A SHORT HISTORY OF anthropology AT PENN m u Frank G. Speck (right) and Chief Jasper Blowsnake at Winnebago Camp, Elk River e s u Reservation, Minnesota, 1936. UPM Neg. #148615. M n n e P By Igor Kopytoff

www.museum.upenn.edu/expedition 29 30 Linguist “ A studies o subsuming man,” argued wasthe thatanthropology “science of Brinton pology.” scholar and theoretician, armchair Aprestigious anthro- “spokesperson for thenascent professional disciplineof Brinton wasrecognized asthe Throughout thecountry interests. andethnological strong physician linguistic ticing with anon-prac- M.D., Brinton, Garrison Daniel of sion) intheform but notyet aprofes- wasadiscipline, thefield (when at thistime itsfirst appearance atPenn itsaspects—made of andinall whole New Worlds. theOldand pastandpresent inboth societies of and ethnology the p e the Old P Department is clearly and fully established and began to expand. establishedandbegan andfully isclearly Department the when stops 1960s, intheearly Thissurvey tively gave to thepresent rise Department. o first housed theMuseum, Thisresulted inthecreation of toised provide safe storage andexhibit space for them. e b e financed aprivately American In the1880s, Center to City West Philadelphia to secure room for expansion. moved had from to grow, ambitious Pennsylvania, theUniversity of In 1872, foundedbeen atanaccelerating pace. andover had societies thepreceding learned decades various Philadelphia hosted had theCentennial Exposition, Thedecade before, cultured city. alate 19thcentury of trappings self-consciously creating theinstitutional Philadelphia were thepost-Civil War opulent elite of At thistime, today’s University President). the equivalent of University Provost M.D., (then Jr., William Pepper, on of theinitiative The Museum founded in1887, wasformally T t b o pdto oNpu i oenIa) h xaae bet eaetepoet ftheUniversity prom- which Theexcavated of theproperty became objects to Nippurxpedition Iraq). (inmodern notto outdone be wish by thenationalistic inspired partly to Mesopotamia expedition wasorganized, xploratory nd four-field anthropology.” rneadBiani hsnwfedo eerh ytelt 80,Pepper involved had theUniversity inanew By thelate 1880s, research. y France inthisnewof field andBritain n thethir o e volume 48, number 1 expedition number volume 48, mericanist approachmericanist to thatwould anthropology later labeled be da nnsy r I mankindasa thedevelopment of Anthropology—the study of The M d ea 86 rno a pone Poesro Archaeology and Brinton wasappointed “Professor of n 1886, y’ e oet Thisquickly broadened to afocuson thearchaeology roject. r v s F e o l v d b c”i h nvriyo Pennsylvania’s created newly intheUniversity of ics” r thatcar ine ania M W use ae agae utr,andarchaeology—an culture, language, race, f d flo y 34thandSou o A i re history his brief nings in the early 20th century; and its revival after anditsrevival World effec- which War II, 20thcentury; intheearly nings theDepartment’s begin- formal theMuseum; thefounding of associated with closely theDepartment’s inthe19thcentury, protohistory sizes three periods: r um ld ando r ts Lib o use r o ’ s f r ie f um o o d special appeal for the original sponsors of for appeal theoriginal d special C r cus wast r.Fnly ewe 83ad19,anwbidn a lne n ul napo fland anew buildingandbuilt was planned on aplotof between 1893 and1899, Finally, ary. ol n thec le f Archaeology and Anthropology. g al(89,andthen (from December built University 1890) inthenewly Library— e Hall (1889), th Streets (see th Streets(see FTEDPRMN FANTHROPOLOGY OF DEPARTMENT THE OF H UEMADTE“PROTOHISTORY” THE AND MUSEUM THE o b ol e o le c n the ancient civilizations of n theancient civilizations ino their artifacts—an of tion fAtrplg tteUiest fPennsylvania empha- Anthropology atthe University of of Ex p e dit ion 47(1):32-37), the ear Brinton. UPM Neg. #150246.Brinton. UPMNeg. Oil portraitby M. DantzigofDanielGarrison liest par t o f the p r ese nt U niversity of

