stainton, 1854 A total of 172 pinned adult specimens are untested hypotheses. More importantly, and64genitaliapreparations were exam- Povolny’s varied classifications have been ined from the U.S. National Museum problematic in relation to pest diagnostics (USNM), Smithsonian Institution, Wash- as many species in the tribe feed on Sola- ington, DC, and seven specimens and naceous crops and are potential invasives three genitalia preparations from the Ca- in certain World regions. Indeed, species nadian National Collection (CNC) in Ot- of Frumenta are specialist herbivores on tawa, Canada. Additional locality and plants in the genus Solanum Linnaeus. BOLD data were included from the fol- Two Nearctic species of Solanum are lowing specimens: one specimen from known hosts of Frumenta. Frumenta the Mississippi Entomological Museum nundinella has been recorded numerous (MEM), Mississippi State University, times feeding on Carolina horsenettle (S. Starkville, Mississippi; and one specimen carolinense Linnaeus) where larvae feed from the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario on either leaves or fruits in different gen- (BIO), Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Holo- erations (Bailey 1978). Frumenta neph- types of F. nundinella and F. nephelomicta elomicta and F. solanophaga have both were examined at the Natural History been reared from silverleaf nightshade (S. Museum (NHM), London, United King- elaeagnifolium Cavanilles) (Adamski and dom. All USNM and CNC specimens Brown 2002). These two species of So- were labeled with a unique identifier and lanum, like numerous other North Amer- corresponding barcode and databased. ican species, have invaded other regions Additional information about the speci- (i.e., Europe and Africa), where they have mens can be found in the online database become noxious weeds. Because of this USNM Department of Entomology Col- impact, species of Frumenta have been lection (http://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/ studied as candidates for biocontrol (Bailey ento/, indexed by the unique identifier 1978; Neser et al. 1989; Olckers 1995; USNMENTnnnnnnn). The holotypes of Wells et al. 1986). Olckers (1995) recog- new taxa are deposited in the USNM. nized at least one new species of Fru- Label data are given verbatim within menta in the course of his biological study quotations for the holotypes. but did not describe it. A distribution map for all species was An opportunity arose to examine the created using R (R Development Core specimens mentioned in Olckers (1995) at Team 2019) in the RStudio (RStudio the National Insect Collection of the U.S. Team 2016) IDE implementing the pack- National Museum (USNM). While re- ages ‘openstreetmap’ (Fellows 2016), visiting these specimens, we confirmed ‘mapdata’ (Brownrigg 2018), and ‘ggmap’ Olckers’ new species and discovered an and ‘ggplot’ (Kahle and Wickham 2013). additional undescribed species in the ge- Neighbor-joining trees were constructed nus. In this work we describe these two in Mesquite (Maddison and Maddison new species and review the taxonomy of 2019) implementing the package Ninja Frumenta. We report the discovery of the (Wheeler 2009) under the Kimura Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Proceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-Washington on 24 Aug 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Entomological Society of Washington VOLUME 122, NUMBER 2 417 2-parameter model of evolution (Kimura exception of F. dianeae, for which we 1980). A haplotype parsimony network only had one female specimen. We was created using R (R Development placed the wings in 90% EtOH, then Core Team 2019) in the RStudio (RStudio subsequently into a solution of 5.25% Team 2016) IDE. The haplotype com- bleach for several minutes, until the mand in ‘pegas’ (Paradis 2010) was used coloring of the scales faded and the veins to create the haplotype network based on could be easily seen. They were rinsed a distance matrix created using the Ki- again in 90% EtOH and placed on a glass mura 2-parameter model of evolution slide. Once the wings dried, we placed a (Kimura 1980). Details of analyzed se- glass coverslip over them using a water quences and voucher specimens are avail- soluble glue as an adhesive. able on the Barcode of Life Data System Preparation of moth genitalia fol- (http://www.boldsystems.org) in the public lowed Clarke (1941), except we used dataset ‘DS-FRUMENTA’ (http://dx.doi.org/ MercurochromeTN or orange G and 10.5883/DS-FRUMENTA) and have been chlorazol black as stains, and we
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