Penn Museum Penn Museum p C lo o ca. Stewart Culinononeofhisexpeditions tothewestern UnitedStates, me his sp Museumgreat stature. national with o and M for materials the of andcuration directly inthecollection interestedsonally anddidnotparticipate infundraising Museum’s He wasnot per- development wasrelatively minor. hisinfluence on the scholarship(armchair andwriting), pursuits hisanthropological given thenature of However, Managers. to itsBoard of capacity appointed inanhonorary presidents vice andwas honorary itsmultiple one of one majored or from minored inthissection 1894to 1899. We do know thatno inthefield. ing hisstatusasaluminary recogniz- may hisposition have merely been honorary, In fact, took thesecourses. any, if teaching wasor how many students, we do notknow how active Brinton’s Unfortunately, Kechua). and Maya, Nahuatl, several languages (Algonquin, American in andinstruction Languages, American of Philology General American Archaeology, Outlines General of Archaeology, “ courses called under thesection offered anumber of Brinton According to University Catalogues, Philosophy.” literally “Doctor of degrees; Ph.D. since itgranted Philosophy” asthe school—then known graduate of “Department mrcnAcaooyadLnusis:Mtoso Study in Methods of American Archaeology andLinguistics”: rs thattheMuseum’s sponsors envisioned would create a bse osit ulin wasname cal C su.His interests instead were on focused “investigation”useum. 1901. #140826. UPMNeg. A as briefly Brinton served theMuseum’sDuring years, early r c ddci ntuto, o h oto acquisitive endeav- of notthesort “didactic instruction,” r r io hant w v guab o at n, nso hinese c io w l n r y hic ship o ” ho use , B t h c o pursue interests hisanthropological inthe r int o d theM mm o f d o ntrolled onlythe ntrolled andEthnology American S n’s camethrough impact mostsignificant “ t a f unit e war o use rm of self-trained urban participant- urban self-trained of rm y ui—h o faPhiladelphia t Culin—the son of . um I n 1892, with Brinton’s with support, n 1892, ’ s fir st “ ietr”Hwvr his However, director.” ical c M t S C Pepper through hisconfidant Sara Yorke Although Stevenson. most o se up-and-c at the se e a andshepursued thisby autonomous from theUniversity), theMuseumsee achieve stature anational (somewhat Her mainobjective wasto Managers. the Museum’s Board of andPresident aswellSecretary Mediterranean of sections and theEgyptian asCurator served who fundraiser of Stevenson wasasuccessful theMuseum, and thebuilding of force Adriving founding the behind theMuseum. opment of amajor had influence devel- on theearly Philadelphia, elite of to Provost close ties with PepperEgyptologist andthesocial on deathhis in1899. lection si M c Neg Oil portraitby Leopold Seyffert ofSara Yorke Stevenson atage70.UPM o inst o e,sei etrmmee o e erms.I 83 while In 1893, remembered sheisbest for her nearmiss. ver, cquiring objects for its collections from forcquiring itscollections objects around theworld. t elbayt omtenceso theMuseum Library’s col- thenucleus to form of ve library ulin e vn sVc rsdn fteJr fAwards for Ethnology theJury of as Vicerving President of tos a espwru hnta fltrDrcos Instead, later Directors. waslesspowerful thanthatof ctions, use use nt W an Sara Yorke Stevenson, Mrs. thecareer of In contrast, v . #1 e r o nso t eadt h itr fatrplg tPn,how- atPenn, anthropology ith regard of to thehistory ol o um o um in1903. ’ s nat nt World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, she met an shemet World’s Columbian inChicago, Exposition 51 theMuseum’s wasdirected by Provost supervision f itu r n thate 005. 005. v oming young Franz named anthropologist German ib t e r theU io io r theM u t naliz nal r io oteMsu a h eus fhisexten- n to theMuseum of wasthebequest v e e thedisciplineo ni www e A ntually led to led for hisdeparture ntually theBrooklyn use pu v s ar e tat r um sit .m es io .I h n,hismajor anthropolog- In theend, y. ’s to led conflicts other with sections use ult, rw hisattempts to extend his n grew, um.up it canb e e saidthatB nn.e f anthr d u/expedition opology inthe opology rinton failed rinton 31 departure for the National Museum of Canada (Ottawa) where he sought a more research-oriented environment con- cerned more with publication and less with concrete artifacts. The second was Frank G. Speck, an Americanist ethnologist with some claim to Native American descent, who specialized in the Northeast and had trained with Boas at Columbia University. In 1909, he became the first person to receive a Ph.D. from Penn in Anthropology. Given the title of Assistant Professor, Speck received $700 a year from the University. In 1910, after taking over Sapir’s curatorial appointment he also received a salary of $800 a year from the Museum. By this time a Department of Anthropology existed within the Museum, though one did not yet exist among the aca- demic departments of the College. The Museum’s Anthropology Department offered eight courses and taught over a hundred graduate and undergraduate students, awarded three Harrison fellowships, and had two Ph.D. candi-

George Byron Gordon on the Koskokwim River, Alaska, 1907. UPM Neg. dates.Yet, Gordon was apparently opposed to the formation of #143057. a regular academic department within the College—an indi- cation of his view that there was an inherent conflict between Boas. Encouraged by Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard the missions of museums and of academic anthropology. University’s Peabody Museum, she convinced Provost Pepper to The two anthropology instructors were Speck and Gordon. invite Boas for a joint appointment at the Museum and the Speck’s singular temperament, however, was incompatible newly founded Wistar Institute. Unfortunately, Boas’s salary with the rather formal and stiff Gordon. Their relations dete- demand of $3,000 per year was deemed unacceptable, and he riorated very seriously and very quickly, and in 1911, Speck left found his way instead to the American Museum of Natural the Museum to be appointed to the College. In 1913 he History and Columbia University. Ironically, most histories of became the Acting Chairman of a formally constituted aca- American anthropology now credit Boas and his students with demic Department of Anthropology with its associated grad- the establishment and dissemination of the four-field approach. uate group in the College, In the early 20th century, the Museum—now housed in its and in 1925, he became own building—entered a period of transition which saw first Chairman and Professor. the departure of Culin in 1903, and then, the resignation of Stevenson in 1905 over issues of Museum autonomy. The THE DEPARTMENT University, now led by Provost Charles Custis Harrison OF (1894–1911), exerted greater control over the Museum by ANTHROPOLOGY insisting that it (and not the Museum’s Board of Managers) hire and fire curators. The major result of this transition was The early phase of the the elevation of George Byron Gordon from Curator formally constituted Depart- (1903–10) to the Museum’s first official Directorship ment of Anthropology is (1910–27). marked by the presence Gordon—a Canadian who had trained at Harvard in clas- of several distinguished sics and Native American ethnology—saw the Museum as a anthropologists, some of stage for the academic promotion of anthropology, and with whom are now remem- the authorization of the Museum Board, he taught some bered as pioneers of courses in both anthropology and archaeology and began to American Anthropology. hire a number of anthropologically trained scholars. Most served briefly and In 1908, two new anthropologists came to Penn. The first, sometimes intermittently, m u

Frank G. Speck (right) and Chief e

Edward Sapir—who would go on to become a great linguist with appointments in the s Jasper Blowsnake at Winnebago u M

and cultural anthropologist—came from Berkeley on a tem- Department or the Museum Camp, Elk River Reservation, n n e porary curatorial appointment that lasted two years until his or both. These included: Minnesota, 1936. UPM Neg. #148615. P

32 volume 48, number 1 expedition Frank G. Speck and George Byron Gordon

The relations between Frank G. Speck and George Byron Gordon remained antagonistic for many years. There are many anecdotes about the feuding between them. The question of how many of them are factually true (as they seem to be in spirit) is the kind of problem that collectors of oral tradition face. Their relationship is dealt with in Winegrad’s history of the Museum and Darnell’s early history of the Anthropology Department. A typical anecdote that has had word-of-mouth currency over the years may be detailed here in the interests of historic preservation. After Speck had, practically speaking, detached himself from the Museum, he nevertheless continued to occupy an office just above the Museum Director’s office. In his campaign to dis- lodge Speck, Gordon supposedly put a padlock on the bath- room on Speck’s floor, depriving Speck of its use. Speck solved the problem by opening and using his window—the dribbling A. Irving Hallowell in 1961. Photo by Jules Schick. UPM on the Director’s window below quickly resulted in a key being Neg. #100853. conveyed to Speck. Apocryphal or not, the story is consonant with Speck’s personality as it appears in numerous other sto- Although Gordon’s tenure ended unexpect- ries. There was also feuding over the use of classroom space in edly with his death in 1927, the bad blood the Museum by Speck and over Gordon’s sequestering of some of Speck’s manuscripts. As Darnell suggests, the quarrels had between Speck and Gordon had disconnected the some repercussions in the profession, outside of Penn, for Department of Anthropology from the Museum. about a decade. This made the role of Anthropology at Penn problematic during the tenure of “Acting Director” Jane M. McHugh (1927–29) and Directors Horace H. Jayne (1929–40) and George C. Vaillant (1941–45). In the contest between Wilson D. Wallis, an Oxford-trained ethnologist and a Penn Department and Museum, the more ornamental function of Ph.D. (1915), who held various positions between 1911 and the Museum and its Philadelphia connections worked in its 1915 and later founded a major department at the University of favor. By 1942, the University had decided to let the Minnesota; D. Sutherland Davidson, a Penn Ph.D. (1928) and Department of Anthropology lapse upon the anticipated an archaeologist and ethnologist specializing in Australia, who retirement of Frank Speck in 1950. A preliminary dismantling held various appointments between 1925 and 1945; Heinrich of the Department began, for example, with Hallowell’s depar- Wieschhoff (1942–47), an Africanist trained in Germany, who ture to Northwestern University in 1942. But after the suicide later became an aide to Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary General of Museum Director Vaillant in 1945, the University decided of the United Nations, and died with him in the Congo in to revitalize the Museum. 1961; and A. Irving Hallowell, a Penn Ph.D. (1924) and Americanist cultural anthropologist trained under Speck and AFTER WORLD WAR II Boas, who pioneered psychological anthropology, filled vari- ous positions at the Museum and in the Department between This task was given to Froelich G. Rainey, a Yale-trained 1924 and 1942, and then returned to Penn from Northwestern archaeologist who had done work in Alaska and the Caribbean University in 1948 at the time of the Department’s revival. and had served with the U.S. State Department during World The overall configuration of the Department conformed to War II. Rainey became Museum Director in 1947, guiding it the emerging personality of American Anthropology as it was for three decades until his retirement in 1977 and presiding then being shaped most notably by Franz Boas and his follow- over its growth into a major research center. Rainey convinced m u e s ers—a holistic configuration currently expressed in the term the University that the Museum could not be intellectually u M

n “four-fields” (archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, viable without an association with a Department of n e

P and physical/biological anthropology). Anthropology. This led to the Department’s revival.

www.museum.upenn.edu/expedition 33 Left, Froelich G. Rainey using an underground periscope during the Penn Museum’s excavations at Sybaris, Italy, ca. 1968. UPM Neg. #140893. Middle, Loren C. Eiseley in the Museum’s Warden Garden, before 1970. Photo by Frank Ross. UPM Neg. #140724. Right, Ward H. Goodenough (left) and Nakanai informant, Hoskins Peninsula, New Britain, 1954. Photo by Ann Chowning. UPM Neg. #60279.

Loren C. Eiseley, a paleontologist and a Penn Ph.D. (1937) Civilization and History of Art. The curators were to teach at then teaching at Oberlin College, was brought in as Chairman least one course a year and provide research opportunities and of the Anthropology Department in 1948. Hallowell was guidance to graduate students. As a matter of reciprocity, invited back from Northwestern, and Ward H. Goodenough, a department members were given appointments as curators in new Yale Ph.D. trained under Bronislaw Malinowski, Edward the Museum. What this relationship meant in practice was not Sapir, and George P. Murdock, came from the University of always clear. The Museum supplied at least the bulk of the Wisconsin in 1949. A full-scale Department thus emerged Department’s strength in archaeology, while appointments in with a full-time teaching faculty of four—at a time when there the Museum ranged from courtesy appointments to active were only about a half-dozen graduate anthropology depart- involvement in Museum activities. The pragmatic meaning of ments in the U.S., each with normally fewer than a half-dozen the relationship fluctuated, occasionally causing misunder- faculty members. standings. Until the 1960s curators identified primarily with Speck continued to teach until his death in 1950, where- the Museum, which budgeted their salaries and sponsored upon his courses were handed over to advanced graduate stu- their research activities. Their participation in the Department dents—J. Louis Giddings, an associate of Rainey’s specializing was essentially peripheral and restricted to teaching. The flavor in Alaskan archaeology, and Anthony F. C. Wallace, a cultural of these arrangements comes through in Carleton S. Coon’s anthropologist and a student of Speck’s and Hallowell’s whose and Rainey’s memoirs. interests included cultural anthropology, Northeastern ethno- When this arrangement began in 1949 it added three faculty history, and psychology. The Department’s offerings were fur- members to the Anthropology Department: Froelich Rainey, ther strengthened by the secondary appointment of Wilton M. the Museum Director; Linton Satterthwaite, a Mesoamericanist Krogman, a Chicago-trained professor of physical anthropol- Penn Ph.D. (1943); and Carleton S. Coon, a Harvard-trained ogy in the Graduate School of Medicine. physical anthropologist and Middle Eastern ethnologist. The Rainey and Eiseley agreed that a close relationship between only exception to the arrangement was J. Alden Mason, a distin- Museum and Department would further the interests of both. guished American anthropologist, archaeologist, linguist, and Eventually the University approved a plan whereby every Berkeley Ph.D. who became a curator in 1926 but never entered Museum Curator (including the Director) would normally into the new arrangement and never took up an appointment in receive an academic appointment in an appropriate academic the Department. In the 1950s, three more curators were added m u e

department and would earn tenure in it. The relevant depart- by the Museum and given Departmental appointments: Robert s u M

ments were then Anthropology, Classics, and Oriental Studies, H. Dyson, Jr., a Harvard-trained, Middle Eastern archaeologist n n e

but in time they were followed by such others as American who would later go on to serve as Museum Director (1982–94); P

34 volume 48, number 1 expedition William R. Coe, a Penn Ph.D. (1958) and Mesoamerican archaeologist; and Alfred Kidder II, a Harvard-trained Ph.D. Housing the Department and Andean archaeologist. of Anthropology Rainey initiated a period of extended and ambitious In the 1940s and 50s, the Department’s primary archaeological field research. Much of this was in the appointees occupied office space in Bennett Hall and did Museum’s “ancient civilizations” tradition, such as the Tikal their teaching on Penn’s central campus, while curators project in Guatemala directed by Coe and the Hasanlu project were housed in offices in the Museum and did most of in Iran directed by Dyson. These projects (or “expeditions” as their teaching there. In the late 1950s, as the University they were often, rather archaically, called) generated many embarked on a building program and various depart- Ph.D. dissertations in the Department of Anthropology. ments were choosing new quarters, the Department Although Giddings left for Brown University in 1956 to estab- decided to get closer to its Museum colleagues. Initially, lish an anthropology program and a museum patterned on the it moved into temporary and makeshift quarters in the Penn model, Penn’s Anthropology Department was on the Museum’s west wing. In the 1960s, when the Museum began planning a new wing (Rainey’s final visible threshold of a major period of expansion in the late 1950s— legacy), the Departmental Chairman, Anthony F. C. mirroring an unprecedented expansion and diversification of Wallace, secured a National Science Foundation grant to anthropology as a discipline. provide space in it for the Department. In 1970, the The expansion in the 1960s was supported by University Department moved into the new academic wing, its Provost David Goddard (1961–71) and guided by Anthony F. present commodious quarters. C. Wallace, a Penn Ph.D. (1950) who had held a secondary appointment at Penn in the late 1950s. Wallace came in as the Departmental Chairman in 1961—Eiseley having become University Provost in 1959 and Goodenough having served as Acting Chairman until 1961. In the late 1950s and early 1960s centration on North American archaeology. New junior other new faculty members were appointed. Ruben E. Reina, appointments created new strengths in Africa, North and South trained at the University of North Carolina under John America, the Middle East, and—within physical anthropol- Honigman, brought a cultural anthropological perspective to ogy—paleontology, primatology, and medical anthropology. the existing Mesoamerican and South American archaeologi- Since that time, the Department has reflected the dynamics cal strengths. Robbins Burling, a Harvard-trained Ph.D. in of the wider field. As professional mobility increased, so did the social relations, bolstered cultural anthro- pology and linguistics and brought a research interest in Southeast Asia (and later moved to the University of Michigan). Paul Friedrich, from Harvard, enhanced cultural anthropology and lin- guistics (and then moved to Chicago), while Bernard Wailes, from Cambridge University, initiated Penn’s distinctive program in European archaeology and

) archaeological methods in 1961. t h g i r The expansion continued through the ( e c

a 1960s and 70s, with some significant l l a

W senior appointments. For example,

. C

. William H. Davenport reinforced the F y n

o Department’s commitment to Oceania h t n and social organization initiated by A

, ) t f Goodenough; Dell H. Hymes brought in e l ( sociolinguistics; the sociologist Erving m u e s Goffman brought his own brand of u Left, Robert H. Dyson, Jr., holding up a gold bowl he discovered at Hasanlu, Iran, in 1958. This M

n anthropologically influenced social psy- image appeared in Life magazine, January 12, 1959. Photo by T. Cuyler Young. UPM Neg. #148612. n e

P chology; and John Witthoft brought a con- Right, Anthony F. C. Wallace at the Tuscarora Reservation in upstate New York, 2005.

www.museum.upenn.edu/expedition 35 turnover in personnel, specialties, and the number of appoint- Darnell, Regna. Daniel Garrison Brinton: The “Fearless Critic” of ments—permanent, transient, and adjunct. The Department Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA: Department of Anthropology, also reflected the administrative dynamics of the University. University of Pennsylvania, 1988. The dismantling of some departments enriched Anthropology Darnell, Regna. “Toward Consensus on the Scope of Anthropology: with faculty transfers from American Civilization and Folklore. Daniel Garrison Brinton and the View from Philadelphia.” In The number of Ph.D. students also skyrocketed. Philadelphia and the Development of Americanist Archaeology, edited by Don D. Fowler and David R. Wilcox, pp. 21-35. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2003. igor kopytoff is Prof- Hinsley, Curtis M. “Drab Doves Take Flight: The Dilemmas of Early esssor of Anthropology at the Americanist Archaeology in Philadelphia, 1889–1900.” In Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania, and the Development of Americanist Archaeology, edited by Don D. Fowler and David R. Wilcox, pp. 1-20. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of with which he has been Alabama Press, 2003. associated since 1962. He taught previously at Brown Kuklick, Bruce. Puritans in Babylon: The Ancient Near East and University. He holds a B.A. American Intellectual Life, 1880-1930. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. and Ph.D. from North- western University and an Madeira, Percy C., Jr. Men in Search of Man: The First Seventy-five M.A. from Penn. He has Years of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. conducted three years of Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964. ethnographic fieldwork, two Mason, J. Alden. Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. in the Congo and one in Bulletin of the Philadelphia Anthropological Society, 1964. Cameroon. He is the author Meltzer, David J. “In the Heat of Controversy: C. C. Abbott, the of about 80 articles and brief American Paleolithic, and the University Museum, 1889–1893.” In communications and a Philadelphia and the Development of Americanist Archaeology, monograph on the Samoyed. edited by Don D. Fowler and David R. Wilcox, pp. 48-87. Tuscaloosa, He has edited a volume AL: University of Alabama Press, 2003. on the African Frontier and co-edited another on African Rainey, Froelich G. Reflections of a Digger: Fifty Years of World indigenous slavery. Archaeology. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1992.

Winegrad, Dilys Pegler. Through Time, Across Continents: A For Further Reading Hundred Years of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University Many of these sources deal primarily with the Museum and only tan- Museum. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of gentially with the Anthropology Department. Some sources are not Archaeology and Anthropology, 1993. always reliable in every detail. Zettler, Richard L. “Excavations at Nippur, the University of Blankenship, Roy, ed. The Life and Times of Frank G. Speck. Pennsylvania, and the University Museum.” In Nippur at the Philadelphia, PA: Department of Anthropology, University of Centennial: Papers Read at the 35e Rencontre Assyriologique Pennsylvania, 1991. Internationale, Philadelphia, 1988, edited by Maria deJong Ellis, pp. 325-36. Philadelphia, PA: Babylonian Section of the Coon, Carleton S. Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and of Carleton S. Coon. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981. Anthropology, 1992. Danien, Elin C., and Eleanor M. King. “Unsung Visionary: Sara Yorke Stevenson and the Development of Archaeology in Philadelphia.” In Philadelphia and the Development of Americanist Archaeology, Acknowledgments edited by Don D. Fowler and David R. Wilcox, pp. 36-47. Tuscaloosa, Contributors of text, data, and commentary: Elin C. Danien, William AL: University of Alabama Press, 2003. H. Davenport, Robert H. Dyson, Jr., Ward H. Goodenough, James Darnell, Regna. “The Emergence of Academic Anthropology at the R. Mathieu, Alessandro Pezzati, Anthony F. C. Wallace, and Richard University of Pennsylvania.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral L. Zettler.

Sciences 6-1 (1970):80-92. e g n o M

t e n a J

36 volume 48, number 1 expedition